Mentoring as a grassroots effort for integrating refugees – evidence from a randomised field experiment

References

• Abdelgadir, Aala, and Vasiliki Fouka. 2020. “Political Secularism and Muslim Integration in the West: Assessing the Effects of the French Headscarf Ban.” American Political Science Review 114 (3): 707–723. doi:10.1017/S0003055420000106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ager, Alastair, and Alison Strang. 2008. “Understanding Integration: A Conceptual Framework.” Journal of Refugee Studies 21 (2): 166–191. doi:10.1093/jrs/fen016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, Tammy D., Mark L. Poteet, and Joyce E. A. Russell. 2000. “Protégé Selection by Mentors: What Makes the Difference?” Journal of Organizational Behavior 21 (3): 271–282. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(200005)21:3<271::AID-JOB44>3.0.CO;2-K.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allport, G. W. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. New York, NY: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Bakker, Arthur, Jinfa Cai, Lyn English, Gabriele Kaiser, Vilma Mesa, and Wim Van Dooren. 2019. “Beyond Small, Medium, or Large: Points of Consideration When Interpreting Effect Sizes.” Educational Studies in Mathematics Volume 102: 1–8. doi:10.1007/s10649-019-09908-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battisti, Michele, Yvonne Giesing, and Nadzeya Laurentsyeva. 2019. “Can Job Search Assistance Improve the Labour Market Integration of Refugees? Evidence from a Field Experiment.” Labour Economics 61 (December): 101745. doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.07.001.
   Google Scholar
• Belzil, Christian, and Marco Leonardi. 2007. “Can Risk Aversion Explain Schooling Attainments? Evidence from Italy.” Labour Economics 14 (6): 957–970. doi:10.1016/J.LABECO.2007.06.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benyamini, Yael, Howard Leventhal, and Elaine A. Leventhal. 2004. “Self-Rated Oral Health as an Independent Predictor of Self-Rated General Health, Self-Esteem and Life Satisfaction.” Social Science and Medicine 59 (5): 1109–1116. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.12.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman, Eli, Kevin Lang, and Erez Siniver. 2003. “Language-Skill Complementarity: Returns to Immigrant Language Acquisition.” Labour Economics 10 (3): 265–290. doi:10.1016/S0927-5371(03)00015-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BMFSFJ. 2019. “Menschen Stärken Menschen.” https://www.bmfsfj.de/bmfsfj/themen/engagement-und-gesellschaft/engagement-staerken/menschen-staerken-menschen/menschen-staerken-menschen/107820.
   Google Scholar
• Breen, Richard, Herman G. Van De Werfhorst, and Mads Meier Jæger. 2014. “Deciding Under Doubt: A Theory of Risk Aversion, Time Discounting Preferences, and Educational Decision-Making.” European Sociological Review 30 (2): 258–270. doi:10.1093/ESR/JCU039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brell, Courtney, Christian Dustmann, and Ian Preston. 2020. “The Labor Market Integration of Refugee Migrants in High-Income Countries.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 34 (1): 94–121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt, Ronald S. 2002. “Bridge Decay.” Social Networks 24 (4): 333–363. doi:10.1016/S0378-8733(02)00017-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, Frances A., Craig T. Ramey, Elizabeth Pungello, Joseph Sparling, and Shari Miller-Johnson. 2002. “Early Childhood Education: Young Adult Outcomes from the Abecedarian Project.” Applied Developmental Science 6 (1): 42–57. doi:10.1207/S1532480XADS0601_05.
   Google Scholar
• Chiswick, Barry R., and Paul W. Miller. 2002. “Immigrant Earnings: Language Skills, Linguistic Concentrations and the Business Cycle.” Journal of Population Economics 15 (1): 31–57. doi:10.1007/PL00003838.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl, Gordon B., Katrine V. Løken, and Magne Mogstad. 2014. “Peer Effects in Program Participation.” American Economic Review 104 (7): 2049–2074. doi:10.1257/aer.104.7.2049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damelang, Andreas, and Yuliya Kosyakova. 2021. “To Work or to Study? Postmigration Educational Investments of Adult Refugees in Germany – Evidence from a Choice Experiment.” Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 73 (June): 100610. doi:10.1016/J.RSSM.2021.100610.
   Google Scholar
• Degenne, Alain, and Marie Odile Lebeaux. 2005. “The Dynamics of Personal Networks at the Time of Entry Into Adult Life.” Social Networks 27 (4): 337–358. doi:10.1016/J.SOCNET.2004.11.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Paiva Lareiro, Cristina, Nina Rother, and Manuel Siegert. 2020. “Geflüchtete Verbessern Ihre Deutschkenntnisse Und Fühlen Sich in Deutschland Weiterhin Willkommen.” BAMF-Kurzanalyse 1. https://www.bamf.de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/DE/Forschung/Kurzanalysen/kurzanalyse1-2020_iab-bamf-soep-befragung-sprache.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=5.
   Google Scholar
• Domínguez, Silvia, and Isidro Maya-Jariego. 2008. “Acculturation of Host Individuals: Immigrants and Personal Networks.” American Journal of Community Psychology 42 (3–4): 309–327. doi:10.1007/S10464-008-9209-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubois, David L, Bruce E Holloway, Jeffrey C Valentine, and Harris Cooper. 2002. “Effectiveness of Mentoring Programs for Youth: A Meta-Analytic Review.” American Journal of Community Psychology 30 (2), doi:10.1023/A:1014628810714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuBois, David L., Nelson Portillo, Jean E. Rhodes, Naida Silberthorn, and Jeffrey C. Valentine. 2011. “How Effective Are Mentoring Programs for Youth? A Systematic Assessment of the Evidence.” The Public interest 12 (2): 57–91. doi:10.1177/1529100611414806.
   Google Scholar
• DuBois, David L., and Naida Silverthorn. 2005. “Natural Mentoring Relationships and Adolescent Health: Evidence from a National Study.” American Journal of Public Health 95 (3): 518–524. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2003.031476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dustmann, Christian, and Francesca Fabbri. 2003. “Language Proficiency and Labour Market Performance of Immigrants in the UK.” The Economic Journal 113 (489): 695–717. doi:10.1111/1468-0297.t01-1-00151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eby, Lillian T, Tammy D Allen, Sarah C Evans, Thomas Ng, and David Dubois. 2008. “Does Mentoring Matter? A Multidisciplinary Meta-Analysis Comparing Mentored and Non-Mentored Individuals.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 72 (2): 254–267. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.04.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaddis, S. Michael. 2012. “What’s in a Relationship? An Examination of Social Capital, Race and Class in Mentoring Relationships.” Social Forces 90 (4): 1237–1269. doi:10.1093/sf/sos003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gericke, Dina, Anne Burmeister, Jil Löwe, Jürgen Deller, and Leena Pundt. 2018. “How Do Refugees Use Their Social Capital for Successful Labor Market Integration? An Exploratory Analysis in Germany.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 105 (April): 46–61. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2017.12.002.
   Google Scholar
• Goebel, Jan, Markus M. Grabka, Stefan Liebig, Martin Kroh, David Richter, Carsten Schröder, and Jürgen Schupp. 2018. “The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).” Jahrbücher Für Nationalökonomie Und Statistik. doi:10.1515/jbnst-2018-0022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granovetter, Mark S. 1973. “The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78 (6): 1360–1380. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-442450-0.50025-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman, Jean B., and Jean E. Rhodes. 2002. “The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships.” American Journal of Community Psychology 30 (2): 199–219. doi:10.1023/A:1014680827552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groves, Robert M., and Emilia Peytcheva. 2008. “The Impact of Nonresponse Rates on Nonresponse Bias: A Meta-Analysis.” Public Opinion Quarterly. doi:10.1093/poq/nfn011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harte, Wendy, Iraphne R.W. Childs, and Peter A. Hastings. 2009. “Settlement Patterns of African Refugee Communities in Southeast Queensland.” Australian Geographer 40 (1): 51–67. doi:10.1080/00049180802656960.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath, Anthony F., Catherine Rothon, and Elina Kilpi. 2008. “The Second Generation in Western Europe: Education, Unemployment, and Occupational Attainment.” Annual Reviews 34 (July): 211–235. doi:10.1146/ANNUREV.SOC.34.040507.134728.
   Google Scholar
• Heckman, James J. 1979. “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error.” Econometrica 47 (1): 153–161. doi:10.2307/1912352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen, Jannes. 2019. “Language Barriers During the Fieldwork of the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees in Germany.” In GESIS-Schriftenreihe. Surveying the Migrant Population: Consideration of Linguistic and Cultural Issues, edited by Behr Dorothée, 75–84. Cologne: DIW Berlin. https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/58074?locale-attribute=en.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen, Jannes, Philipp Eisnecker, and Jürgen Schupp. 2017. “In 2016, Around One-Third of People in Germany Donated for Refugees and Ten Percent Helped Out on Site – Yet Concerns Are Mounting.” DIW Economic Bulletin 16: 165–176.
   Google Scholar
• Joona, Pernilla Andersson, and Lena Nekby. 2012. “Intensive Coaching of New Immigrants: An Evaluation Based on Random Program Assignment.” Scandinavian Journal of Economics 114 (2): 575–600. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9442.2011.01692.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroh, Martin, Simon Kühne, Jannes Jacobsen, Manuel Siegert, and Rainer Siegers. 2017. “Sampling, Nonresponse, and Integrated Weighting of the 2016 IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees (M3/M4).” SOEP Survey Papers 477: Series C. Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Lancee, Bram, and Anne Hartung. 2012. “Turkish Migrants and Native Germans Compared: The Effects of Inter-Ethnic and Intra-Ethnic Friendships on the Transition from Unemployment to Work.” International Migration 50 (1): 39–54. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2011.00736.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, Nan. 2000. “Inequality in Social Capital.” Contemporary Sociology 29 (6): 785. doi:10.2307/2654086.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löbel, Lea Maria. 2020. “Family Separation and Refugee Mental Health – A Network Perspective.” Social Networks 61: 20–33. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2019.08.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löbel, Lea-Maria, and Jannes Jacobsen. 2021. “Waiting for Kin: A Longitudinal Study of Family Reunification and Refugee Mental Health in Germany.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies.” 1–22. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2021.1884538.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Månsson, Jonas, and Lennart Delander. 2017. “Mentoring as a Way of Integrating Refugees Into the Labour Market – Evidence from a Swedish Pilot Scheme.” Economic Analysis and Policy 56 (December): 51–59. doi:10.1016/j.eap.2017.08.002.
   Google Scholar
• Martinovic, Borja, Frank van Tubergen, and Ineke Maas. 2009. “Dynamics of Interethnic Contact: A Panel Study of Immigrants in the Netherlands.” European Sociological Review 25 (3): 303–318. doi:10.1093/ESR/JCN049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPherson, Miller, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook. 2001. “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks.” Annual Review of Sociology 27: 415–444. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nickerson, Angela, Richard A. Bryant, Zachary Steel, Derrick Silove, and Robert Brooks. 2010. “The Impact of Fear for Family on Mental Health in a Resettled Iraqi Refugee Community.” Journal of Psychiatric Research 44 (4): 229–235. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.08.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyhus, Ellen K., and Empar Pons. 2005. “The Effects of Personality on Earnings.” Journal of Economic Psychology 26 (3): 363–384. doi:10.1016/J.JOEP.2004.07.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ooka, Emi, and Barry Wellman. 2003. “Does Social Capital Pay Off More Within or Between Ethnic Groups? Analyzing Job Searches In Five Toronto Ethnic Groups.” In Inside the Mosaic, edited by Eric Fong. http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman.
   Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, Thomas F., and Linda R. Tropp. 2006. “A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 (5): 751–783. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portes, Alejandro. 1995. The Economic Sociology of Immigration. New York, NY: Russal Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Proestakis, Antonios, Eugenia Polizzi di Sorrentino, Helen Elizabeth Brown, Esther van Sluijs, Ankur Mani, Sandra Caldeira, and Benedikt Herrmann. 2018. “Network Interventions for Changing Physical Activity Behaviour in Preadolescents.” Nature Human Behaviour 2 (10): 778–787. doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0436-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, Arthur J, and C. M. Hayakawa. 2011. “Why the Child-Parent Center Promote Life Course Development.” In The Pre-K Debates: Current Controversies and Issues, edited by E. Ziegler, 144–152. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.
   Google Scholar
• Rösch, Tabea, Hanne Schneider, Johannes Weber, and Susanne Worbs. 2020. “Integration von Geflüchteten in Ländlichen Räumen.” BAMF Forschungsbericht 36. https://www.bamf.de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/DE/Forschung/Forschungsberichte/fb36-integration-laendlicher-raum.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=5.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum, Paul R. 1987. “Model-Based Direct Adjustment.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 82 (398): 387–394. doi:10.1080/01621459.1987.10478441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnepf, Sylke Viola. 2006. “Immigrants’ Educational Disadvantage: An Examination Across Ten Countries and Three Surveys.” Journal of Population Economics 20 (3): 527–545. doi:10.1007/S00148-006-0102-Y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweinhart, L. J., J. Montie, Z. Xiang, W. S. Barnett, C. R. Belfield, and M. Nores. 2005. “Lifetime Effects: The High/Scope Perry Preschool Study through Age 40.” High/Scope Press, 3. http://works.bepress.com/william_barnett/3/.
   Google Scholar
• SOEP. 2021. “Sozio-Oekonomisches Panel (SOEP), Version 36, Daten Der Jahre 1984-2019.” SOEP-Core V36, EU-Edition. doi:10.5684/soep.core.v36eu.
   Google Scholar
• Speth, Rudolf, and Elke Bojarra-Becker. 2017. “Zivilgesellschaft Und Kommunen: Lerneffekte Aus Dem Zuzug Geflüchteter Für Das Engagement in Krisen.” Opuscula 107. http://www.opuscula.maecenata.eu.
   Google Scholar
• UNHCR. 2020. “Figures at a Glance.” https://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html.
   Google Scholar
• Van Ballegooij, Wouter, and Cecilia Navarra. 2018. The Cost of Non-Europe in Asylum Policy. Brussels: European Parliamentary Research Service.
   Google Scholar
• Walther, Lena, Hannes Kröger, Ana Nanette Tibubos, Thi Minh Tam Ta, Christian Von Scheve, Jürgen Schupp, Eric Hahn, and Malek Bajbouj. 2020. “Psychological Distress among Refugees in Germany: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Individual and Contextual Risk Factors and Potential Consequences for Integration Using a Nationally Representative Survey.” BMJ Open. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033658.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanberg, Connie R., Elizabeth T. Welsh, and Sarah A. Hezlett. 2003. “Mentoring Research: A Review and Dynamic Process Model.” Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management 22 (January): 39–124. doi:10.1016/S0742-7301(2003)22.
   Google Scholar
• Wimmer, Andreas, and Kevin Lewis. 2010. “Beyond and Below Racial Homophily: ERG Models of a Friendship Network Documented on Facebook.” American Journal of Sociology 116 (2): 583–642. doi:10.1086/653658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar