‘I have to be very good in what I do’. Marginalisation and discrimination in the career-entry phase – experiences and coping strategies among university graduates with a migrant background in Austria

References

• Al Ariss, A., J. Vassilopoulou, M. F. Özbilgin, and A. Game. 2013. “Understanding Career Experiences of Skilled Minority Ethnic Workers in France and Germany.” The International Journal of Human Resource Management 24 (6): 1236–1256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andriessen, I., E. Nievers, J. Dagevos, and L. Faulk. 2012. “Ethnic Discrimination in the Dutch Labor Market: Its Relationship with Job Characteristics and Multiple Group Membership.” Work and Occupations 39 (3): 237–269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arai, M., and P. S. Thoursie. 2009. “Renouncing Personal Names: An Empirical Examination of surname Change and Earnings.” Journal of Labor Economics 27 (1): 127–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aratnam, G. J. 2012. Hochqualifizierte mit Migrationshintergrund Studie zu möglichen Diskriminierungen auf dem Schweizer Arbeitsmarkt. Basel: edition gesowip.
   Google Scholar
• Arrow, K. 1973. “The Theory of Discrimination.” Discrimination in Labor Markets 3 (10): 3–33.
   Google Scholar
• Augoustinos, M. 2009. “Racism(s): One or Many?” International Journal of Psychology 44 (1): 43–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydin, Y. 2012. “Emigration of Highly Qualified Turks. A Critical Review of the Societal Discourses and Social Scientific Research.” In Turkey, Migration and the EU: Potentials, Challenges and Opportunities, edited by S. Paçacı Elitok and T. Straubhaar, 199–229. Hamburg: Hamburg University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Aydin, Y. 2013. »Transnational« statt »nicht integriert«. Abwanderung türkeistämmiger Hochqualifizierter aus Deutschland. Konstanz: UVK.
   Google Scholar
• Behtoui, A. 2008. “Informal Recruitment Methods and Disadvantages of Immigrants in the Swedish Labour Market.” JEMS 34 (3): 411–430.
   Google Scholar
• Behtoui, A., and E. Olsson. 2014. “The Performance of Early Age Migrants in Education and the Labour Market: A Comparison of Bosnia Herzegovinians, Chileans and Somalis in Sweden.” JEMS 40 (5): 347–369.
   Google Scholar
• Booth, A. L., A. Leigh, and E. Varganova. 2012. “Does Ethnic Discrimination Vary Across Minority Groups? Evidence from a Field Experiment.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 74 (4): 547–573.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1990. “Die Biographische ILLUSION.” Bios 3 (1): 75–81.
   Google Scholar
• Brekke, I. 2007. “Ethnic Background and the Transition from Education to Work among University Graduates.” JEMS 33 (8): 1299–1321.
   Google Scholar
• Bursell, M. 2007. What’s in a Name? A Field Experiment Test for the Existence of Ethnic Discrimination in the Hiring Process. Stockholm: University of Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Busch, D. 2009. “What Kind of Intercultural Competence will Contribute to Students’ Future Job Employability?” Intercultural Education 20 (5): 429–438.
   Google Scholar
• Bye, H. H., J. G. Horverak, G. M. Sandal, D. L. Sam, and F. J. v. d. Vijver. 2014. “Cultural Fit and Ethnic Background in the Job Interview.” International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 14 (1): 7–26.
   Google Scholar
• Byng, M. D. 1998. “Mediating Discrimination: Resisting Oppression among African-American Muslim Women.” Social Problems 45 (5): 473–487.
   Google Scholar
• Cotton, J. L., B. S. O’Neill, and A. Griffin. 2008. “The ‘Name Game’: Affective and Hiring Reactions to First Names.” Journal of Managerial Psychology 23 (1): 18–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crouch, C. 1993. Industrial Relations and European State Traditions. Oxford: Clarendon.
   Google Scholar
• Deitch, E. A., A. Barsky, R. M. Butz, S. Chan, A. P. Brief, and J. C. Bradley. 2003. “Subtle Yet Significant: The Existence and Impact of Everyday Racial Discrimination in the Workplace.” Human Relations 56 (11): 1299–1324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demireva, N. 2011. “New Migrant in the UK: Employment Patterns and Occupational Attainment.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 37 (4): 637–655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denzin, N. K. 2003. Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Ezzy, D. 2002. Qualitative Analysis. Practice and Innovation. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Farrokhzad, S. 2010. “Erfahrungen, Strategien und Potenziale von Akademikerinnen mit Migrationshintergund.” In Migrations- und Integrationsforschung in der Diskussion, edited by G. Hentges, V. Hinnenkamp, and A. Zwengel, 305–324. Wiesbaden: VS.
   Google Scholar
• Farsi, A. 2014. Migranten auf dem Weg zur Elite? Zum Berufserfolg von Akademikern mit Migrationshintergrund. Wiesbaden: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Fleming, C. M., M. Lamont, and J. Welburn. 2012. “African Americans Respond to Stigmatization: The Meanings and Salience of Confronting, Deflecting Conflict, Educating the Ignorant and ‘Managing the Self’.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 35 (3): 400–417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hametner, K. 2012. “From Retreating to Resisting. How Austrian-Turkish Women Deal with Experience of Racism.” Migration Letters 11 (3): 288–299.
   Google Scholar
• Hormel, U., and A. Scherr. 2010. Diskriminierung. Grundlagen und Forschungsergebnisse. Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften (VS).
   Google Scholar
• Hirschman, A. O. 1970. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jobst, S., and J. Skrobanek. 2009. “Ethnische Differenzierung oder Selbstexklusion. Zum Umgang junger Türken und Aussiedler mit Benachteiligungserfahrungen.” In Migration und Bildung, edited by I. Dirim, & P. Mecheril, 99–124. Münster: Waxmann.
   Google Scholar
• Kaas, L., and C. Manger. 2010. “Ethnic Discrimination in Germany’s Labour Market: A Field Experiment.” IZA, Bonn.
   Google Scholar
• Kalter, F. 2006. “Auf der Suche nach einer Erklärung für die spezifischen Arbeitsmarktnachteile Jugendlicher türkischer Herkunft. Zugleich eine Replik auf den Beitrag von Holger Seibert und Heike Solga: ‘Gleiche Chancen dank einer abgeschlossenen Ausbildung?’ (ZfS 5/2005).” Zeitschrift für Soziologie 35 (2): 144–160.
   Google Scholar
• Kirton, G. 2009. “Career Plans and Aspirations of Recent Black and Minority Ethnic Business Graduates.” Work, Employment & Society 23 (1): 12–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloek, M. E., K. Peters, and M. Sijtsma. 2013. “How Muslim Women in the Netherlands Negotiate Discrimination During Leisure Activities.” Leisure Sciences: An Interdisciplinary Journal 35 (5): 405–421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kogan, I., and F. Kalter. 2006. “The Effects of Relative Group Size on Occupational Outcomes: Turks and Ex-Yugoslavs in Austria.” European Sociological Review 22 (1): 35–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindemann, K., and I. Kogan. 2013. “The Role of Language Resources in Labour Market Entry: Comparing Estonia and Ukraine.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 39 (1): 105–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madubuko, N. 2011. Akkulturationsstress von Migranten: Berufsbiographische Akzeptanzerfahrungen und Angewandte Bewältigungsstrategien. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Makkonen, T. 2002. Multiple, Compound and Intersectional Discrimination: Bringing the Experience of the Most Marginalized to the Fore. Helsinki: Institute of Human Rights.
   Google Scholar
• Martínez-Pastor, J. 2014. “Fixed-term Contracts: Does Nationality Matter?” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 40 (5): 814–828.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mau, S., and R. Verwiebe. 2010. European Societies. Mapping Structure and Change. Bristol: Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, K. U. 2004. “Whose Lives? How History, Societies, and Institutions Define and Shape Life Courses.” Research in Human Development 1 (3): 161–187.
   Google Scholar
• Neumann, S., and M. Kovacev. 2008. “Between Inclusion and Exclusion: A Case Study of Migrants in Germany and the United Kingdom.” Conference Paper. Delmenhorst: Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg.
   Google Scholar
• Nishimuta, Y. 2007. “The Interpretation of Racial Encounters: Japanese Students in Britain.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 34 (1): 133–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obinger, H., P. Starke, J. Moser, C. Bogedan, E. Obinger-Gindulis, and S. Leibfried. 2010. Transformations of the Welfare State: Small States, Big Lessons. Oxford: Oxford Unviersity Press.
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor, J. R. L. S. W. 2005. “Carrying Out Qualitative Analysis.” In Qualitative Research Practice. A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers, edited by J. R. J. Lewis, 219–262. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Ofner, U. S. 2010. “Symbolische Exklusion als Erfahrung von BildungsinländerInnen mit akademischem Abschluss.” In Kulturelles Kapital in der Migration, edited by A. M. Nohl, K. Schittenhelm, O. Schmidtke, and A. Weiß, 224–234. Wiesbaden: VS.
   Google Scholar
• Salentin, K. 2008. “Diskriminierungserfahrungen ethnischer Minderheiten in der Bundesrepublik.” In Soziologie sozialer Probleme und sozialer Kontrolle, edited by A. Groenemeyer and S. Wieseler, 515–526. Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften (VS).
   Google Scholar
• Schittenhelm, K. 2010. “Statuspassagen in akademischen Laufbahnen der zweiten Generation.” In Kulturelles Kapital in der Migration, edited by A.-M. Nohl, K. Schittenhelm, O. Schmidtke, and A. Weiß, 39–51. Wiesbaden: VS.
   Google Scholar
• Silberman, R., R. Alba, and I. Fournier. 2007. “Segmented Assimilation in France? Discrimination in the Labour Market Against the Second Generation.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 30 (1): 1–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, M., S. Hussein, and J. Manthorpe. 2012. “Experiences of Racism and Discrimination among Migrant Care Workers in England: Findings from a Mixed-methods Research Project.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 35 (2): 259–280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suri, H. 2011. “Purposeful Sampling in Qualitative Research Synthesis.” Qualitative Research Journal 11 (2): 63–75.
   Google Scholar
• Van Laer, K., and M. Janssens. 2011. “Ethnic Minority Professionals’ Experiences with Subtle Discrimination in the Workplace.” Human Relations 64 (9): 1–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verwiebe, R., and M. Hacioglu. 2016. “Berufseinstiege von AkademikerInnen mit Migrationshintergrund in Österreich.” In Evaluation von Studium und Lehre, edited by G. Daniel and W. Tobias, 405–431. Wiesbaden: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Verwiebe, R., T. Troger, L. Wiesböck, R. Teitzer, and N.-S. Fritsch. 2014. “Austria – The Bastion of Calm?.” In Changing Inequalities and Societal Impacts in Rich Countries: Thirty Countries’ Experiences, edited by B. Nolan, W. Salverda, D. Checchi, I. Marx, A. McKnight, I. G. Tóth, and H. G. v. d. Werfhorst, 71–95. Oxford: OUP.
   Google Scholar
• Wimmer, A. 2008. “The Making and Unmaking of Ethnic Boundaries. A Multilevel Process Theory.” American Journal of Sociology 113 (4): 970–1022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witzel, A. 2000. “The Problem-centered Interview.” Forum Qualitative Social Research 1 (1): 14–28.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, M., J. Hales, S. Purdon, T. Sejersen, and O. Hayllar. 2009. A Test for Racial Discrimination in Recruitment Practice in British Cities. Research Report No 607. Norwich: Department for Work and Pensions.
   Google Scholar