References
- Allen William, et al. 2018. “Who Counts in Crises? The New Geopolitics of International Migration and Refugee Governance.” Geopolitics 23 (1): 217–243.
- Anholt, Rosanne, and Giulia Sinatti. 2020. “Under the Guise of Resilience: The EU Approach to Migration and Forced Displacement in Jordan and Lebanon.” Contemporary Security Policy 41 (2): 311–335.
- Arar, Rawan. 2017. “Leveraging Sovereignty: The Case of Jordan and the International Refugee Regime.” POMEPS. https://pomeps.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/POMEPS_Studies_25_Refugees_Web.pdf.
- Asharq Al-Awsat. 2018. “Lebanese President to EU: Return of Syrian Refugees Must Not be Linked to Political Solution.” September 12. https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1393231/lebanese-president-eu-return-syrian-refugees-must-not-be-linked-political.
- Azhari, Timour. 2019. “Lebanon Gears Up for Brussels Refugee Talks.” The Daily Star Lebanon. March 9. https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Mar-09/478396-lebanon-gears-up-for-brussels-refugee-talks.ashx.
- Badarin, Emile, and Tobias Schumacher. 2020. “The EU, Resilience and the Southern Neighbourhood After the Arab Uprisings.” In Projecting Resilience Across the Mediterranean, edited by Eugenio Cusumano and Stefan Hofmaier, 63–86. Cham: Palgrave.
- BBC News Arabic [Translated]. 2018. “Interview with Lebanese President Michel Aoun on the Eve of the Elections.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2AlDCu61cI.
- Bialasiewicz, Luiza, Paolo Giaccaria, Alun Jones, and Claudio Minca. 2013. “Re-Scaling ‘EU’ Rope: EU Macro-Regional Fantasies in the Mediterranean.” European Urban and Regional Studies 20 (1): 59–76.
- Bicchi, Federica. 2006. “Our Size Fits All’: Normative Power Europe and the Mediterranean.” Journal of European Public Policy 13 (2): 286–303.
- Boswell, Christina. 2003. “The ‘External Dimension’ of EU Immigration and Asylum Policy.” Royal Institute of International Affairs 79 (3): 619–638.
- Cassarino, Jean-Pierre, and Raffaella A. Del Sarto. 2018. “The Governance of Migration and Border Controls in the European-North African Context.” MENARA. https://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/governance-migration-and-border-controls-european-north-african-context.
- Collyer, Michael. 2016. “Geopolitics as a Migration Governance Strategy: European Union Bilateral Relations with Southern Mediterranean Countries.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 42 (4): 606–624.
- Council of the EU. 2016. “EU-Turkey Statement. 18 March 2016.”https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/03/18/eu-turkey-statement/.
- Council of the EU. 2017. “Joint Statement Following the EU-Lebanon Association Council.” http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2017/07/18/eu-lebanon-association-statement/.
- Council of the EU. 2018a. “European Council. 28-29/06/2018.” https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/european-council/2018/06/28-29/.
- Council of the EU. 2018b. “Brussels II Conference on ‘Supporting the Future of Syria and the Region’: Co-Chairs Declaration.” https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/04/25/brussels-ii-conference-on-supporting-the-future-of-syria-and-the-region-co-chairs-declaration/.
- Council of the EU. 2018c. “Lebanon Partnership Paper:Supporting the Future of Syria and the Region. Brussels II Conference 24-25 April 2018.” https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/34145/lebanon-partnership-paper.pdf.
- Council of the EU. 2019. “Brussels III Conference on ‘Supporting the Future of Syria and the Region’: Co-Chairs Declaration.” https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2019/03/14/brussels-iii-conference-on-supporting-the-future-of-syria-and-the-region-co-chairs-declaration/.
- The Daily Star. 2018a. “Bassil Presses for Withdrawal of U.N.‒ EU Statement.” April 30. http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2018/Apr-30/447364-bassil-presses-for-withdrawal-of-un-eu-statement.ashx.
- The Daily Star. 2018b. “U.N. EU Clarify Stance on Refugees After Criticism.” April 28. http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2018/Apr-28/447199-un-eu-clarify-stance-on-refugees-after-criticism.ashx.
- The Daily Star. 2018c. “Open EU Markets to Lebanese Goods: Aoun to EU Officials.” March 26. http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2018/Mar-26/443051-eu-ready-to-support-lebanons-development-official.ashx.
- The Daily Star. 2019. “Bassil Calls on EU to Redirect Aid toward Refugee Returns.” February 4. http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Feb-04/475830-bassil-calls-on-eu-to-redirect-aid-toward-refugee-returns.ashx.
- Dakroub, Hussein. 2019. “EU Affirms Commitment to Lebanon’s Stability. Partnership.” The Daily Star. February 27. http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Feb-27/477564-eu-affirms-commitment-to-lebanons-stability-partnership.ashx.
- Dixon, Jennifer M. 2017. “Rhetorical Adaptation and Resistance to International Norms.” Perspectives on Politics 15 (1): 83–99.
- ECHO. 2019a. “Building Resilience: The EU’s Approach.” http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/aid/countries/factsheets/thematic/resilience_en.pdf.
- ECHO. 2019b. “Brussels Conference: Days of Dialogue - Supporting the Future of Syria and the Region.” https://ec.europa.eu/echo/news/brussels-conference-days-dialogue-supporting-future-syria-and-region_en.
- Edmunds, Timothy, and Ana E. Juncos. 2020. “Constructing the Capable State: Contested Discourses and Practices in EU Capacity Building.” Cooperation and Conflict 55 (1): 3–21.
- EEAS. 2019. “Syrian Refugees in Lebanon”. Press Release, https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/afghanistan/71235/syrian-refugees-lebanon_en.
- El-Gamal, Jasmine. 2019. “The Displacement Dilemma: Should Europe Help Syrian Refugees Return Home?” European Council on Foreign Relations, March 14. https://www.ecfr.eu/publications/summary/the_displacement_dilemma_should_europe_help_syrian_refugees_return_home.
- Enríquez, Carmen González, et al. 2018. “Italian and Spanish Approaches to External Migration Management in the Sahel: Venues for Cooperation and Coherence.” Elcano Royal Institute and Istituto Affari Internazionali. http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/wcm/connect/81b5eff5-8724-40d8-afcc-732e55e67c0a/WP13-2018-Italy-Spain-approaches-external-migration-management-Sahel.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=81b5eff5-8724-40d8-afcc-732e55e67c0a.
- EUGS. 2016. “Shared Vision. Common Action: A Stronger Europe: A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy.” https://europa.eu/globalstrategy/sites/globalstrategy/files/regions/files/eugs_review_web_0.pdf.
- European Commission. 2015a. “A European Agenda on Migration.” Brussels 13 May 2015, COM (2015) 240 final.
- European Commission. 2015b. “Review of the European Neighbourhood Policy.” Brussels 18 November 2015, JOIN (2015) 50 final.
- European Commission. 2016a. “Establishing a New Partnership Framework with Third Countries under the European Agenda on Migration.” Strasbourg 6 June 2011, COM (2016) 385 final.
- European Commission. 2016b. “Lives in Dignity: From Aid-Dependence to Self-Reliance - Forced Displacement and Development.” Brussels 24 April 2016, COM (2016) 234 final.
- European Commission. 2017a. “EU – Jordan Partnership: The Compact.” https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/jordan-compact.pdf.
- European Commission. 2017b. “Joint Staff Working Document: Report on EU-Lebanon Relations in the Framework of the Revised ENP.” Brussels 23 June 2017, SWD (2017) 251 final.
- European Commission. 2017c. “Programming of the European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI) (2014-2020) - Single Support Framework for EU Support to Lebanon (2017-2020).”https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/lebanon_c_2017_7179_annex_en.pdf.
- European Commission. 2018a. “Responding to the Syrian Crisis: EU Support to Resilience in Lebanon.” https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/eu-support-to-lebanon-factsheet.pdf.
- European Commission. 2018b. “Trade Policy Countries and Regions: Jordan.” http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/jordan/.
- European Commission. 2019a. “Regional Cooperation with Mediterranean Partners.” https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/neighbourhood/southern-neighbourhood/regional-cooperation-with-the-mediterranean-partners_en.
- European Commission. 2019b. “The EU Facility for Refugees in Turkey.” https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/frit_factsheet.pdf.
- European Union. 2016. “Decision No 1/2016 of the EU-Lebanon Association Council of 11 November 2016 Agreeing on EU-Lebanon Partnership Priorities. 2016/2368.” Official Journal of the European Union.https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:22016D2368&from=EN.
- Fakhoury, Tamirace. 2020. “Lebanon as a Test Case for the EU's Logic of Governmentality in Refugee Challenges.” Istituto Affari Internazionali.
- Fakhoury, Tamirace. 2021. “Refugee Return and Fragmented Governance in the Host State: Displaced Syrians in the Face of Lebanon’s Divided Politics.” Third World Quarterly 42 (1): 162–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2020.1762485.
- Faul, Clément. 2018. “The President of Lebanon Requests Europe’s Support.” The New Federalist. November 15. https://www.thenewfederalist.eu/the-president-of-lebanon-requests-europe-s-support.
- Fleyhane, Khalil. 2017. “À Bruxelles. Bassil Plaide pour Un Retour « Sûr » et Mogherini Pour Un Retour « Volontaire ».” L’Orient Le Jour. July 19. https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1063010/a-bruxelles-bassil-plaide-pour-un-retour-sur-et-mogherini-pour-un-retour-volontaire-.html.
- Fontana, Andrea Matteo. 2018. “The EU and Jordan: An Enduring Partnership.” The Jordan Times. May 8. http://www.jordantimes.com/opinion/andrea-matteo-fontana/eu-and-jordan-enduring-partnership.
- Geha, Carmen, and Joumana Talhouk. 2019. “From Recipients of Aid to Shapers of Policies: Conceptualizing Government – United Nations Relations During the Syrian Refugee Crisis in Lebanon.” Journal of Refugee Studies 32 (4): 645–663.
- Government of Lebanon and the United Nations. 2019. “Lebanon Crisis Response Plan 2017-2020.” https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/67780.pdf.
- Hall, Richard. 2019. “Lebanon Warns Europe Could Face Another ‘Wave’ of Syrian Refugees.” The Independent - Middle East. March 27. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/lebanon-syrian-refugees-europe-migrant-crisis-a8842566.html.
- Hampshire, James. 2016. “Speaking with One Voice? The European Union’s Global Approach to Migration and Mobility and the Limits of International Migration Cooperation.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 42 (4): 571–586.
- Huang, Cindy, and Nazanin Ash. 2018. “Jordan. Lebanon Compacts Should Be Improved. Not Abandoned.” Refugees Deeply. February 5. https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2018/02/05/jordan-lebanon-compacts-should-be-improved-not-abandoned.
- Human Rights Watch. 2017. “Lebanon: New Refugee Policy A Step Forward.” Human Rights Watch. February 14. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/02/14/lebanon-new-refugee-policy-step-forward.
- Janmyr, Maja. 2017. “No Country of Asylum: ‘Legitimizing’ Lebanon’s Rejection of the 1951 Refugee Convention.” International Journal of Refugee Law 29 (3): 438–465.
- Jones, Alun, and Julian Clark. 2008. “Europeanisation and Discourse Building: The European Commission, European Narratives and European Neighbourhood Policy.” Geopolitics 13 (3): 545–571.
- Juncos, Ana E. 2017. “Resilience as the New EU Foreign Policy Paradigm: A Pragmatist Turn?” European Security 26 (1): 1–18.
- Knudsen, Are John. 2020. “Displacement.” In Humanitarianism, edited by Antonio de Lauri, 46–48. Brill: Leiden.
- Lavenex, S., and N. Piper. 2022. Regions and Global Migration Governance: Perspectives ‘From Above', ‘From Below’ and ‘From Beyond’.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 48 (12): 2837–2854. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2021.1972564.
- Lenner, Katharina, and Lewis Turner. 2018. “Making Refugees Work? The Politics of Integrating Syrian Refugees Into the Labor Market in Jordan.” Middle East Critique 28 (1): 65–95.
- Malmvig, Helle, and Tamirace Fakhoury. 2020. “Tales of the Unexpected: Will the Lebanese Uprising Stay Clear of Attempts at Geopolitization?” POMEPS https://pomeps.org/tales-of-the-unexpected-will-the-lebanese-uprising-stay-clear-of-attempts-at-geopolitization-1.
- Martin, Bruno Oliveira, and Michael Strange. 2019. “Rethinking EU External Migration Policy: Contestation and Critique.” Global Affairs 5 (3): 195–202.
- Mroue, Bassem. 2019. “Lebanon tells EU it will encourage Syrians to return”. February 26, Associated Press. https://www.apnews.com/906a32ef8f0942699e844849d7ab8984.
- Naharnet. 2018a. “Aoun to EU Delegation: Lebanon Will Solve Refugees Crisis ‘Regardless of EU. U.N. Opinion’.” Naharnet. May 4.http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/245762.
- Naharnet. 2018b. “EU. U.N. Deny Refugee ‘Naturalization’ Claims after Lebanon Uproar.” April 27. http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/245481.
- Naharnet. 2019a. “Hariri at Brussels III Requests $2.9 bn in Aid for Refugee Return.” March 14. http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/257634.
- Naharnet. 2019b. “Aoun to EU Chief: Ailing Conditions Drive Our Calls for Refugees’ Return.” February 26. http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/257007.
- Naharnet. 2019c. “Rahi: To Separate Political Solution in Syria from Refugee Return.” February 27. http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/257038-rahi-to-separate-political-solution-in-syria-from-refugee-return.
- Nassar, Jessy, and Nora Stel. 2019. “Lebanon’s Response to the Syrian Refugee Crisis – Institutional Ambiguity as a Governance Strategy.” Political Geography 70: 44–54.
- National News Agency. 2017. “Aoun Meets Mogherini. Renews Calls for Safe Return of Syrian Refugees.” December 19. http://nna-leb.gov.lb/en/show-news/86626/Aoun-meets-Mogherini-renews-calls-for-safe-return-of-Syrian-refugees.
- National News Agency. 2018a. “Aoun Meets European Commissioner for Neighborhood Policy: To Turn Promises of International Community Towards Lebanon into Practical Steps.” March 26. http://nna-leb.gov.lb/en/show-news/89500/Aoun-meets-European-Commissioner-for-Neighborhood-Policy-To-turn-promises-of-international-community-towards-Lebanon-into-practical-steps.
- National News Agency. 2018b. “President Aoun from Strasbourg: To Activate Financial Support for Lebanon Rejecting Any Procrastination in Refugees’ Safe Return to their Homes.” September 11. http://nna-leb.gov.lb/en/show-news/95072/President-Aoun-from-Strasbourg-To-activate-financial-support-for-Lebanon-rejecting-any-procrastination-in-refugees-39-safe-return-to-their-homes.
- National News Agency. 2018c. “Hariri at Brussels II Conference: We Upheld Our Commitments. It is of Paramount Importance That We Continue Working Together and These Are Our Priorities.” April 25. http://nna-leb.gov.lb/en/show-news/90397/Hariri-at-Brussels-II-Conference-We-upheld-our-commitments-it-is-of-paramount-importance-that-we-continue-working-together-and-these-are-our-priorities.
- National News Agency. 2018d. “Aoun Rejects UN. EU Joint Statement on Displaced Syrians’ Crisis.” April 26. http://nna-leb.gov.lb/en/show-news/90457/Aoun-rejects-UN-EU-joint-statement-on-displaced-Syrians-39-crisis.
- National News Agency [Translated]. 2018. “Bassil at the Displacement Conference: The Only Solution is the Return of the Displaced Syrians [..].”January 20. http://nna-leb.gov.lb/ar/show-news/324631/nna-leb.gov.lb/ar.
- Pace, Michelle. 2007. “Norm Shifting from EMP to ENP: the EU as a Norm Entrepreneur in the South?” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 20 (4): 659–675.
- Salem, Paul. 2018. “The Middle East’s Troubled Relationship with the Liberal International Order.” The International Spectator 53 (1): 122–137. DOI: 10.1080/03932729.2018.1407165.
- Seeberg, Peter. 2018. “EU Policies Concerning Lebanon and the Bilateral Cooperation on Migration and Security – New Challenges Calling for New Institutional Practices?” Palgrave Communications 4 (136): 1–9.
- UNHCR. 2019a. “Syria Regional Refugee Response.” April 11. https://data2.unhcr.org/fr/situations/syria.
- UNHCR. 2019b. “Key Findings of the 2019 Vulnerability Assessment of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon.” https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/77948.pdf.
- Wagner, Wolfgang, and Rosanne Anholt. 2016. “Resilience as the EU Global Strategy’s new Leitmotif: Pragmatic, Problematic or Promising?” Contemporary Security Policy 37 (3): 414–430.
- Wiener, Antje. 2004. “Contested Compliance: Interventions on the Normative Structure of World Politics.” European Journal of International Relations 10 (2): 189–234.
- Wunderlich, Daniel. 2010. “Differentiation and Policy Convergence Against Long Odds: Lessons from Implementing EU Migration Policy in Morocco.” Mediterranean Politics 15 (2): 249–272.
- Yusof, Joazrina. 2018. “Voluntary Returns: Examining the Organized Returns of Syrian Refugees from Lebanon.” Respond Migration. November 22. https://www.respondmigration.com/blog-1/2018/11/22/voluntary-returns-examining-the-organised-returns-of-syrian-refugees-from-lebanon.
- Zardo, Federica. 2020. “The EU Trust Fund for Africa: Geopolitical Space Making Through Migration Policy Instruments.” Geopolitics 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2020.1815712.