Who is (un)deserving? Differential healthcare access and the interplay between social and symbolic boundary-drawing towards Syrian refugees in Turkey

References

• Adaman, F., and B. Erus. 2017. “Public Healthcare Insurance Premiums Reduced in Turkey.” ESPN Flash Report 2017/35. Accessed 4 March 2020. http://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=17863&langId=en.
   Google Scholar
• Alawa, J., P. Zarei, and K. Khoshnood. 2019. “Evaluating the Provision of Health Services and Barriers to Treatment for Chronic Diseases Among Syrian Refugees in Turkey: A Review of Literature and Stakeholder Interviews.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16 (15): 2660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilecen, B., and D. Yurtseven. 2017. “Temporarily Protected Syrians’ Access to the Healthcare System in Turkey: Changing Policies and Remaining Challenges.” Migration Letters 15 (1): 113–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BirGün. 2021. “Milyonların sağlık hakkı Tehlikede.” BirGün, December 27 [Online]. Accessed 11 March 2022. https://www.birgun.net/haber/milyonlarin-saglik-hakki-tehlikede-370826.
   Google Scholar
• Bloemraad, I., W. Kymlicka, M. Lamont, and L. S. Hing. 2019. “Membership Without Social Citizenship? Deservingness and Redistribution as Grounds for Equality.” Daedalus 148 (3): 73–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, S. 2015. “Using Focus Groups in Naturally Occurring Settings.” Qualitative Research Journal 15 (1): 86–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, F. L., and E. Barrett. 1992. Support for the American Welfare State. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Erus, B., B. Yakut-Çakar, S. Çali, and F. Adaman. 2015. “Health Policy for the Poor: An Exploration on the Take-up of Means-Tested Health Benefits in Turkey.” Social Science and Medicine 130: 99–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escandell, X., and A. M. Ceobanu. 2009. “Anti-Immigrant Sentiment and Welfare State Regimes in Europe.” Center for Comparative Immigration Studies Working Paper 178.
   Google Scholar
• Facchini, G., and A. M. Mayda. 2009. “Does Welfare State Affect Individuals Attitudes Towards Immigrants? Evidence Across Countries.” Review of Economics and Statistics 91 (2): 295–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton, S. 2004. “Different Subjects: The Health Care System’s Participation in the Differential Construction of the Cultural Citizenship of Cuban Refugees and Mexican Immigrants.” Medical Anthropology Quarterly 18 (4): 472–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingram, H. I., and A. L. Schneider. 2005. “Congressional Discourse: Forging Lines of Division Between Deserving and Undeserving.” In Deserving and Entitled: Social Constructions and Constructing “Deservingness” Public Policy, edited by A. L. Schneider and H. M. Ingram, 105–110. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, C., and M. B. Petersen. 2017. “The Deservingness Heuristic and the Politics of Health Care.” American Journal of Political Science 61 (1): 68–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaya, A. 2020. Reception – Turkey Research Report. Istanbul: Bilgi University. RESPOND Project Report.
   Google Scholar
• Kootstra, A. 2016. “Deserving and Undeserving Welfare Claimants in Britain and the Netherlands: Examining the Role of Ethnicity and Migration Status Using a Vignette Experiment.” European Sociological Review 32 (3): 325–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kremer, M. 2016. “Earned Citizenship: Labour Migrants’ Views on the Welfare State.” Journal of Social Policy 45 (3): 395–415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laenen, T., F. Rossetti, and W. van Oorschot. 2019. “Why Deservingness Theory Needs Qualitative Research: Comparing Focus Group Discussions on Social Welfare in Three Welfare Regimes.” International Journal of Comparative Sociology 60 (3): 190–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamont, M., S. Beljean, and M. Clair. 2014. “What is Missing? Cultural Processes and Causal Pathways to Inequality.” Socio-Economic Review 12 (3): 573–608.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamont, M., and V. Molnar. 2002. “The Study of Boundaries in the Social Sciences.” Annual Review of Sociology 28: 167–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mardin, F. D. 2017. Right to Health and Access to Health Services for Syrian Refugees in Turkey. Istanbul: Koc University. MiReKoc Policy Brief.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health. 2018. “‘Sağlık Bakanlığı’ AFAD ve Göç Idaresi Genel Müdürlügü arasında sağlık hizmeti protokolü.” Accessed 3 March 2020. https://khgmbutcemuhasebedb.saglik.gov.tr/TR,44057/saglik-bakanligi-afad-ve-goc-idaresi-genel-mudurlugu-arasinda-goturu-bedel-saglik-hizmeti-protokolu.html.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health. 2020. Göçmen Sağlığı Merkezi. Accessed 17 August 2020. https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/g%C3%B6%C3%A7men-sa%C4%9Fl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1-merkezleri.html.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Interior, the Presidency of Migration Management (PMM). 2022. ‘Migration Statistics: Temporary Protection’. Accessed 25 January 2022. https://e-ikamet.goc.gov.tr/.
