293
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Regular Articles

Children or productive adults? Infantilisation and exploitation of refugees in Germany and Austria

Pages 1590-1608 | Received 21 Apr 2022, Accepted 05 Jan 2023, Published online: 16 Jan 2023

References

  • Adler, E., and V. Pouliot. 2011. “International Practices.” International Theory 3 (1): 1–36. doi:10.1017/S175297191000031X.
  • Agamben, G. 2000. Means Without End: Notes on Politics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Agier, M. 2011. Managing the Undesirables: Refugee Camps and Humanitarian Government. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Atkinson, P., and M. Hammersley. 2007. Ethnography: Principles in Practice. London: Routledge.
  • Auer, D. 2018. “Language Roulette – the Effect of Random Placement on Refugees’ Labour Market Integration.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (3): 341–362. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1304208.
  • Avola, M. 2015. “The Ethnic Penalty in the Italian Labour Market: A Comparison Between the Centre-North and South.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 41 (11): 1746–1768. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2014.973841.
  • Bakker, L., J. Dagevos, and G. Engbersen. 2017. “Explaining the Refugee Gap: A Longitudinal Study on Labour Market Participation of Refugees in the Netherlands.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 43 (11): 1775–1791. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2016.1251835.
  • Börzel, T., and M. Zürn. 2020. Contestations of the Liberal Script (SCRIPTS). A Research Program (Nr. 1; SCRIPTS Working Paper). Freie Universität. https://www.scripts-berlin.eu/publications/Publications-PDF/SCRIPTS-WP1_final.pdf.
  • Brell, C., C. Dustmann, and I. Preston. 2020. “The Labor Market Integration of Refugee Migrants in High-Income Countries.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 34 (1): 94–121. doi:10.1257/jep.34.1.94.
  • Brown, T. 2018. “Building Resilience: The Emergence of Refugee-Led Education Initiatives in Indonesia to Address Service Gaps Faced in Protracted Transit.” Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 165–181. doi:10.14764/10.ASEAS-0001.
  • Bundesagentur für Arbeit. 2020. Arbeitsmarktintegration von schutzsuchenden Menschen. 5 Jahre nach der Europäischen Flüchtlingskrise. Berichte: Arbeitsmarkt kompakt.
  • Burman, E. 1994. “Innocents Abroad: Western Fantasies of Childhood and the Iconography of Emergencies.” Disasters 18 (3): Art. 3. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00310.x.
  • Bygnes, S. 2022. “Experiencing and Resisting Interwoven Social Boundaries: The Case of Highly Educated Recent Refugees in Norway.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 1–16. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2022.2123437.
  • Chouliaraki, L., and T. Stolic. 2017. “Rethinking Media Responsibility in the Refugee ‘Crisis’: A Visual Typology of European News.” Media, Culture & Society 39 (8): 1162–1177. doi:10.1177/0163443717726163.
  • Clark-Kazak, C. 2009. “Representing Refugees in the Life Cycle: A Social Age Analysis of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Annual Reports and Appeals 1999–2008.” Journal of Refugee Studies 22 (3): 302–322. doi:10.1093/jrs/fep012.
  • Czymara, C. 2021. “Attitudes Toward Refugees in Contemporary Europe: A Longitudinal Perspective on Cross-National Differences.” Social Forces 99 (3): 1306–1333. doi:10.1093/sf/soaa055.
  • Delaporte, I., and M. Piracha. 2018. “Integration of Humanitarian Migrants into the Host Country Labour Market: Evidence from Australia.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (15): 2480–2505. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1429901.
  • Erel, U. 2010. “Migrating Cultural Capital: Bourdieu in Migration Studies.” Sociology 44 (4): 642–660. doi:10.1177/0038038510369363.
  • Etzel, M. 2022. “New Models of the ‘Good Refugee’ – Bureaucratic Expectations of Syrian Refugees in Germany.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 45 (6): 1115–1134. doi:10.1080/01419870.2021.1954679.
  • Fairclough, N., R. Wodak, and J. Mulderrig. 2011. “Critical Discourse Analysis.” In Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary Introduction. 2nd ed., edited by T. A. van Dijk, 357–378. London: Sage Publications.
  • Foucault, M. 1982. “The Subject and Power.” Critical Inquiry 8 (4). doi:10.1086/448181.
  • Foucault, M. 1995. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (2nd ed.). New York: Vintage Books.
  • Friesl, C., W. Geis, M. Hörmann, P. Schellenbauer, F. Schnell, and C. Wallner. 2017. Migration und Arbeitsmärkte in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. IW-Report Nr. 27/2017. Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/168556.
  • Fujii, L. 2018. Interviewing in Social Science Research: A Relational Approach (1st ed.). New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Gericke, D., A. Burmeister, J. Löwe, J. Deller, and L. Pundt. 2018. “How Do Refugees Use Their Social Capital for Successful Labor Market Integration? An Exploratory Analysis in Germany.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 105: 46–61. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2017.12.002.
  • Götz, I. 2011. “Zur Konjunktur des Nationalen als polyvalenter Vergemeinschaftungsstrategie: Plädoyer für die Wiederentdeckung eines Forschungsfeldes in der Europäischen Ethnologie.” Zeitschrift für Volkskunde 107 (2): 129–155.
  • Hansen, L., R. Adler-Nissen, and K. Andersen. 2021. “The Visual International Politics of the European Refugee Crisis: Tragedy, Humanitarianism, Borders.” Cooperation and Conflict. doi:10.1177/0010836721989363.
  • Hauff, E., and P. Vaglum. 1993. “Integration of Vietnamese Refugees into the Norwegian Labor Market: The Impact of War Trauma.” International Migration Review 27 (2): 388–405. doi:10.1177/019791839302700206.
  • Heinemann, A. 2017. “The Making of ‘Good Citizens’: German Courses for Migrants and Refugees.” Studies in the Education of Adults 49 (2). doi:10.1080/02660830.2018.1453115.
  • Hinterberger, K. 2020. Regularisierungen irregulär aufhältiger Migrantinnen und Migranten: Deutschland, Österreich und Spanien im Rechtsvergleich. Nomos. doi:10.5771/9783748902720.
  • Hjarno, J. 1991. “Migrants and Refugees on the Danish Labour Market.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 18 (1): 75–87. doi:10.1080/1369183X.1991.9976283.
  • Holzberg, B., K. Kolbe, and R. Zaborowski. 2018. “Figures of Crisis: The Delineation of (Un)deserving Refugees in the German Media.” Sociology 52 (3): 534–550. doi:10.1177/0038038518759460.
  • Iftikhar, W. 2018. “Philosophical Trilogy in Critical Visual Analysis – Case of Refugee Discourse.” Discourse, Context & Media 26: 127–134. doi:10.1016/j.dcm.2018.07.003.
  • Ilcan, S., and K. Rygiel. 2015. “‘Resiliency Humanitarianism’: Responsibilizing Refugees Through Humanitarian Emergency Governance in the Camp.” International Political Sociology 9 (4): 333–351. doi:10.1111/ips.12101.
  • Imani, D., J. Nipper, and G. Thieme. 2014. “Linguistic and Neighbourhood Integration among Highly-Skilled Migrants – a Quantitative Analysis Using the Example of Foreign University Staff Members in Aachen, Bonn and Cologne.” Comparative Population Studies 39 (4). doi:10.12765/CPoS-2014-09.
  • Johnson, H. 2011. “Click to Donate: Visual Images, Constructing Victims and Imagining the Female Refugee.” Third World Quarterly 32 (6): 1015–1037. doi:10.1080/01436597.2011.586235.
  • Joppke, C. 2017. “Civic Integration in Western Europe: Three Debates.” West European Politics 40 (6): 1153–1176. doi:10.1080/01402382.2017.1303252.
  • Jovchelovitch, S., and M. Bauer. 2000. “Narrative Interviewing.” In Qualitative Researching with Text, Image and Sound, edited by M. Bauer, and G. Gaskell, 58–74. SAGE. doi:10.4135/9781849209731.n4.
  • Karakayali, S., and J. Kleist. 2016. “Volunteers and Asylum Seekers.” Forced Migration Review 51: 65–67.
  • Knapp, B., H. Bähr, M. Dietz, E. Dony, G. Fausel, M. Müller, and K. Strien. 2017. Beratung und Vermittlung von Flüchtlingen. IAB-Forschungsbericht Nr. 5/2017. Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/182161.
  • Koopmans, R. 2016. “Does Assimilation Work? Sociocultural Determinants of Labour Market Participation of European Muslims.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 42 (2): 197–216. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1082903.
  • Kress, G. R. 2010. Multimodality: A Social Semiotic Approach to Contemporary Communication. Milton Park: Routledge.
  • Kress, G. R., and T. Van Leeuwen. 2001. Multimodal Discourse: The Modes and Media of Contemporary Communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kurki, T., A. Masoud, A.-M. Niemi, and K. Brunila. 2018. “Integration Becoming Business: Marketisation of Integration Training for Immigrants.” European Educational Research Journal 17 (2): 233–247. doi:10.1177/1474904117721430.
  • Lewis, H., P. Dwyer, S. Hodkinson, and L. Waite. 2015. “Hyper-Precarious Lives: Migrants, Work and Forced Labour in the Global North.” Progress in Human Geography 39 (5). doi:10.1177/0309132514548303.
  • Liebel, M. 2017. “Children Without Childhood? Against the Postcolonial Capture of Childhoods in the Global South.” In Children Out of Place’ and Human Rights, edited by A. Invernizzi, M. Liebel, B. Milne, and R. Budde, Bd. 15, 79–97. Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33251-2_6.
  • Long, K. 2013. “When Refugees Stopped Being Migrants: Movement, Labour and Humanitarian Protection.” Migration Studies 1 (1). doi:10.1093/migration/mns001.
  • Lui, R. 2004. “The International Government of Refugees.” In Global Governmentality: Governing International Spaces, edited by W. Larner and W. Walters, 116–135. London: Routledge.
  • Lundborg, P. 2013. “Refugees’ Employment Integration in Sweden: Cultural Distance and Labor Market Performance.” Review of International Economics 21 (2): 219–232. doi:10.1111/roie.12032.
  • Malkki, L. 1996. “Speechless Emissaries: Refugees, Humanitarianism, and Dehistoricization.” Cultural Anthropology 11 (3): 377–404. doi:10.1525/can.1996.11.3.02a00050.
  • Malkki, L. 2015. The Need to Help: The Domestic Arts of International Humanitarianism. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Manea, D., and M. Precup. 2020. “Infantilizing the Refugee: On the Mobilization of Empathy in Kate Evans’ Threads from the Refugee Crisis.” A/b: Auto/Biography Studies 35 (2). doi:10.1080/08989575.2020.1738078.
  • Marcus, G. 1995. “Ethnography in/of the World System: The Emergence of Multi-Sited Ethnography.” Annual Review of Anthropology 24: 95–117. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.24.100195.000523.
  • Methmann, C., and A. Oels. 2015. “From ‘Fearing’ to ‘Empowering’ Climate Refugees: Governing Climate-Induced Migration in the Name of Resilience.” Security Dialogue 46 (1): 51–68. doi:10.1177/0967010614552548.
  • Mozetič, K. 2018. “Being Highly Skilled and a Refugee: Self-Perceptions of Non-European Physicians in Sweden.” Refugee Survey Quarterly 37 (2): 231–251. doi:10.1093/rsq/hdy001.
  • Myers, K. 2009. “The Ambiguities of Aid and Agency: Representing Refugee Children in England, 1937–8.” Cultural and Social History 6 (1): 29–46. doi:10.2752/147800409X377893.
  • Nyers, P. 2010. “Abject Cosmopolitanism: The Politics of Protection in the Anti-Deportation Movement.” In The Deportation Regime, edited by N. De Genova and N. Peutz, 413–441. Duke University Press. doi:10.1215/9780822391340-016.
  • OECD. 2014. Migration Policy Debates. Is Migration Good for the Economy? https://www.oecd.org/migration/OECD%20Migration%20Policy%20Debates%20Numero%202.pdf.
  • Perry, K. 2014. “‘Mama, Sign This Note’: Young Refugee Children’s Brokering of Literacy Practices.” Language Arts 91 (5): 313–325.
  • Pruitt, L., H. Berents, and G. Munro. 2018. “Gender and Age in the Construction of Male Youth in the European Migration ‘Crisis’.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 43 (3): 687–709. doi:10.1086/695304.
  • Ramsay, G. 2020. “Humanitarian Exploits: Ordinary Displacement and the Political Economy of the Global Refugee Regime.” Critique of Anthropology 40 (1): 3–27. doi:10.1177/0308275X19840417.
  • Rossell Hayes, A., and C. Dudek. 2020. “How Radical Right-Wing Populism Has Shaped Recent Migration Policy in Austria and Germany.” Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 18 (2): 133–150. doi:10.1080/15562948.2019.1587130.
  • Roswell, J. 2011. “Carrying My Family with Me: Artifacts as Emic Perspectives.” Qualitative Research 11 (3): 331–346. doi:10.1177/1468794111399841.
  • Rouleau, B. 2019. “Children Are Hiding in Plain Sight in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations.” Modern American History 2 (3): 367–387. doi:10.1017/mah.2019.25.
  • Rydgren, J. 2004. “Mechanisms of Exclusion: Ethnic Discrimination in the Swedish Labour Market.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 30 (4): 697–716. doi:10.1080/13691830410001699522.
  • Rye, J. 2019. “Transnational Spaces of Class: International Migrants’ Multilocal, Inconsistent and Instable Class Positions.” Current Sociology 67 (1): 27–46. doi:10.1177/0011392118793676.
  • Sandoz, L. 2020. “Understanding Access to the Labour Market Through Migration Channels.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46 (1): 222–241. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1502657.
  • Schatzki, T. 1996. Social Practices: A Wittgensteinian Approach to Human Activity and the Social. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Schatzki, T. 2002. The Site of the Social. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
  • Simsa, R. 2017. “Leaving Emergency Management in the Refugee Crisis to Civil Society? The Case of Austria.” Journal of Applied Security Research 12 (1): 78–95. doi:10.1080/19361610.2017.1228026.
  • Solé, C., and S. Parella. 2003. “The Labour Market and Racial Discrimination in Spain.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 29 (1): 121–140. doi:10.1080/1369183032000076759.
  • Sommer, I. 2016. “Gleichwertigkeit prüfen? Die (Nicht-) Anerkennung ausländischer Qualifikationen und die symbolische Gewalt im transnationalen Bildungsfeld.” In Symbolische Ordnung und Bildungsungleichheit in der Migrationsgesellschaft, edited by E. Arslan and K. Bozay, 373–388. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-13703-8.
  • Sontag, K. 2018. Highly Skilled Asylum Seekers: Case Studies of Refugee Students at a Swiss University. doi:10.5451/UNIBAS-EP66661.
  • Suvarierol, S., and K. Kirk. 2015. “Dutch Civic Integration Courses as Neoliberal Citizenship Rituals.” Citizenship Studies 19 (3–4): 248–266. doi:10.1080/13621025.2015.1006578.
  • Tilbury, F. 2007. “We Are Family’: The Use of Family Tropes in Refugee/Advocate Talk.” Social Identities 13 (5): 627–649. doi:10.1080/13504630701580316.
  • Turner, L. 2015. “Explaining the (Non-)Encampment of Syrian Refugees: Security, Class and the Labour Market in Lebanon and Jordan.” Mediterranean Politics 20 (3): 386–404. doi:10.1080/13629395.2015.1078125.
  • Turner, S. 2016. “What Is a Refugee Camp? Explorations of the Limits and Effects of the Camp.” Journal of Refugee Studies 29 (2). doi:10.1093/jrs/fev024.
  • Turner, L. 2020. “#Refugees Can be Entrepreneurs Too!’ Humanitarianism, Race, and the Marketing of Syrian Refugees.” Review of International Studies 46 (1): 137–155. doi:10.1017/S0260210519000342.
  • UNHCR. 2020. Global Trends. Forced Displacement in 2019. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. https://www.unhcr.org/5ee200e37.pdf.
  • UNHCR. 2021. Global Trends. Forced Displacement in 2020. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. https://www.unhcr.org/60b638e37/unhcr-global-trends-2020.
  • Weisskirch, R., ed. 2017. Language Brokering in Immigrant Families: Theories and Contexts. New York: Routledge.
  • Wernesjö, U. 2020. “Across the Threshold: Negotiations of Deservingness among Unaccompanied Young Refugees in Sweden.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46 (2): 389–404. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2019.1584701.
  • Wodak, R., and M. Meyer. 2009. “Critical Discourse Analysis: History, Agenda, Theory and Methodology.” In Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. 2nd ed, edited by R. Wodak and M. Meyer, 1–33. London: Sage.
  • Yemane, R., and M. Fernández-Reino. 2021. “Latinos in the United States and in Spain: The Impact of Ethnic Group Stereotypes on Labour Market Outcomes.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47 (6): 1240–1260. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2019.1622806.
  • Zetter, R., and H. Ruaudel. 2018. “Refugees’ Right to Work and Access to Labour Markets: Constraints, Challenges and Ways Forward.” Forced Migration Review 58: 4–7.
  • Zwysen, W. 2019. “Different Patterns of Labor Market Integration by Migration Motivation in Europe: The Role of Host Country Human Capital.” International Migration Review 53 (1): 59–89. doi:10.1177/0197918318767929.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.