1,799
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Regular Articles

‘We are not separatist because so many of us are mixed’: resisting negative stereotypes of neighbourhood ethnic residential concentration

, &
Pages 1573-1590 | Received 19 Aug 2020, Accepted 30 Mar 2021, Published online: 19 Apr 2021

References

  • Alesina, A., and E. La Ferrara. 2002. “Who Trusts Others?” Journal of Public Economics 85 (2): 207–234.
  • Allport, G. W. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
  • Bassey, S. 2020. “BLM: ‘A Time for Action’.” https://www.bidolito.co.uk/blm-a-time-for-action/.
  • Bertrand, M., E. F. P. Luttmer, and S. Mullainathan. 2000. “Network Effects and Welfare Cultures.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 115 (3): 1019–1055.
  • Bolt, G., A. S. Özüekren, and D. Phillips. 2010. “Linking Integration and Residential Segregation.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 36 (2): 169–186.
  • Butler, A. 2019. “Toxic Toxteth: Understanding Press Stigmatization of Toxteth During the 1981 Uprising.” Journalism 21 (4): 541–556.
  • Buttler, T., and C. Hamnett. 2011. Ethnicity, Class and Aspiration. London: Policy Press.
  • Casey, L. 2016. “The Casey Review. A Review into Opportunity and Integration.” MHCLG. ISBN:978-1-4098-4953-7. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/575973/The_Casey_Review_Report.pdf.
  • Catney, G. 2016. “Exploring a Decade of Small Area Ethnic (de-)Segregation in England and Wales.” Urban Studies 53 (8): 1691–1709.
  • Catney, G., D. Frost, and L. Vaughn. 2018. “Residents’ Perspectives on Defining Neighbourhood: Mental Mapping as a Tool for Participatory Neighbourhood Research.” Qualitative Research 19 (6): 735–752.
  • Catney, G., R. Wright, and M. Ellis. 2020. “The Evolution and Stability of Multi-ethnic Residential Neighbourhoods in England.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12416.
  • Clark, W. A. V., and M. Fossett. 2008. “Understanding the Social Context of the Schelling Segregation Model.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (11): 4109–4114.
  • Cohen, A. P. 1985. The Symbolic Construction of Community. London: Tavistock.
  • Commission for Racial Equality. 1984. Race and Housing in Liverpool: A Research Report. London: CRE.
  • Costello, R. 2001. Black Liverpool: The Early History of Britain’s Oldest Black Community 1730–1918. Liverpool: Picton.
  • Danzer, A. M., and F. Yaman. 2013. “Do Ethnic Enclaves Impede Immigrants’ Integration? Evidence from a Quasi-Experimental Social-Interaction Approach.” Review of International Economics 21 (2): 311–325.
  • Denny, N. 2020. “Centring Black Lives in Discussions on Race”. https://rattleliverpool.co.uk/centring-black-lives/.
  • Dorling, D. 2018. “Britain is a Segregated Society – The Isolation of the Richest from the Rest.” In Integrated Communities: A Response to the Government’s Strategy Green Paper, edited by J. Holmwood, G. K. Bhambra, and S. Scott, 16–17. Discover Society: Social Research Publications.
  • Erel, U. 2011. “Complex Belongings: Racialization and Migration in a Small English City.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 34 (12): 2048–2068.
  • Finney, N., and L. Simpson. 2009. ‘Sleepwalking to Segregation’? Challenging Myths About Race and Migration. Bristol: Policy Press.
  • Frost, D. 1996. “‘Racism and Social Segregation: Settlement Patterns of West African Seamen in Liverpool Since the Nineteenth Century’.” New Community 22 (1): 85–95.
  • Frost, D. 2008. “The Maligned, the Despised and the Ostracised: Working-Class White Women, Inter-Racial Relationships and Colonial Ideologies in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Liverpool.” In The Empire in One City? Liverpool’s Inconvenient Imperial Past, edited by S. Haggerty, A. Webster, and N. J. White, 143–164. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Frost, D., and G. Catney. 2020. “Belonging and the Inter-Generational Transmission of Place Identity: Reflections on a British Inner-City Neighbourhood.” Urban Studies 57 (14): 1–17.
  • Frost, D., and R. Phillips. 2011. Liverpool ‘81: Remembering the Riots. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • Gadd, D., and B. Dixon. 2018. Losing the Race: Thinking Psychosocially About Racially Motivated Crime. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Garvie, D. 2017. “BAME Homelessness Matters and Is Disproportionately Rising – Time for the Government to Act October Shelter.” https://blog.shelter.org.uk/2017/10/bame-homelessness-matters-and-is-disproportionately-rising-time-for-the-government-to-act/.
  • Gifford, T., W. Brown, and R. Bundey. 1989. Loosen the Shackles: First Report of the Liverpool 8 Inquiry into Race Relations in Liverpool. London: Karia Press.
  • Granby 4 Streets Community Land Trust. 2019. https://www.granby4streetsclt.co.uk/.
  • Harris, R., and R. Johnston. 2020. Ethnic Segregation Between Schools: Is It Increasing or Decreasing in England? Bristol: Bristol University Press.
  • Hedman, L., M. Van Ham, and D. J. Manley. 2011. “Neighbourhood Choice and Neighbourhood Reproduction.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 43 (6): 1381–1399.
  • Hickman, M. J., and N. Mai. 2015. “Migration and Social Cohesion: Appraising the Resilience of Place in London.” Population, Space and Place 21 (5): 421–432.
  • Hirsch, A. 2016. “‘He Died Like a Slave’ The tragic death of Mzee Mohammed.” The Guardian, October 2.
  • HM Government. 2018. “Integrated Communities Strategy Green Paper: Building Stronger, More United Communities”.
  • Hulchansky, D. 2010. The Three Cities in Toronto: Income Polarization Among Toronto’s Neighbourhoods, 1970–2005. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • IRR. 2019. “Inequality, Housing and Employment Statistics.” http://www.irr.org.uk/research/statistics/poverty/.
  • Jackson, P. 1987. Race and Racism Essays in Social Geography. London: Allen & Unwin.
  • James, M. 2015. Urban Multiculture: Youth, Politics and Cultural Transformation in a Global City. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Jivraj, S., and L. Simpson. 2015. Ethnic Identity and Inequalities in Britain: The Dynamics of Ethnicity. Bristol: Policy Press.
  • Kalra, V., and N. Kapoor. 2009. “Interrogating Segregation, Integration and the Community Cohesion Agenda.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 35 (9): 1397–1415.
  • Kaufmann, E., and T. Cantle. 2016. “Is Segregation on the Increase in the UK?” Open Democracy. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/is-segregation-on-increase-in-uk/.
  • Khan, O. 2020. The Colour of Money: How Racial Inequalities Obstruct a Fair and Resilient Economy. London: Runnymede Trust Report.
  • Koopmans, R., and S. Veit. 2014. “Ethnic Diversity, Trust, and the Mediating Role of Positive and Negative Interethnic Contact: A Priming Experiment.” Social Science Research 47: 91–107.
  • Kundnani, A. 2001. From Oldham to Bradford: The Violence of the Violated. London: IRR.
  • Lancee, B. 2019. “Ethnic Discrimination in Hiring: Comparing Groups Across Contexts. Results from a Cross-National Field Experiment.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 40 (10): 1657–1675.
  • Lane, T. 1987. Liverpool: Gateway of Empire. London: Lawrence & Wishart.
  • Lane, S. D., R. A. Rubinstein, D. Bergen-Cico, T. Jennings-Bey, L. Stone Fish, D. A. Larsen, M. Thompson Fullilove, T. Reichert Schimpf, K. Animashaun Ducre, and J. Allen Robinson. 2017. “Neighborhood Trauma Due to Violence: A Multilevel Analysis.” Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 28 (1): 446–462.
  • Liverpool Black Caucus. 1986. The Racial Politics of Militant in Liverpool: The Black Community’s Struggle for Participation in Local Politics 1980–1986. Liverpool: Merseyside Area Profile Group.
  • Liverpool City Council. 2019. The Index of Multiple Deprivation. Princes Park and Riverside. https://liverpool.gov.uk/council/key-statistics-and-data/indices-of-deprivation/.
  • McKenzie, L. 2015. Getting By: Estates, Class and Culture in Austerity Britain. Bristol: Policy Press.
  • Merry, M. 2016. Equality, Citizenship, and Segregation: A Defense of Separation. Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Nassy Brown, J. 2005. Dropping Anchor, Setting Sail: Geographies of Race in Black Liverpool. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Nelson, W. E. 2000. Black Atlantic Politics – Dilemmas of Political Empowerment in Boston and Liverpool. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • Nieuwenhuis, J., T. Tammaru, M. van Ham, L. Hedman, and D. Manley. 2020. “Does Segregation Reduce Socio-Spatial Mobility? Evidence from Four European Countries with Different Inequality and Segregation Contexts.” Urban Studies 57 (1): 176–197.
  • Peach, C. 1996. “Good Segregation, bad Segregation.” Planning Perspectives 11 (4): 379–398.
  • Pemberton, S., and J. Phillimore. 2018. “Migrant Place-Making in Superdiverse Neighbourhoods: Moving Beyond Ethno-National Approaches.” Urban Studies 55 (4): 733–750.
  • Phillips, T. 2005. “‘After 7/7: Sleepwalking to Segregation’ Speech Delivered to Manchester Council for Community Relations.” Manchester, September.
  • Phillips, D. 2006. “Parallel Lives? Challenging Discourses of British Muslim Self-Segregation.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 24 (1): 25–40.
  • Phillips, D. 2007. “Ethnic and Racial Segregation: A Critical Perspective.” Geography Compass 1 (5): 1138–1159.
  • Phillips, D. 2010. “Minority Ethnic Segregation, Integration and Citizenship: A European Perspective.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 36 (2): 209–225.
  • Putnam, R. D. 2007. “E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty-first Century. The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture.” Scandinavian Political Studies 30 (2): 137–174.
  • Refugee Action. 2019. “New Research Shows Refugees Suffering from Lack of English Classes, Despite Strong Support for Action by Government.” June 12.
  • Savage, M., G. Bagnall, and B. J. Longhurst. 2005. Globalization and Belonging. London: Sage.
  • Scraton, P. 2007. Power, Conflict and Criminalisation. London: Routledge.
  • Slater, T., and N. Anderson. 2012. “The Reputational Ghetto: Territorial Stigmatisation in St Paul’s, Bristol.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 37: 530–546.
  • Small, S. 1991. “Racialised Relations in Liverpool: A Contemporary Anomaly.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 17 (4): 511–537.
  • Smith, S. J. 1987. “Residential Segregation: a Geography of English Racism?” In Race and Racism Essays in Social Geography, edited by P. Jackson, 25–49. London: Allen & Unwin.
  • Sturgis, P., I. Brunton-Smith, J. Kuha, and J. Jackson. 2014. “Ethnic Diversity, Segregation and the Social Cohesion of Neighbourhoods in London.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 37 (8): 1286–1309.
  • Vincent, P., and B. Warf. 2002. “Eruvim: Talmudic Places in a Postmodern World.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 27 (1): 30–51.
  • Walton, E. 2016. ““It’s Not Just a Bunch of Buildings”: Social Psychological Investment, Sense of Community, and Collective Efficacy in a Multiethnic Low-Income Neighborhood.” City and Community 15 (3): 231–263.
  • Ward, C. 1976. Housing: An Anarchist Approach. London: Freedom Press.
  • Wessendorf, S. 2014. Commonplace Diversity: Social Relations in a Super-Diverse Context. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Wessendorf, S. 2020. “Ethnic Minorities’ Reactions to Newcomers in East London: Symbolic Boundaries and Convivial Labor.” The British Journal of Sociology 71 (2): 208–220.