   Google Scholar
• Osipovič, D. 2015. “Conceptualisations of Welfare Deservingness by Polish Migrants in the UK.” Journal of Social Policy 44 (4): 729–746.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen, M. B., R. Slothuus, R. Stubager, and L. Togeby 2010. “Deservingness Versus Values in Public Opinion on Welfare: The Automaticity of the Deservingness Heuristic.” European Journal of Political Research 50: 24–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratzmann, N., and N. Sahraoui. 2021. “State of the Art: Conceptualising the Role of Deservingness in Migrants’ Access to Social Services.” Social Policy and Society 20 (3): 440–451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeskens, T., and W. van Oorschot. 2012. “Disentangling the ‘New Liberal Dilemma’: On the Relation Between General Welfare Redistribution Preferences and Welfare Chauvinism.” International Journal of Comparative Sociology 53 (2): 120–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeskens, T., and W. van Oorschot. 2013. “Equity, Equality, or Need? A Study of Popular Preferences for Welfare Redistribution Principles Across 24 European Countries.” Journal of European Public Policy 20 (8): 1174–1195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resmi Gazete. 2019. “Geçici Koruma Yönetmeliğinde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Yönetmelik.” Accessed 7 March 2020. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2019/12/20191225-38.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Resmi Gazete. 2022. “Genel Sağlık Sigortası (GSS) Sistemi Prim Borcu Kararı.” Accessed 11 January 2022. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2022/01/20220111-3.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Rottmann, S. B. 2020. Integration Policies, Practices and Experiences: Turkey Country Report. Istanbul: Oyzyegin University. RESPOND Project Report.
   Google Scholar
• Ruhs, M. 2013. The Price of Rights: Regulating International Labour Migration. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sahraoui, N. 2021. “Constructions of Undeservingness Around the Figure of the Undocumented Pregnant Woman in the French Department of Mayotte.” Social Policy and Society 20 (3): 475–486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, A., and H. Ingram. 1993. “Social Construction of Target Populations: Implications for Politics and Policy.” American Political Science Review 87 (2): 334–347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slingenberg, L. 2021. “Deservingness in Judicial Discourse. An Analysis of the Legal Reasoning Adopted in Dutch Case Law on Irregular Migrant Families’ Access to Shelter.” Social Policy and Society 20 (3): 521–530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Social Security Institution (SSI). 2020. Kayıtdışı İstihdam Oranı. Accessed 30 September 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Turkish Stattistical Institute (TUIK). 2020. Statistics. Accessed 15 September 2020.
   Google Scholar
• van Der Waal, J., W. D. Koster, and W. van Oorschot. 2013. “Three Worlds of Welfare Chauvinism?” Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis 15 (2): 1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Oorschot, W. 2000. “Who Should get What, and Why? On Deservingness Criteria and Theconditionality of Solidarity Among the Public.” Policy and Politics 28: 33–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Oorschot, W. 2006. “Making the Difference in Social Europe: Deservingness Perceptions Among Citizens of European Welfare States.” Journal of European Social Policy 16 (1): 23–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Oorschot, W., and W. Uunk. 2007. “Welfare Spending and the Public’s Concern for Immigrants: Multilevel Evidence for Eighteen European Countries’.” Comparative Politics 40: 63–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wimmer, A. 1997. “Explaining Xenophobia and Racism: A Critical Review of Current Research Approaches.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 20: 17–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yıldırım, H. H., and T. Yıldırım. 2011. “Healthcare Financing Reform in Turkey: Context and Salient Features.” Journal of European Social Policy 21 (2): 178–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yılmaz, V. 2019. “The Emerging Welfare Mix for Syrian Refugees in Turkey: The Interplay Between Humanitarian Assistance Programmes and the Turkish Welfare System.” Journal of Social Policy 48 (2): 721–739.
   Google Scholar
• Yoo, G. J. 2008. “Immigrants and Welfare: Policy Constructions of Deservingness.” Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 6 (4): 490–507.
   Google Scholar