Oppositional culture revisited. Friendship dynamics and the creation of social capital among Turkish minority adolescents in Germany

References

• Ainsworth-Darnell, James W., and Douglas B. Downey. 1998. “Assessing the Oppositional Culture Explanation for Racial/Ethnic Differences in School Performance.” American Sociological Review 63 (4): 536–553. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2657266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blau, Peter Michael. 1977. Inequality and Heterogeneity. A Primitive Theory of Social Structure. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Block, Per. 2015. “Reciprocity, Transitivity, and the Mysterious Three-Cycle.” Social Networks 40 (January): 163–173. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2014.10.005.
   Google Scholar
• Boda, Zsófia. 2018. “Social Influence on Observed Race.” Sociological Science 5: 29–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.15195/v5.a3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boda, Zsófia. 2019. “Friendship Bias in Ethnic Categorization.” European Sociological Review 35 (4): 567–581. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcz019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt, Ronald S. 1992. Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, James S. 1988. “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.” American Journal of Sociology 94: 95–120. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/228943.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vos, George A. 1975. “Ethnic Pluralism: Conflict and Accommodation: The Role of Ethnicity in Social History.” In Ethnic Identity: Cultural Continuities and Change, edited by George A. De Vos, and Lola Romanucci-Ross, 5–41. Palo Alto: Mayfield Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• DiMaggio, Paul, and Filiz Garip. 2012. “Network Effects and Social Inequality.” Annual Review of Sociology 38 (1): 93–118. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dollmann, Jörg, Konstanze Jacob, and Frank Kalter. 2014. Examining the Diversity of Youth in Europe. A Classification of Generations and Ethnic Origins Using CILS4EU Data. Working Paper. 156. Mannheim: Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung.
   Google Scholar
• Flashman, Jennifer. 2014. “Friend Effects and Racial Disparities in Academic Achievement.” Sociological Science 1: 260–276. doi:https://doi.org/10.15195/v1.a17.
   Google Scholar
• Fordham, Signithia, and John U. Ogbu. 1986. “Black Students’ School Success: Coping with the “Burden of ‘Acting White’”.” The Urban Review 18 (3): 176–206. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01112192.
   Google Scholar
• Fryer, Roland G., and Paul Torelli. 2010. “An Empirical Analysis of ‘Acting White’.” Journal of Public Economics 94 (5–6): 380–396. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.10.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granovetter, Mark. 1985. “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness.” American Journal of Sociology 91 (3): 481–510. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/228311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganzeboom, Harry B. G., Paul M. De Graaf, and Donald J. Treiman. 1992. “A Standard International Socio-Economic Index of Occupational Status.” Social Science Research 21 (1): 1–56. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0049-089X(92)90017-B.
   Google Scholar
• Gremmen, Mariola Claudia, Jan Kornelis Dijkstra, Christian Steglich, and René Veenstra. 2017. “First Selection, Then Influence: Developmental Differences in Friendship Dynamics Regarding Academic Achievement.” Developmental Psychology 53 (7): 1356–1370. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gresch, Cornelia. 2012. Der Übergang in Die Sekundarstufe I: Leistungsbeurteilung, Bildungsaspiration Und Rechtlicher Kontext Bei Kindern Mit Migrationshintergrund. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, Angel L. 2006. “I (Don’t) Hate School: Revisiting Oppositional Culture Theory of Blacks’ Resistance to Schooling.” Social Forces 85 (2): 797–834. doi:https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2007.0006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, Angel L., and Keith Robinson. 2007. “Schooling Behaviors or Prior Skills? A Cautionary Tale of Omitted Variable Bias Within Oppositional Culture Theory.” Sociology of Education 80 (2): 139–157. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/003804070708000203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath, Anthony F., and Yaël Brinbaum. 2007. “Explaining Ethnic Inequalities in Educational Attainment.” Ethnicities 7 (3): 291–305. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796807080230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsson, Jan O., and Frida Rudolphi. 2011. “Weak Performance—Strong Determination: School Achievement and Educational Choice among Children of Immigrants in Sweden.” European Sociological Review 27 (4): 487–508. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcq021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalmijn, Matthijs. 1998. “Intermarriage and Homogamy: Causes, Patterns, Trends.” Annual Review of Sociology 24 (August): 395–421. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.395.
   Google Scholar
• Kalter, Frank. 2015. “Social Network Analysis in the Study of Ethnic Inequalities.” In Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: An Interdisciplinary, Searchable, and Linkable Resource, edited by Robert A. Scott, and Stephen M. Kosslyn, 1–15. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Kalter, Frank, Kogan Irena, and Jörg Dollmann. 2019. “Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey in Four European Countries - Germany (CILS4EU-DE) - Reduced Version. Reduced Data File for Download and off-Site Use.” GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. ZA6656 Data File Version 4.0.0. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4232/cils4eu-de.6656.4.0.0.
   Google Scholar
• Koops, Judith, Borja Martinovic, and Jeroen Weesie. 2017. “Are Inter-Minority Contacts Guided by the Same Mechanisms as Minority-Majority Contacts? A Comparative Study of Two Types of Inter-Ethnic Ties in the Netherlands.” International Migration Review 51 (3): 701–726. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koskinen, Johan, and Tom A. B. Snijders. 2020. “Random-Effect Multilevel Stochastic Actor-Oriented Models.” In preparation.
   Google Scholar
• Kretschmer, David, Lars Leszczensky, and Sebastian Pink. 2018. “Selection and Influence Processes in Academic Achievement—More Pronounced for Girls?” Social Networks 52 (January): 251–260. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2017.09.003.
   Google Scholar
• Kristen, Cornelia, and Nadia Granato. 2007. “The Educational Attainment of the Second Generation in Germany: Social Origins and Ethnic Inequality.” Ethnicities 7 (3): 343–366. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796807080233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruse, Hanno, and Kostanze Jacob. 2016. Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey in Four European Countries. Sociometric Fieldwork Report. Wave 1–2010/2011, v1.2.0. Mannheim: Mannheim University.
   Google Scholar
• Kruse, Hanno, and Clemens Kroneberg. 2019. “More than a Sorting Machine: Ethnic Boundary Making in a Stratified School System.” American Journal of Sociology 125 (2): 431–484. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/705561.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruse, Hanno, Markus Weißmann, and Kostanze Jacob. 2016. Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey in Four European Countries. Sociometric Fieldwork Report. Wave 2–2011/2012, v2.3.0. Mannheim: Mannheim University.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Moosung, Na’im Madyun, Beatrice Oi-yeung Lam, and Mustafa Jumale. 2014. “School Contexts and ‘Acting White’Peer Networks of Somali Immigrant Youths in an Afrocentric Charter School.” Schools 11 (1): 122–155. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/675752.
   Google Scholar
• Leszczensky, Lars, and Sebastian Pink. 2019. “What Drives Ethnic Homophily? A Relational Approach on How Ethnic Identification Moderates Preferences for Same-Ethnic Friends.” American Sociological Review 84 (3): 394–419. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122419846849.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, Nan. 2001. Social Capital. A Theory of Social Structure and Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lomi, Alessandro, Tom A. B. Snijders, Christian EG Steglich, and Vanina Jasmine Torló. 2011. “Why are Some More Peer than Others? Evidence from a Longitudinal Study of Social Networks and Individual Academic Performance.” Social Science Research 40 (6): 1506–1520. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.06.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenz, Georg, Zsófia Boda, Zerrin Salikutluk, and Malte Jansen. 2020. “Social Influence or Selection? Peer Effects on the Development of Adolescents’ Educational Expectations in Germany.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 41 (5): 643–669. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2020.1763163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinovic, Borja, Frank van Tubergen, and Ineke Maas. 2009. “Dynamics of Interethnic Contact: A Panel Study of Immigrants in the Netherlands.” European Sociological Review 25 (3): 303–318. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcn049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarland, Daniel A., James Moody, David Diehl, Jeffrey A. Smith, and Reuben J. Thomas. 2014. “Network Ecology and Adolescent Social Structure.” American Sociological Review 79 (6): 1088–1121. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122414554001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPherson, J. Miller, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook. 2001. “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks.” Annual Review of Sociology 27: 415–444. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moody, James. 2001. “Race, School Integration, and Friendship Segregation in America.” American Journal of Sociology 107 (3): 679–716. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/338954.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouw, Ted, and Barbara Entwisle. 2006. “Residential Segregation and Interracial Friendship in Schools.” American Journal of Sociology 112 (2): 394–441. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/506415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogbu, John U. 1974. The Next Generation: An Ethnography of Education in an Urban Neighborhood. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ogbu, John U. 2004. “Collective Identity and the Burden of ‘Acting White’ in Black History, Community, and Education.” The Urban Review 36 (1): 1–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/B:URRE.0000042734.83194.f6.
   Google Scholar
• Ogbu, John U., and Herbert D. Simons. 1998. “Voluntary and Involuntary Minorities: A Cultural-Ecological Theory of School Performance with Some Implications for Education.” Anthropology & Education Quarterly 29 (2): 155–188. doi:https://doi.org/10.1525/aeq.1998.29.2.155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portes, Alejandro, and Rubén G. Rumbaut. 2001. Legacies. The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Portes, Alejandro, and Julia Sensenbrenner. 1993. “Embeddedness and Immigration: Notes on the Social Determinants of Economic Action.” American Journal of Sociology 98 (6): 1320–1350. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/230191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ripley, Ruth M., Tom A. B. Snijders, Zsófia Boda, András Vörös, and Paulina Preciado. 2020. Manual for RSiena (Version January 7, 2020). Oxford: University of Oxford, Department of Statistics, Nuffield College and University of Groningen, Department of Sociology.
   Google Scholar
• Rivera, Mark T., Sara B. Soderstrom, and Brian Uzzi. 2010. “Dynamics of Dyads in Social Networks: Assortative, Relational, and Proximity Mechanisms.” Annual Review of Sociology 36 (June): 91–115. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134743.
   Google Scholar
• Salikutluk, Zerrin. 2016. “Why Do Immigrant Students Aim High? Explaining the Aspiration–Achievement Paradox of Immigrants in Germany.” European Sociological Review 32 (5): 581–592. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcw004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalizi, Cosma Rohilla, and Andrew C. Thomas. 2011. “Homophily and Contagion Are Generically Confounded in Observational Social Network Studies.” Sociological Methods & Research 40 (2): 211–239. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124111404820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Sanne. 2018. “Befriending the Same Differently: Ethnic, Socioeconomic Status, and Gender Differences in Same-Ethnic Friendship.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (11): 1858–1880. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1374168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snijders, Tom A. B. 2017. “Stochastic Actor-Oriented Models for Network Dynamics.” Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application 4 (1): 343–363. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-statistics-060116-054035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snijders, Tom A. B., and Alessandro Lomi. 2018. “Beyond Homophily: Incorporating Actor Variables in Actor-Oriented Network Models.” ArXiv:1803.07172 [Stat.AP], March. http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.07172.
   Google Scholar
• Snijders, Tom A. B., Gerhard G. Van de Bunt, and Christian E. G. Steglich. 2010. “Introduction to Stochastic Actor-Based Models for Network Dynamics.” Social Networks 32 (1): 44–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2009.02.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanat, Petra, Stefan Schipolowski, Camilla Rjosk, Sebastian Weirich, and Nicole Haag. 2017. IQB-Bildungstrend 2016. Kompetenzen in Den Fächern Deutsch Und Mathematik Am Ende Der 4. Jahrgangsstufe Im Zweiten Ländervergleich.. Münster and New York: Waxmann.
   Google Scholar
• Stark, Tobias H., Lars Leszczensky, and Sebastian Pink. 2017. “Are There Differences in Ethnic Majority and Minority Adolescents’ Friendships Preferences and Social Influence with Regard to Their Academic Achievement?” Zeitschrift Für Erziehungswissenschaft 20 (3): 475–498. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11618-017-0766-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steglich, Christian, Tom A. B. Snijders, and Michael Pearson. 2010. “Dynamic Networks and Behavior: Separating Selection from Influence.” Sociological Methodology 40 (1): 329–393. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9531.2010.01225.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teney, Celine, Perrine Devleeshouwer, and Laurie Hanquinet. 2013. “Educational Aspirations among Ethnic Minority Youth in Brussels: Does the Perception of Ethnic Discrimination in the Labour Market Matter? A Mixed-Method Approach.” Ethnicities 13 (5): 584–606. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796812472009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Tubergen, Frank, and Milou van Gaans. 2016. “Is There an Oppositional Culture Among Immigrant Adolescents in the Netherlands?” Youth & Society 48 (2): 202–219. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X13486901.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Ming-Te, Noona Kiuru, Jessica L. Degol, and Katariina Salmela-Aro. 2018. “Friends, Academic Achievement, and School Engagement during Adolescence: A Social Network Approach to Peer Influence and Selection Effects.” Learning and Instruction 58: 148–160. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.06.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wimmer, Andreas, and Kevin Lewis. 2010. “Beyond and Below Racial Homophily: ERG Models of a Friendship Network Documented on Facebook.” American Journal of Sociology 116 (2): 583–642. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/653658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Min. 1997. “Segmented Assimilation: Issues, Controversies, and Recent Research on the New Second Generation.” International Migration Review 31 (4): 975–1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar