Migration governance and higher education during a pandemic: policy (mis)alignments and international postgraduate students’ experiences in Singapore and the UK

References

• Anderson, B., U. Khadka, and M. Ruhs. 2024. “Demand for Migrant Workers: Institutional System Effects beyond National Borders.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 50 (5): 1202–1225. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2279741.
   Google Scholar
• Baas, M. 2006. “Students of Migration: Indian Overseas Students and the Question of Permanent Residency.” People and Place 14 (1): 8–23.
   Google Scholar
• Bilecen, B. 2020. “Commentary: COVID-19 Pandemic and Higher Education: International Mobility and Students’ Social Protection.” International Migration 58 (4): 263–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12749.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunn, M., A. Bennett, and P. J. Burke. 2019. “In the Anytime: Flexible Time Structures, Student Experience and Temporal Equity in Higher Education.” Time & Society 28 (4): 1409–1428. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X18787649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Business Times. 2021. “Private School Enrolments Dive Amid Covid and Border Curbs.” https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/covid-and-border-curbs-hit-enrolments-at-private-schools.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, Y. 2014. “Time Protagonists: Student Migrants, Practices of Time, and Cultural Construction of the Singapore-Educated Person.” Social & Cultural Geography 15 (4): 385–405. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2014.883424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, Y. 2022. “Infrastructuring Student Mobilities in Asia.” In Routledge Handbook of Asian Transnationalism, edited by A. Sahoo. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003152149-17.
   Google Scholar
• CNA, Channel News Asia. 2020. “COVID-19: Entry Approval Required for All Long-Term Pass Holders Entering Singapore.” https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/covid-19-entry-approval-required-all-long-term-pass-holders-entering-singapore-1325516.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, F. L., and S. Shubin. 2017. “The Temporal Complexity of International Student Mobilities.” In Timespace and International Migration, edited by E. Mavroudi, B. Page, and A. Christou, 17–32. UK, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Complete University Guide. 2019. “Reddin Survey of University Tuition Fees (2007–20).” https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/higher-and-further-education-providers/reddin-survey-of-university-tuition-fees.
   Google Scholar
• Corrado, A., L. Pisacane, and C. A. Ferrari. 2024. “The Agrifood-Migration Nexus: Migration Regimes and the Politics of Labour Shortages in Italy and Sweden.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 50 (5): 1252–1276. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2279749.
   Google Scholar
• Crumley-Effinger, M. 2021. “International Students at the Intersection of Local Policy and Global Emergency.” In Impacts of COVID-19 on International Students and the Future of Student Mobility, edited by K. Bista, R. M. Allen, and R. Y. Chan. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Department for Education. 2021. “New Eligibility Rules for Home Fee Status and Student Finance for the 2021/22 Academic Year.” https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/student-finance-eligibility-2021-to-2022-academic-year.
   Google Scholar
• Espinoza, J. 2015, December 3. “Rise in Foreign Students amid Accusations Universities Use Them as ‘Cash Cows’.” https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/12029604/Rise-in-foreign-students-amid-accusations-universities-use-them-as-cash-cows.html.
   Google Scholar
• Findlay, A. 2011. “An Assessment of Supply and Demand-Side Theorizations of International Student Mobility: Theorizing International Student Mobility.” International Migration 49 (2): 162–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2010.00643.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firang, D. 2020. “The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on International Students in Canada.” International Social Work 63 (6): 820–824. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872820940030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geddie, K. 2013. “The Transnational Ties that Bind: Relationship Considerations for Graduating International Science and Engineering Research Students.” Population, Space and Place 19 (2): 196–208. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1751.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geddie, K. 2015. “Policy Mobilities in the Race for Talent: Competitive State Strategies in International Student Mobility.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 40 (2): 235–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12072.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes, C., and H. Forbes-Mewett. 2021. “International Students in the Time of COVID-19: International Education at the Crossroads.” Journal of International Students 11 (S2), https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v11iS2.4292.
   Google Scholar
• Haugen, HØ, and A. Lehmann. 2020. “Adverse Articulation: Third Countries in China–Australia Student Migration during COVID-19.” Dialogues in Human Geography 10 (2): 169–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820620934939.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawthorne, L. 2010. “How Valuable Is “Two-Step Migration”? Labor Market Outcomes for International Student Migrants to Australia.” Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 19 (1): 5–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/011719681001900102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawthorne, L. 2013. “Indian Students and the Evolution of the Study-Migration Pathway in Australia.” International Migration 52 (2): 2–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HESA. 2021. “Higher Education Student Statistics: UK, 2019/20.” https://www.hesa.ac.uk/news/27-01-2021/sb258-higher-education-student-statistics/location.
   Google Scholar
• Hussein, S., M. Kilkey, and O. Tawodzera. 2024. “The Vulnerability of Central & Eastern European and Zimbabwean Migrant Home Care Workers’ Wellbeing in the UK: The Intersectional Effects of Migration and Social Care Systems.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 50 (5): 1118–1137. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2279716.
   Google Scholar
• ICA, Immigration & Checkpoints Authority. 2021. “Safe Travel: Travelling to Singapore.” https://safetravel.ica.gov.sg/arriving/overview.
   Google Scholar
• iie.org. 2021. “A Quick Look at Global Mobility Trends.” Project Atlas 2020 Release. Retrieved from https://iie.widen.net/s/g2bqxwkwqv/project-atlas-infographics-2020.
   Google Scholar
• Kaczmarczyk, P. 2024. “Covid-19 and Labour Market Adjustments: Policies, Foreign Labour and Structural Shifts.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 50 (5): 1226–1251. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2279745.
   Google Scholar
• Kilkey, M., and L. Baldassar. 2024. “Conditioning Grandparent Care-Labour Mobility at the Care-Migration Systems Nexus: Australia and the UK.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 50 (5): 1157–1176. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2279732.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, R., and P. Raghuram. 2013. “International Student Migration: Mapping the Field and New Research Agendas.” Population, Space and Place 19 (2): 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1746.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. 2022. “When the World Is Your Oyster: International Students in the UK and Their Aspirations for Onward Mobility after Graduation.” Globalisation, Societies and Education 20 (3): 277–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2021.1904209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J., and J. L. Waters. 2023. “International Education ‘Here’ and ‘There’: Geographies, Materialities and Differentiated Mobilities within UK Degrees.” Social & Cultural Geography 24 (8), 1422–1439. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2022.2065696.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levatino, A., T. Eremenko, Y. Molinero Gerbeau, E. Consterdine, L. Kabbanji, A. Gonzalez-Ferrer, and C. Beauchemin. 2018. “Opening or Closing Borders to International Students? Convergent and Divergent Dynamics in France, Spain and the UK.” Globalisation, Societies and Education 16 (3): 366–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2018.1457432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipura, S. J., and F. L. Collins. 2020. “Towards an Integrative Understanding of Contemporary Educational Mobilities: A Critical Agenda for International Student Mobilities Research.” Globalisation, Societies and Education 18 (3): 343–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2020.1711710.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lomer, S. 2018. “UK Policy Discourses and International Student Mobility: The Deterrence and Subjectification of International Students.” Globalisation, Societies and Education 16 (3): 308–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2017.1414584.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education. 2020. “Full-Paying Foreign Students vs Those Receiving Tuition Grants and Scholarships.” https://www.moe.gov.sg/news/parliamentary-replies/20201102-full-paying-foreign-students-vs-those-receiving-tuition-grants-and-scholarships.
   Google Scholar
• Mok, K. H. 2012. “Editorial: Transnational Education and Student Mobility in Asia.” Higher Education Policy 25 (2): 147–150. https://doi.org/10.1057/hep.2012.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National University of Singapore. 2020. “FAQs on COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) Outbreak.” https://emergency.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/2020_1003_FAQs_COVID-19.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Nott, W. 2021, January 20. “Harness TNE to Prepare for Post-Coronavirus Landscape.” The Pie News. https://thepienews.com/news/uk-international-students-using-food-banks/.
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor, S. 2018. “Problematising Strategic Internationalisation: Tensions and Conflicts between International Student Recruitment and Integration Policy in Ireland.” Globalisation, Societies and Education 16 (3): 339–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2017.1413979.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD. 2013. “Education Indicators in Focus – 2013/05 (July).” Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/edu/skills-beyond-school/EDIF%202013–N%C2%B014%20%28eng%29-Final.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2021. Education at a Glance 2021: OECD Indicators. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/b35a14e5-en.
   Google Scholar
• Raghuram, P. 2013. “Theorising the Spaces of Student Migration.” Population, Space and Place 19 (2): 138–154. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1747.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riaño, Y., A. Lombard, and E. Piguet. 2018a. “How to Explain Migration Policy Openness in Times of Closure? The Case of International Students in Switzerland.” Globalisation, Societies and Education 16 (3): 295–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2017.1412823.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riaño, Y., C. Van Mol, and P. Raghuram. 2018b. “New Directions in Studying Policies of International Student Mobility and Migration.” Globalisation, Societies and Education 16 (3): 283–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2018.1478721.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, S. 2011. “Cash Cows, Backdoor Migrants, or Activist Citizens? International Students, Citizenship, and Rights in Australia.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 34 (12): 2192–2211. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2011.558590.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, S. 2013. Transnational Student-Migrants and the State: The Education-Migration Nexus. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• She, Q., and T. Wotherspoon. 2013. “International Student Mobility and Highly Skilled Migration: A Comparative Study of Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom.” Springerplus 2 (132): 1–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sidhu, R., Y. Cheng, F. L. Collins, B. S. A. Yeoh, and K. C. Ho. 2021. “International Student Mobilities in a Contagion: (Im)mobilising Higher Education?” Geographical Research 59 (3): 313–323. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-5871.12471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stacey, V. 2022a, January 25. “UK Hits 600,000 International Student Target 10 Years Early.” The Pie News. https://thepienews.com/news/uk-hits-600000-10-years-early/.
   Google Scholar
• Stacey, V. 2022b, February 9. “UK ‘Can Catch’ US on International Student Numbers.” The Pie News. https://thepienews.com/news/uk-can-catch-us-international-student-numbers/.
   Google Scholar
• Tagliacozzo, S., L. Pisacane, and M. Kilkey. 2024. “A System-Thinking Approach for Migration Studies: An Introduction.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 50 (5): 1099–1117. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2279708.
   Google Scholar
• Tannock, S. 2018. Educational Equality and International Students: Justice across Borders? London: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Tremblay, K. 2005. “Academic Mobility and Immigration.” Journal of Studies in International Education 9 (3): 196–228. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315305277618.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 2020. “1.37 Billion Students Now Home as COVID-19 School Closures Expand, Ministers Scale Up Multimedia Approaches to Ensure Learning Continuity.” https://en.unesco.org/news/137-billion-students-now-home-covid-19-school-closures-expand-ministers-scale-multimedia.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, B. 2020. “Time in Migration: Temporariness, Precarity and Temporal Labour amongst Chinese Scholars Returning from the Global North to South.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46 (11): 2127–2144. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1642741.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, B. 2022. “Immobility Infrastructures: Taking Online Courses and Staying Put amongst Chinese International Students during the COVID-19.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 48, (11), 2540–2558. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2029376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters, J. 2020. “Intervention – “The (in)visible Student Body: Covid-19 and the Embodiment of International Mobilities”.” Antipode Online. https://antipodeonline.org/2020/11/06/the-invisible-student-body/.
   Google Scholar
• Waters, J., and R. Brooks. 2021. Student Migrants and Contemporary Educational Mobilities. London: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, P. 2014. ““Authenticity” and “Foreign Talent” in Singapore: The Relative and Negative Logic of National Identity.” Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 29 (2): 408–437. https://doi.org/10.1355/sj29-2f.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, P. 2016. International Mobility and Educational Desire: Chinese Foreign Talent Students in Singapore. New York: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, P. 2020. “Towards a Framework for (Re)Thinking the Ethics and Politics of International Student Mobility.” Journal of Studies in International Education 24 (5): 518–534. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315319889891.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, H., P. Yang, and S. Zhan. 2017. “Immigration, Population, and Foreign Workforce in Singapore: An Overview of Trends, Policies, and Issues.” HSSE Online 6 (1): 10–25.
   Google Scholar
• Ziguras, C., and S.-F. Law. 2006. “Recruiting International Students as Skilled Migrants: The Global ‘Skills Race’ as Viewed from Australia and Malaysia.” Globalisation, Societies and Education 4 (1): 59–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767720600555087.
   Google Scholar