The impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on motivation to stay: a comparison between Chinese and non-Chinese international students in Nova Scotia, Canada

References

• Arthur, N., and S. Flynn. 2011. “Career Development Influences of International Students who Pursue Permanent Immigration to Canada.” International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance 11 (3): 221–237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-011-9212-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthur, N., and S. Flynn. 2013. “International Students’ Views of Transition to Employment and Immigration.” The Canadian Journal of Career Development/Revue Canadienne de Développement de Carrière 12 (1): 28–37. https://cjcd-rcdc.ceric.ca/index.php/cjcd/article/view/206.
   Google Scholar
• Association of Atlantic Universities. 2019. AAU Survey of Preliminary Enrolments. Accessed 25 March, 2021. www.atlanticuniversities.ca/statistics/aau-survey-preliminary-enrolments.
   Google Scholar
• Canada International Student Statistics. 2022. International Students in Canada Struggle to Find Housing. Accessed 16 March, 2023. https://erudera.com/news/international-students-in-canada-struggle-to-find-housing/
   Google Scholar
• Cao, Y., X. Li, A. Jiang, and K. Bai. 2014. “Motivators and Outcomes of Faculty Actions Towards International Students: Under the Influence of Internationalization.” International Journal of Higher Education 3 (4): 49–63. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1067587.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Chao, C. N., N. Hegarty, J. Angelidis, and V. F. Lu. 2019. “Chinese Students’ Motivations for Studying in the United States.” Journal of International Students 7 (2): 257–269. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v7i2.380.
   Google Scholar
• Charlebois, Brieanna. 2021. “The Aftermath: The Impact of COVID-19 on the Canadian Job Market.” Accessed 15 September, 2023. https://www.unacto.com/single-post/the-aftermath-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-the-canadian-job-market.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, R. 2020. “The COVID-19 Crisis and International Students.” Inside Higher Ed. Accessed 25 March, 2021. https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2020/03/19/higher-ed-institutions-arent-supporting-international-students-enough-during-covid.
   Google Scholar
• Choi, Y., E. Crossman, and F. Hou. 2021. “International Students as a Source of Labour Supply: Retention in their Province of Study.” Economic and Social Reports. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/36-28-0001/2021006/article/00003-eng.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Collège Avalon. 2022. “International Student Numbers in Canada Rebounded Close to Pre-Pandemic Levels in 2021.” ICEF Monitor. Accessed 10 February, 2022. https://monitor.icef.com/2022/03/international-student-numbers-in-canada-rebounded-close-to-pre-pandemic-levels-in-2021/.
   Google Scholar
• Cutler, W. 2019. “Students – Why Aren’t They Staying?” My East Coast Experience. Accessed 24 February, 2023. https://myeastcoastexperience.com/students-why-arent-they-staying/.
   Google Scholar
• Department of Labour and Advanced Education. 2019. “International Students in Nova Scotia Universities.” Government of Nova Scotia. Accessed 24 February, 2023. https://ansut.caut.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/ANSUT-Presentation-Sept-19-2019-Greg-Ells.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Dyer, S., and F. Lu. 2010. “Chinese-born International Students’ Transition Experiences from Study to Work in New Zealand.” Australian Journal of Career Development 19 (2): 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/103841621001900204.
   Google Scholar
• Fong, Vanessa. 2011. Paradise Redefined: Transnational Chinese Students and the Quest for Flexible Citizenship in the Developed World. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Frenette, M. 2018. “Economic Immigrants in Gateway Cities: Factors Involved in Their Initial Location and Onward Migration Decisions.” Statistics Canada: Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series. Accessed 24 February, 2023. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11f0019m/11f0019m2018411-eng.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Canada. 2022. “Studying and Working in Canada as an International Student.” Government of Canada. Accessed 20 February, 2023. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/study-canada/work.html.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Nova Scotia. 2022. “Nova Scotia Immigration: Immigrate Here.” Province of Nova Scotia. Accessed 24 February, 2023. https://novascotiaimmigration.com/move-here/.
   Google Scholar
• Haley, R. 2021. “N.S. International Students Face Steep Hotel Bills for Quarantine.” CBC News, January, 1, 2021. Accessed 24 February, 2023. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/international-students-isolation-fees-covid-19-nova-scotia-1.5858885.
   Google Scholar
• Hasmath, R. 2016. The Ethnic Penalty: Immigration, Education and the Labour Market. Burlington, VT: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, H. 2013. “International Students Using Online Information Resources to Learn: Complex Experience and Learning Needs.” Journal of Further and Higher Education 37 (1): 126–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2011.644778.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, Elizabeth. 2022. “The Homogenizing and Diversifying Effects of Migration Policy in the Internationalization of Higher Education.” Higher Education 83 (2): 339–355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Jongyoung. 2013. “Aspiration for Global Cultural Capital in the Stratified Realm of Global Higher Education: Why do Korean Students go to US Graduate Schools?” In The Sociology of Higher Education, edited by M. David and R. Naidoo, 84–101. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, A. H., and M. J. Kwak. 2019. Outward and Upward Mobilities: International Students in Canada, Their Families and Structuring Institutions. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Koller, J. E., K. Villinger, N. C. Lages, I. Brünecke, J. M. Debbeler, K. D. Engel, … H. T. Schupp. 2021. “Stigmatization of Chinese and Asian-Looking People During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany.” BMC Public Health 21 (1): 1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitt, P. 2001. The Transnational Villagers. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Wei, Lucia Lo, and Yixi Lu. 2023. “The Intellectual Migration Analytics.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 49 (18): 4577–4597. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2270314.
   Google Scholar
• Li, W., L. Lo, Y. Lu, Y. Tan, and Z. Lu. 2021. “Intellectual Migration: Considering China.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47 (12): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1739393.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, X., S. Liu, S. H. Lee, and R. J. Magjuka. 2010. “Cultural Differences in Online Learning: International Student Perceptions.” Journal of Educational Technology and Society 13 (3): 177–188. https://www.jstor.org/stable/jeductechsoci.13.3.177?seq = 1#metadata_info_tab_contents.
   Google Scholar
• Lo, L., Y. Lu, W. Li, Y. Tan, and Z. Lu. 2021. “Youth Educational Mobility: The Start of Intellectual Migration.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Youth Mobility and Educational Migration, edited by D. Cairns, 83–96. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Lofland, J., D. A. Snow, L. Anderson, and L. H. Lofland. 2006. Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Lu, Y., J. Jean, and Z. Lu. 2023. “To Study Abroad or Not, and Why? Exploring Chinese University Students’ Postgraduate Intentions.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 49 (18): 4598–4620. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2270326.
   Google Scholar
• Lu, Yixi, Jason Allan Jean, and Ling Ma. 2023. “Comparing Chinese Academic Returnees in Chengdu and Guangzhou: Reasons for Return, Choice of Destination, and Onward Migration Intention.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 49 (18): 4747–4767. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2270342.
   Google Scholar
• Mamuji, A. A., C. Lee, J. Rozdilsky, J. D'Souza, and T. Chu. 2021. “Anti-Chinese Stigma in the Greater Toronto Area During COVID-19: Aiming the Spotlight Towards Community Capacity.” Social Sciences and Humanities Open 4 (1): 100232.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Netierman, Elena, Lauren Harrison, Angela Freeman, Grace Shoyele, Victoria Esses, and Christine Covell. 2021. “Should I Stay or Should I Go? International Students’ Decision-Making about Staying in Canada.” Journal of International Migration and Integration, 1–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz, A. 2018. “International Student Pathways to Permanent Residence in Canada: Canada Research in Brief.” WENR: World Education News + Review. Accessed 20 February, 2023. https://wenr.wes.org/2018/06/international-student-pathways-to-permanent-residence-in-canada.
   Google Scholar
• Popadiuk, N. E., and N. M. Arthur. 2014. “Key Relationships for International Student University-to-Work Transitions.” Journal of Career Development 41 (2): 122–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845313481851.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portes, A., L. E. Guarnizo, and P. Landolt. 1999. “The Study of Transnationalism: Pitfalls and Promise of an Emergent Research Field.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 22 (2): 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/014198799329468.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlosser, F., D. Lam, and G. Kerr. 2022. “Intelligent Careers of a Resilient Mobile Workforce: Edu-Immigrants.” International Migration 60 (2): 49–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semiv, Lubov, and Yulia Hvozdovych. 2012. “The Intellectual Migration of the Youth in Ukraine: the Backgrounds for “Brain Circulation”.” Journal of International Studies 5 (2).
   Google Scholar
• Sharp, A. 2020. “Nerves, anxiety, and hunger for international students during COVID-19." Canada’s National Observer. Accessed 24 February, 2023. https://www.nationalobserver.com/2020/04/30/analysis/nerves-anxiety-and-hunger-international-students-during-covid-19.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. 2020. “Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Postsecondary Students.” The Daily. Accessed 24 February, 2023. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/200512/dq200512a-eng.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Strauss, A., and J. M. Corbin. 1990. Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Study in Canada. 2023. Study in Nova Scotia, Canada. Government of Canada. Accessed 15 September, 2023. https://studying-in-canada.org/study-in-nova-scotia-canada/.
   Google Scholar
• Tan, Yining, and Wei Li. 2023. “Skilled US Migrants in the Pearl River Delta Region: The Rise of an Intellectual Gateway in China.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 49 (18): 4768–4787. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2270343.
   Google Scholar
• Tan, Y., L. Lo, W. Li, and G. Pang. 2023. “Intellectual Capital and Student Mobility .” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 49 (18): 4641–4661. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2270332.
   Google Scholar
• Vanderklippe, Nathan. 2021. “Global Allies Join Canada for Joint Declaration against Hostage Diplomacy.” The Globe and Mail, February 15, 2021. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-global-allies-join-canada-for-joint-declaration-against-hostage/.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2020. “Public Health Considerations While Resuming International Travel.” Accessed 24 February, 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/articles-detail/public-health-considerations-while-resuming-international-travel.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, C., Y. Qian, and R. Wilkes. 2020. “Anti-Asian Discrimination and the Asian-White Mental Health gap During COVID-19.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 44 (5): 819–835. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1851739.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz Sener, Meltem. 2019. “Perceived Discrimination as a Major Factor Behind Return Migration? The Return of Turkish Qualified Migrants from the USA and Germany.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 45 (15): 2801–2819.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, S., and B. Ebanda de B’beri. 2022. “Identity Negotiation of Chinese International Students in Canada: A Study on Cosmopolitan Post-Graduation Settlement.” International Journal of Chinese Education 11 (1): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/22125868211059197.
   Google Scholar
• Zschirnt, E., and D. Ruedin. 2016. “Ethnic Discrimination in Hiring Decisions: A Meta-Analysis of Correspondence Tests 1990–2015.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 42 (7): 1115–1134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar