Skilled US migrants in the Pearl River Delta region: the rise of an intellectual gateway in China

References

• Alberts, H. C., and H. D. Hazen. 2005. “"There Are Always Two Voices … ": International Students' Intentions to Stay in the United States or Return to Their Home Countries.” International Migration 43 (3): 131–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2005.00328.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, A., and C. H. Mulder. 2017. “Highly Skilled Migration Between the Global North and South: Gender, Life Courses and Institutions.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 43 (16): 2689–2703. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1314594
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauder, H., O. Lujan, and C. A. Hannan. 2018. “Internationally Mobile Academics: Hierarchies, Hegemony, and the Geo-Scientific Imagination.” Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences 89: 52–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.01.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belot, M. V., and T. J. Hatton. 2012. “Immigrant Selection in the OECD*.” The Scandinavian Journal of Economics 114 (4): 1105–1128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9442.2012.01721.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilecen, B., and C. Van Mol. 2017. “Introduction: International Academic Mobility and Inequalities.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 43 (8): 1241–1255. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1300225
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, J. 2015. “Home from Home? Locational Choices of International ‘Creative Class’ Workers.” European Planning Studies 23 (12): 2336–2355. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2014.988012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, J., and M. Meczyński. 2009. “‘Complexcities’: Locational Choices of Creative Knowledge Workers.” Built Environment 35 (2): 238–252. https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.35.2.238
   Google Scholar
• Buettner, T., and E. Janeba. 2016. “City Competition for the Creative Class.” Journal of Cultural Economics 40 (4): 413–451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10824-015-9258-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunnell, T., S. Yea, L. Peake, T. Skelton, and M. Smith. 2012. “Geographies of Friendships.” Progress in Human Geography 36 (4): 490–507. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132511426606
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castillo, R. 2016. “‘Homing’ Guangzhou: Emplacement, Belonging and Precarity among Africans in China.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 19 (3): 287–306. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877915573767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castles, S., H. de Haas, and M. J. Miller. 2013. The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., and S. S. Rosenthal. 2008. “Local Amenities and Life-Cycle Migration: Do People Move for Jobs or Fun?” Journal of Urban Economics 64 (3): 519–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2008.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• China Briefing. 2020. “Foreign Permanent Residency in China: New Draft Regulations Released.” March 5, Accessed December 29, 2022. https://www.china-briefing.com/news/foreign-permanent-residency-china-new-regulations-exposure-draft-released/.
   Google Scholar
• Chinanews. 2020. “Historical Transformation of Shenzhen: From Fishing Village to Global Innovative City.” August 26, Accessed December 29, 2022. https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cj/2020/08-26/9274531.shtml.
   Google Scholar
• de Graauw, E., and S. Gleeson. 2021. “Metropolitan Context and Immigrant Rights Experiences: DACA Awareness and Support in Houston.” Urban Geography 42 (8): 1119–1146. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2020.1752988
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florida, R. 2003. “Cities and the Creative Class.” City & Community 2 (1): 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6040.00034
   Google Scholar
• Fokkema, T., and H. de Haas. 2015. “Pre- and Post-Migration Determinants of Socio-Cultural Integration of African Immigrants in Italy and Spain.” International Migration 53 (6): 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2011.00687.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glick Schiller, N., and A. Çaǧlar. 2009. “Towards a Comparative Theory of Locality in Migration Studies: Migrant Incorporation and City Scale.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 35 (2): 177–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830802586179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabher, G. 2004. “Learning in Projects, Remembering in Networks? Communality, Sociality, and Connectivity in Project Ecologies.” European Urban and Regional Studies 11 (2): 103–123. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776404041417
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackler, D., and H. Mayer. 2008. “Diversity, Entrepreneurship, and the Urban Environment.” Journal of Urban Affairs 30 (3): 273–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2008.00396.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haisch, T., and C. Klöpper. 2015. “Location Choices of the Creative Class: Does Tolerance Make a Difference?” Journal of Urban Affairs 37 (3): 233–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12148
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaskulowski, K. 2018. “A Study of Local Incorporation of Migrant Professionals in Wroclaw.” International Migration 56 (5): 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemeny, T., and M. Storper Michael. 2020. Superstar Cities and Left-Behind Places: Disruptive Innovation, Labor Demand, and Interregional Inequality. Working Paper (41). London, UK: International Inequalities Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, O. 2020. Guangdong Upgrades Manufacturing Sector’s Industrial Chains Ahead Next FYP”. CGTN. October 26. Accessed December 29, 2022. https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-10-26/Guangdong-upgrades-manufacturing-sector-s-industrial-chains-UUfNPwi6OY/index.html#:~:text=The%20province%20has%20issued%20a,above%2030%20percent%20of%20GDP.
   Google Scholar
• Kloosterman, R. C. 2014. “Cultural Amenities: Large and Small, Mainstream and Niche—A Conceptual Framework for Cultural Planning in an Age of Austerity.” European Planning Studies 22 (12): 2510–2525. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2013.790594
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozhevnikov, A. 2021. “Career Capital in Global Versus Second-Order Cities: Skilled Migrants in London and Newcastle.” Human Relations 74 (5): 705–728. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726720952857
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon, E., M. J. Kwak, G. Jung, S. Smith, K. Tsuchiya, E. Kyeremeh, and M. Zhang. 2023. “The Impact of the COVID 19 Pandemic on Motivation to Stay: A comparison between Chinese and non-Chinese international students in Nova Scotia, Canada.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 49 (18): 4662–4680. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2270334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie, D., and S. Brail. 2011. “The Productive Role of “Quality of Place”: A Case Study of Fashion Designers in Toronto.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 43 (12): 2900–2917. https://doi.org/10.1068/a43473
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, M. W. H. 2013. “‘Read Ten Thousand Books, Walk Ten Thousand Miles’: Geographical Mobility and Capital Accumulation among Chinese Scholars.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 38 (2): 311–324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2012.00526.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, M. W. H. 2015. “Engaging a Temporal-Spatial Stretch: An Inquiry Into the Role of the State in Cultivating and Claiming the Chinese Knowledge Diaspora.” Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences 59: 187–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.06.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X. 2023. “China-born Scholars’ Intellectual Capital: A Network Approach.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 49 (18): 4681–4698. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2270337.
   Google Scholar
• Li, W., K. Bakshi, Y. Tan, and X. Huang. 2019. “Policies Toward Recruiting Highly-Skilled Diaspora: India and China Compared.” International Migration 57 (3): 373–391. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12456
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, W., L. Lo, and Y. Lu. 2023. “The Intellectual Migration Analytics.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 49 (18): 4577–4597. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2270314.
   Google Scholar
• Li, W., L. Lo, Y. Lu, Y. Tan, and Z. Lu. 2021. “Intellectual Migration: Considering China.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47 (12): 2822–2853.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, W., L. Ma, Y. Tan, and M. Liu. 2022. “Attracting Highly-Skilled Migrants to Guangzhou, China: Policy Comments.” International Development Policy 14 (2022), https://doi.org/10.4000/poldev.4825.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Z., D. Xue, M. Lyons, and A. Brown. 2008. “Ethnic Enclave of Transnational Migrants in Guangzhou: A Case Study of Xiaobei.” Journal of Acta Geographica Sinica 63 (2): 208–218.
   Google Scholar
• Lu, Y., and L. Ma. 2023. “Comparing Chinese Academic Returnees in Chengdu and Guangzhou: Reasons for Return, Choice of Destination, and Onward Migration Intention.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 49 (18): 4747–4767. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2270342.
   Google Scholar
• Mai, J. 2020. “Backlash in China Over Draft Rule on Permanent Residency for Foreigners.” South China Morning Post, March 5, Accessed December 29, 2022. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3065235/backlash-china-over-draft-rule-permanent-residency-foreigners.
   Google Scholar
• Miao, Lv, J. Zheng, J. A. Jean, and Y. Lu. 2022. “China’s International Talent Policy (ITP): The Changes and Driving Forces, 1978-2020.” Journal of Contemporary China 31 (136): 644–661. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2021.1985843
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Justice. 2020. “PRC’s Regulations on Permanent Residency for Foreigners (Proposed Changes)” [中华人民共和国外国人永久居留管理条例 (征求意见稿)]. February 27. http://www.moj.gov.cn/news/content/2020-02/27/zlk_3242559.html.
   Google Scholar
• Musterd, S., and O. Gritsai. 2013. “The Creative Knowledge City in Europe: Structural Conditions and Urban Policy Strategies for Competitive Cities.” European Urban and Regional Studies 20 (3): 343–359. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776412439199
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Bureau of Statistics. 2011. “Major Figures on Residents from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and Foreigners Covered by 2010 Population Census.” April 29, Accessed December 29, 2022. http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/NewsEvents/201104/t20110429_26451.html.
   Google Scholar
• Nifo, A., and G. Vecchione. 2014. “Do Institutions Play a Role in Skilled Migration? The Case of Italy.” Regional Studies 48 (10): 1628–1649. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.835799
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang, K. 2021. “The Maritime Silk Road”, China Highlights. March 2, Accessed December 29, 2022. https://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/maritime-silk-road.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Plöger, J., and A. Becker. 2015. “Social Networks and Local Incorporation—Grounding High-Skilled Migrants in Two German Cities.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 41 (10): 1517–1535. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2015.1015407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt, A. C. 2008. “Creative Cities: The Cultural Industries and the Creative Class.” Geografiska Annaler, Series B: Human Geography 90 (2): 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0467.2008.00281.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, M., and E. Chacko. 2009. “The Mixed Embeddedness of Ethnic Entrepreneurs in a New Immigrant Gateway.” Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies 7 (3): 328–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562940903150105
   Google Scholar
• Price, M., I. Cheung, S. Friedman, and A. Singer. 2005. “The World Settles in: Washington, DC, as an Immigrant Gateway.” Urban Geography 26 (1): 61–83. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.26.1.61
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rich, M. A. 2013. “‘From Coal to Cool’: The Creative Class, Social Capital, and the Revitalization of Scranton.” Journal of Urban Affairs 35 (3): 365–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2012.00639.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuch, J. C. 2020. “Latino Immigrant Youth Perceptions of Receptivity in an Emerging Immigrant Gateway in the US Southeast.” Papers in Applied Geography 6 (4): 306–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/23754931.2020.1770119
   Google Scholar
• Schuch, J. C., and Q. Wang. 2015. “Immigrant Businesses, Place-Making, and Community Development: A Case from an Emerging Immigrant Gateway.” Journal of Cultural Geography 32 (2): 214–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/08873631.2014.995403
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sina. 2011. “Guangzhou Will Launch Kapok Plan Next Year.”December 22. (in Chinese) Accessed December 29, 2022. http://tech.sina.com.cn/it/2011-12-22/04346547347.shtml.
   Google Scholar
• Singer, A. 2004. The Rise of new Immigrant Gateways. The Living Cities Census Series. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
   Google Scholar
• Southern. 2022. “Pear River Delta Pushes Forward for Technological Innovation.” February 27. (in Chinese) Accessed December 29, 2022. https://www.southcn.com/node_0183de080d/33af2c4660.shtml.
   Google Scholar
• The State Council of PRC. 2021. “Bulletin of The Seventh National Population Census of the People's Republic of China (No.8).” May 11. (in Chinese) Accessed December 29, 2022. http://www.gov.cn/shuju/2021-05/11/content_5605792.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Storper, M., and A. J. Scott. 2008. “Rethinking Human Capital, Creativity and Urban Growth.” Journal of Economic Geography 9: 147–167. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbn052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, Y., Y. Hua, and X. Liang. 2019. “Toward Job or Amenity?: Evaluating the Locational Choice of Internal Migrants in China.” International Regional Science Review 42 (5-6): 400–430. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017619863476
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, Y. 2023. “Gendered Skilled Migration: American Women in China.” Asian Geographer 40 (1): 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/10225706.2021.1930079.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, Y., W. Li, and T. Tsuda. 2023. “Cross-border Im/mobility of Skilled Migrants from the U.S. to China: A Capital-Mobility Framework.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 49 (13): 3327–3347. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2075839.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, Y., L. Lo, W. Li, and G. Pang. 2023. “Intellectual capital and student mobility.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 49 (18): 4641–4661. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2270332.
   Google Scholar
• Tippel, C., J. Plöger, and A. Becker. 2017. “I Don’t Care About the City: The Role of Connections in Job-Related Mobility Decisions of Skilled Professionals.” Regional Studies, Regional Science 4 (1): 94–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2017.1315611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran, N. T. M., M. P. Cameron, and J. Poot. 2019. “Local Institutional Quality and Return Migration: Evidence from Viet Nam.” International Migration 57 (4): 75–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12451
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Riemsdijk, M. 2014. “International Migration and Local Emplacement: Everyday Place-Making Practices of Skilled Migrants in Oslo, Norway.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 46 (4): 963–979. https://doi.org/10.1068/a46234
   Google Scholar
• van Riemsdijk, M., and S. Basford. 2022. “Integration of Highly Skilled Migrants in the Workplace: A Multi-Level Framework.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 23 (2): 633–654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-021-00845-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wangyi. 2020. “How Many Foreigners in Guangdong? Among Them How Many Are Africans?” April 12. (in Chinese)Accessed December 29, 2022. https://www.163.com/news/article/FA1H0TMG0001899O.html.
   Google Scholar
• Wangyi. 2022. Yangtze River Delta vs. Pearl River Delta: PRD’s GDP Exceeds 10 Trillion with GDP Per Capita Reaching 20 Thousand USD. What About YRD? March 3. (in Chinese) Accessed December 29, 2022. https://www.163.com/dy/article/H1IGPEFO0531MRNF.html#:~:text=%E4%BB%8E%E6%9C%80%E6%96%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1,%E5%9F%8EGDP%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3%E4%B8%87%E4%BA%BF%E3%80%82.
   Google Scholar
• WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization). 2021. Global Innovation Index 2021, 14th Edition. Tracking Innovation through the COVID-19 Crisis. Accessed December 29, 2022. https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4560.
   Google Scholar
• Xie, Siqiao. 2023. “Global education trajectories and inequality: STEM workers From China to the US.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 49 (18): 4699–4721. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2270338.
   Google Scholar
• Yantian Gov. 2021. “Multilingual Versions of Shenzhen Government Website Launched”. November 9. Accessed December 29, 2022. http://www.yantian.gov.cn/English/news/content/post_9352108.html.
   Google Scholar
• Yeoh, B. S. A., and T. Lam. 2016. “Immigration and Its (Dis)Contents: The Challenges of Highly Skilled Migration in Globalizing Singapore.” American Behavioral Scientist 60 (5-6): 637–658. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764216632831
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar