272
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Yeast identification – past, present, and future methods

, &
Pages 97-121 | Received 03 Jun 2006, Published online: 09 Jul 2009

References

  • Richardson MD. Changing patterns and trends in systemic fungal infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 56(Suppl. S1)i5–i11
  • Patel R, Paya CV. Infections in solid-organ transplant recipients. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997; 10: 86–124
  • Mitchell TG, Perfect JR. Cryptococcosis in the era of AIDS – 100 years after the discovery of Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995; 8: 515–548
  • Hazen KC. New and emerging yeast pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995; 8: 462–478
  • Merz WG. Candida lusitaniae: frequency of recovery, colonization, infection, and amphotericin B resistance. J Clin Microbiol 1984; 20: 1194–1195
  • Pfaller, MA, Diekema, DJ, Messer, SA, Boyken, L, Hollis, RJ, Jones, RN, and the International Fungal Surveillance Participant Group. In vitro activities of voriconazole, posaconazole, and four licensed systemic antifungal agents against Candida species infrequently isolated from blood. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 78–83.
  • Walsh TJ, Melcher GP, Rinaldi MG, et al. Trichosporon beigelii, an emerging pathogen resistant to amphotericin B. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 1616–1622
  • Hitchcock CA, Pye GW, Troke PF, Johnson EM, Warnock DW. Fluconazole resistance in Candida glabrata. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37: 1962–1965
  • Rex JH, Rinaldi MG, Pfaller MA. Resistance of Candida species to fluconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 1–8
  • Moran GP, Sullivan DJ, Henman MC, et al. Antifungal drug susceptibilities of oral Candida dubliniensis isolates from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and non-HIV-infected subjects and generation of stable fluconazole-resistant derivatives in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 617–623
  • Pfaller MA, Boyken L, Hollis RJ, et al. In vitro activities of anidulafungin against more than 2,500 clinical isolates of Candida spp., including 315 isolates resistant to fluconazole. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 5425–5427
  • Freydiere AM, Guinet R, Boiron P. Yeast identification in the clinical microbiology laboratory: phenotypical methods. Med Mycol 2001; 39: 9–33
  • Wickerham LJ. A simple technique for the detection of melibiose-fermenting yeasts. J Bacteriol 1943; 46: 501–505
  • Wickerham LJ. A critical evaluation of the nitrogen assimilation tests commonly used in the classification of yeasts. J Bacteriol 1946; 52: 293–301
  • Wickerham LJ, Burton KA. Carbon assimilation tests for the classification of yeasts. J Bacteriol 1948; 56: 363–371
  • Land GA, Vinton EC, Adcock GB, Hopkins JM. Improved auxanographic method for yeast assimilations: a comparison with other approaches. J Clin Microbiol 1975; 2: 206–217
  • Adams ED, Jr, Cooper BH. Evaluation of a modified Wickerham medium for identifying medically important yeasts. Am J Med Technol 1974; 40: 377–388
  • Mickelsen PA, McCarthy LR, Propst MA. Further modifications of the auxanographic method for identification of yeasts. J Clin Microbiol 1977; 5: 297–301
  • Kiehn TE, Edwards FF, Tom D, et al. Evaluation of the Quantum Il Yeast Identification System. J Clin Microbiol 1985; 22: 216–219
  • Bowman PI, Ahearn DG. Evaluation of commercial systems for the identification of clinical yeast isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1976; 4: 49–53
  • Buesching WJ, Kurek K, Roberts GD. Evaluation of the modified API 20C system for identification of clinically important yeasts. J Clin Microbiol 1979; 9: 565–569
  • Land GA, Harrison BA, Hulme KL, Cooper BH, Byrd JC. Evaluation of the new API 20C strip for yeast identification against a conventional method. J Clin Microbiol 1979; 10: 357–364
  • Taschdjian CL, Burchall JJ, Kozinn PJ. Rapid identification of Candida albicans by filamentation on serum and serum substitutes. Amer J Dis Child 1960; 99: 212–215
  • Tierno PM, Jr, Milstoc M. Germ tube-positive Candida tropicalis. Am J Clin Pathol 1977; 68: 294–295
  • Sullivan DJ, Westerneng TJ, Haynes KA, Bennett DE, Coleman DC. Candida dubliniensis sp. nov.: phenotypic and molecular characterization of a novel species associated with oral candidosis in HIV-infected individuals. Microbiol 1995; 141: 1507–1521
  • van der Walt JP, Yarrow D. Methods for the isolation, maintenance, classification and identification of yeasts. The Yeasts – A Taxonomic Study3rd edn, NJW Kreger-van Rij. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V, Amsterdam 1984; 45–104
  • JA Barnett, Payne, RW, Yarrow, D, eds. Yeasts: Characteristics and Identification, 3rd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  • Perry JL, Miller GR, Carr DL. Rapid, colorimetric identification of Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 614–615
  • Dealler SF. Candida albicans colony identification in 5 minutes in a general microbiology laboratory. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 1081–1082
  • Crist AE, Jr, Dietz TJ, Kampschroer K. Comparison of the MUREX C. albicans, Albicans-Sure, and BactiCard Candida test kits with the germ tube test for presumptive identification of Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 2616–2618
  • Heelan JS, Siliezar D, Coon K. Comparison of rapid testing methods for enzyme production with the germ tube method for presumptive identification of Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 2847–2849
  • Carrillo-Muñoz AJ, Quindós G, Cárdenes CD, et al. Performance of BacticardTM Candida compared with the germ tube test for the presumptive identification of Candida albicans. Mycoses 2003; 46: 467–470
  • Tanaka R, Ito J, Sato A, Nishimura K. Evaluation of a newly developed identification kit, RID Zyme CAS test, for Candida albicans. Jpn J Med Mycol 2005; 46: 125–128
  • Staib F. Cryptococcus neoformans und Guizotia abyssinica (syn. G. oleifera D.C.). Farbreaktion für Cr. neoformans. Z Hyg Infektionskr Med Mikrobiol Immunol Virol 1962; 148: 466–475
  • Strachan AA, Yu RJ, Blank F. Pigment production of Cryptococcus neoformans grown with extracts of Guizotia abyssinica. Appl Microbiol 1971; 22: 478–479
  • Hopfer RL, Blank F. Caffeic acid-containing medium for identification of Cryptococcus neoformans. J Clin Microbiol 1975; 2: 115–120
  • Chaskes S, Tyndall RL. Pigment production by Cryptococcus neoformans from para- and ortho-diphenols: effect of the nitrogen source. J Clin Microbiol 1975; 1: 509–514
  • Chaskes S, Tyndall RL. Pigment production by Cryptococcus neoformans and other Cryptococcus species from aminophenols and diaminobenzenes. J Clin Microbiol 1978; 7: 146–152
  • Roberts GD, Horstmeier CD, Land GA, Foxworth JH. Rapid urea broth test for yeasts. J Clin Microbiol 1978; 7: 584–588
  • Zimmer BL, Roberts GD. Rapid selective urease test for presumptive identification of Cryptococcus neoformans. J Clin Microbiol 1979; 10: 380–381
  • Hopkins JM, Land GA. Rapid method for determining nitrate utilization by yeasts. J Clin Microbiol. 1977; 5: 497–500
  • Pincus DH, Salkin IF, Hurd NJ, Levy IL, Kemna MA. Modification of potassium nitrate assimilation test for identification of clinically important yeasts. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26: 366–368
  • Panackal AA, Gribskov JL, Staab JF, et al. Clinical significance of azole antifungal drug cross-resistance in Candida glabrata. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 1740–1743
  • Martin D, Persat F, Piens MA, Picot S. Candida species distribution in bloodstream cultures in Lyon, France, 1998–2001. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 24: 329–333
  • Swinne D, Watelle M, Suetens C, et al. A one-year survey of candidemia in Belgium in 2002. Epidemiol Infect 2004; 132: 1175–1180
  • Stockman, L, Roberts, G. Rapid screening method for the identification of C. glabrata, abstr. F-80, p. 377. In:. Abstracts of the 85th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Microbiology. 1985; American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.
  • Peltroche-Llacsahuanga H, Schnitzler N, Lütticken R, Haase G. Rapid identification of Candida glabrata by using a dipstick to detect trehalase-generated glucose. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 202–205
  • Fenn JP, Billetdeaux E, Segal H, et al. Comparison of four methodologies for rapid and cost-effective identification of Candida glabrata. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 3387–3389
  • Lopez J, Dalle F, Mantelin P, et al. Rapid identification of Candida glabrata based on trehalose and sucrose assimilation using Rosco diagnostic tablets. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 1172–1174
  • Freydière A-M, Parant F, Noel-Baron F, et al. Identification of Candida glabrata by a 30-second trehalase test. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 3602–3605
  • Freydière A-M, Robert R, Ploton C, et al. Rapid identification of Candida glabrata with a new commercial test, GLABRATA RTT. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 3861–3863
  • Piens MA, Perry JD, Raberin H, Parant F, Freydière A-M. Routine use of a one minute trehalase and maltase test for the identification of Candida glabrata in four laboratories. J Clin Pathol 2003; 56: 687–689
  • Freydière A-M, Perry JD, Faure O, et al. Routine use of a commercial test, GLABRATA RTT, for rapid identification of Candida glabrata in six laboratories. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 4870–4872
  • Odds FC, Bernaerts R. CHROMagar Candida, a new differential isolation medium for presumptive identification of clinically important Candida species. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32: 1923–1929
  • Yucesoy M, Marol S. Performance of CHROMAGAR candida and BIGGY agar for identification of yeast species. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2003; 2: 8
  • Lipperheide V, Andraka L, Ponton J, Quindos G. Evaluation of the Albicans ID plate method for the rapid identification of Candida albicans. Mycoses 1993; 36: 417–420
  • Manafi M, Willinger B. Rapid identification of Candida albicans by fluoroplate candida agar. J Microbiol Methods 1991; 14: 103–107
  • Rousselle P, Freydière A-M, Couillerot PJ, de Montclos H, Gille Y. Rapid identification of Candida albicans by using Albicans ID and fluoroplate agar plates. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32: 3034–3036
  • Contreras I, San-Millan R, Agustin-Barrasa A, Ponton J, Quindos G. Utility of Albicans ID plate for rapid identification of Candida albicans in clinical samples. Rapid identification of Candida albicans. Mycopathologia 1996; 136: 17–20
  • Hoppe JE, Frey P. Evaluation of six commercial tests and the germ-tube test for presumptive identification of Candida albicans. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999; 18: 188–191
  • Cooke VM, Miles RJ, Price RG, et al. New chromogenic agar medium for the identification of Candida spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68: 3622–3627
  • Cardenes CD, Carrillo AJ, Arias A, et al. Comparison of Albicans ID2 agar plate with the germ tube for presumptive identification of Candida albicans. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 42: 181–185
  • De Caux, B. Medium for the identification of micro-organisms. Patent GB2408984. 2005.
  • Campbell CK, Holmes AD, Davey KG, Szekely A, Warnock DW. Comparison of a new chromogenic agar with the germ tube method for presumptive identification of Candida albicans. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17: 367–368
  • Carrillo-Munoz AJ, Quindos G, Cardenes CD, et al. Evaluation of Chromalbicans Agar for presumptive identification of Candida albicans. Rev Iberoam Micol 2001; 18: 105–108
  • Freydière AM, Guinet R. Rapid methods for identification of the most frequent clinical isolates. Rev Iberoam Micol 1997; 14: 85–89
  • Rambach, A. Method for the identification of microorganisms with a carbohydrate-supplemented medium. Patent FR2708285. 1995.
  • Murray MP, Zinchuk R, Larone DH. CHROMagar Candida as the sole primary medium for isolation of yeasts and as a source medium for the rapid-assimilation-of-trehalose test. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 1210–1212
  • Murray CK, Beckius ML, Green JA, Hospenthal DR. Use of chromogenic medium in the isolation of yeasts from clinical specimens. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54: 981–985
  • Powell HL, Sand CA, Rennie RP. Evaluation of CHROMagar Candida for presumptive identification of clinically important Candida species. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 32: 201–204
  • Odds FC, Davidson A. ‘Room temperature’ use of CHROMagar Candida. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2000; 38: 147–150
  • Saunte DM, Klingspor L, Jalal S, Arnau J, Arendrup MC. Four cases of Candida albicans infections with isolates developing pink colonies on CHROMagar Candida plates. Mycoses 2005; 48: 378–381
  • Beighton D, Ludford R, Clark DT, et al. Use of CHROMagar Candida medium for isolation of yeasts from dental samples. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 3025–3027
  • Hospenthal DR, Murray CK, Beckius ML, Green JA, Dooley DP. Persistence of pigment production by yeast isolates grown on CHROMagar Candida medium. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 4768–4770
  • Willinger B, Manafi M. Evaluation of CHROMagar Candida for rapid screening of clinical specimens for Candida species. Mycoses 1999; 42: 61–65
  • Pfaller MA, Houston A, Coffmann S. Application of CHROMagar Candida for rapid screening of clinical specimens for Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, and Candida (Torulopsis) glabrata. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 58–61
  • Hospenthal DR, Beckius ML, Floyd KL, Horvath LL, Murray CK. Presumptive identification of Candida species other than C. albicans, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis with the chromogenic medium CHROMagar Candida. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006; 5: 1
  • Freydière AM. Evaluation of CHROMagar Candida plates. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 2048
  • Pfaller MA. Evaluation of CHROMagar Candida plates (Author's Reply). J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 2048
  • Horvath LL, Hospenthal DR, Murray CK, Dooley DP. Direct isolation of Candida spp. from blood cultures on the chromogenic medium CHROMagar Candida. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 2629–2632
  • Iyampillai T, Michael JS, Mathai E, Mathews MS. Use of CHROMagar medium in the differentiation of Candida species: is it cost-effective in developing countries?. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2004; 98: 279–282
  • Momani OM. Cost-effectiveness and efficacy of CHROMagar Candida medium in clinical specimens. East Mediterr Health J 2000; 6: 968–978
  • Orenga, S. Medium for culture and identification of different Candida species, especially C. albicans and C. tropicalis. Patent FR2767534. 1999.
  • Orenga, S. Medium for culture and identification of different Candida species, especially C. albicans and C. tropicalis. Patent FR2767535. 2000.
  • Quindos G, Alonso-Vargas R, Helou S, et al. Evaluation of a new chromogenic medium (Candida ID) for the isolation and presumptive identification of Candida albicans and other medically important yeasts. Rev Iberoam Micol 2001; 18: 23–28
  • Fricker-Hidalgo H, Orenga S, Lebeau B, et al. Evaluation of Candida ID, a new chromogenic medium for fungal isolation and preliminary identification of some yeast species. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 1647–1649
  • Letscher-Bru V, Meyer MH, Galoisy AC, Waller J, Candolfi E. Prospective evaluation of the new chromogenic medium Candida ID, in comparison with Candiselect, for isolation of molds and isolation and presumptive identification of yeast species. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 1508–1510
  • Willinger B, Manafi M, Rotter ML. Comparison of rapid methods using fluorogenic-chromogenic assays for detecting Candida albicans. Lett Appl Microbiol 1994; 18: 47–49
  • Baumgartner C, Freydiere AM, Gille Y. Direct identification and recognition of yeast species from clinical material by using Albicans ID and CHROMagar Candida plates. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 454–456
  • Orenga, S. Microbiological analytical environment and procedure to detect yeasts of the species Candida albicans. Patent FR 2684110. 1993.
  • Freydiere AM, Buchaille L, Gille Y. Comparison of three commercial media for direct identification and discrimination of Candida species in clinical specimens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997; 16: 464–467
  • Willinger B, Hillowoth C, Selitsch B, Manafi M. Performance of Candida ID, a new chromogenic medium for presumptive identification of Candida species, in comparison to CHROMagar Candida. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 3793–3795
  • Cardenes CD, Carrillo-Munoz AJ, Arias A, et al. Comparative evaluation of four commercial tests for presumptive identification of Candida albicans. J Microbiol Methods 2004; 59: 293–297
  • Bouchara JP, Declerck P, Cimon B, Planchenault C, de Gentile L, Chabasse D. Routine use of CHROMagar Candida medium for presumptive identification of Candida yeast species and detection of mixed fungal populations. Clin Microbiol Infect 1996; 2: 202–208
  • De Champs C, Lebeau B, Ambroise-Thomas P, Grillot R. Evaluation of Albicans ID plates. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 2227–2228
  • Olver WJ, Stafford J, Cheetham P, Boswell TC. Comparison of Candida ID medium with Sabouraud-chloramphenicol agar for the isolation of yeasts from clinical haematology surveillance specimens. J Med Microbiol 2002; 51: 221–224
  • McClenny NB, Fei H, Baron EJ, et al. Change in colony morphology of Candida lusitaniae in association with development of amphotericin B resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 1325–1328
  • Niimi K, Shepherd MG, Cannon RD. Distinguishing Candida species by beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 2089–2097
  • Kirkpatrick WR, Revankar SG, Mcatee RK, et al. Detection of Candida dubliniensis in oropharyngeal samples from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in North America by primary CHROMagar Candida screening and susceptibility testing of isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 3007–3012
  • Polacheck I, Strahilevitz J, Sullivan D, et al. Recovery of Candida dubliniensis from non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in Israel. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 170–174
  • Jabra-Rizk MA, Baqui AA, Kelley JI, et al. Identification of Candida dubliniensis in a prospective study of patients in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 321–326
  • Jabra-Rizk MA, Falkler WA, Jr, Merz WG, et al. Retrospective identification and characterization of Candida dubliniensis isolates among Candida albicans clinical laboratory isolates from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and non-HIV-infected individuals. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 2423–2426
  • Jabra-Rizk MA, Brenner TM, Romagnoli M, et al. Evaluation of a reformulated CHROMagar Candida. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 2015–2016
  • Tintelnot K, Haase G, Seibold M, et al. Evaluation of phenotypic markers for selection and identification of Candida dubliniensis. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 1599–1608
  • Borst A, Theelen B, Reinders E, et al. Use of amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis to identify medically important Candida spp., including C. dubliniensis. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 1357–1362
  • Mosca CO, Moragues MD, Brena S, Rosa AC, Ponton J. Isolation of Candida dubliniensis in a teenager with denture stomatitis. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2005; 10: 28–31
  • Sahand IH, Moragues MD, Eraso E, et al. Supplementation of CHROMagar Candida medium with Pal's medium for rapid identification of Candida dubliniensis. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 5768–5770
  • Pal M. First report of isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans from avian excreta in Kathmandu, Nepal. Rev Iberoam Micol 1997; 14: 181–183
  • Willinger B, Wein S, Hirschl AM, Rotter ML, Manafi M. Comparison of a new commercial test, GLABRATA RTT, with a dipstick test for rapid identification of Candida glabrata. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 499–501
  • Aubertine CL, Rivera M, Rohan SM, Larone DH. Comparative study of the new colorimetric VITEK 2 yeast identification card versus the older fluorometric card and of CHROMagar Candida as a source medium with the new card. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 227–228
  • Freydiere AM, Buchaille L, Gille Y. Comparison of three commercial media for direct identification and discrimination of Candida species in clinical specimens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997; 16: 464–467
  • Shinoda T, Kaufman L, Padhye AA. Comparative evaluation of the Iatron serological Candida Check kit and the API 20C kit for identification of medically important Candida species. J Clin Microbiol 1981; 13: 513–518
  • Ramani R, Gromadzki S, Pincus DH, Salkin IF, Chaturvedi V. Efficacy of API 20C and ID 32C systems for identification of common and rare clinical yeast isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 3396–3398
  • Gutierrez J, Martin E, Lozano C, Coronilla J, Nogales C. Evaluation of the ATB 32C, automicrobic system and API 20C using clinical yeast isolates. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 1994; 52: 443–446
  • Sand C, Rennie RP. Comparison of three commercial systems for the identification of germ-tube negative yeast species isolated from clinical specimens. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1999; 33: 223–229
  • Smith MB, Dunklee D, Vu H, Woods GL. Comparative performance of the RapID Yeast Plus system and the API 20C AUX clinical yeast system. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 2697–2698
  • Wadlin JK, Hanko G, Stewart R, Pape J, Nachamkin I. Comparison of three commercial systems for identification of yeasts commonly isolated in the clinical microbiology laboratory. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 1967–1970
  • Gündes SG, Gulenc S, Bingol R. Comparative performance of Fungichrom I, Candifast and API 20C Aux systems in the identification of clinically significant yeasts. J Med Microbiol 2001; 50: 1105–1110
  • De Louvois J, Mulhall A, Hurley R. Biochemical identification of clinically important yeasts. J Clin Pathol 1979; 32: 715–718
  • Xu J, Millar BC, Moore JE, et al. Comparison of API20C with molecular identification of Candida spp isolated from bloodstream infections. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55: 774–777
  • Fricker-Hidalgo H, Vandapel O, Duchesne MA, et al. Comparison of the new API Candida System to the ID 32 C system for identification of clinically important yeast species. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 1846–1848
  • Bernal S, Martin Mazuelos E, Chavez M, Coronilla J, Valverde A. Evaluation of the new API Candida system for identification of the most clinically important yeast species. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 32: 217–221
  • Campbell CK, Davey KG, Holmes AD, Szekely A, Warnock DW. Comparison of the API Candida system with the auxacolor system for identification of common yeast pathogens. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 821–823
  • Buchaille L, Freydiere AM, Guinet R, Gille Y. Evaluation of six commercial systems for identification of medically important yeasts. Eur J Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17: 479–488
  • Paugam A, Benchetrit M, Fiacre A, Tourte-Schaefer C, Dupouy-Camet J. Comparison of four commercialized biochemical systems for clinical yeast identification by colour-producing reactions. Med Mycol 1999; 37: 11–17
  • Fricker-Hidalgo H, Lebeau B, Kervroedan P, et al. Auxacolor, a new commercial system for yeast identification: evaluation of 182 strains comparatively with ID 32 C. Ann Biol Clin 1995; 53: 221–225
  • Sheppard DC, de Souza E, Hashmi Z, Robson HG, Rene P. Evaluation of the Auxacolor system for biochemical identification of medically important yeasts. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 3726–3727
  • Umabala, P, Satheeshkumar, Lakshmi, V. Evaluation of Fungichrom 1: a new yeast identification system. Ind J Med Microbiol 2002; 20: 160–162.
  • Kitch TT, Jacobs MR, McGinnis MR, Appelbaum PC. Ability of RapID Yeast Plus system to identify 304 clinically significant yeasts within 5 hours. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 1069–1071
  • Espinel-Ingroff A, Stockman L, Roberts G, et al. Comparison of RapID Yeast Plus system with API 20C system for identification of common, new, and emerging yeast pathogens. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 883–886
  • Heelan JS, Sotomayor E, Coon K, D'Arezzo JB. Comparison of the Rapid Yeast Plus panel with the API20C yeast system for identification of clinically significant isolates of Candida species. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 1443–1445
  • Bowman PI, Ahearn DG. Evaluation of the Uni-Yeast-Tek kit for the identification of medically important yeasts. J Clin Microbiol 1975; 2: 354–358
  • Bowman PI, Ahearn DG. Evaluation of commercial systems for the identification of clinical yeast isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1976; 4: 49–53
  • Cooper BH, Johnson JB, Thaxton ES. Clinical evaluation of the Uni-Yeast-Tek system for rapid presumptive identification of medically important yeasts. J Clin Microbiol 1978; 7: 349–355
  • Salkin IF, Land GA, Hurd NJ, Goldson PR, McGinnis MR. Evaluation of YeastIdent and Uni-Yeast-Tek Yeast Identification Systems. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25: 624–627
  • McGinnis MR, Molina TC, Pierson DL, Mishra SK. Evaluation of the Biolog MicroStation system for yeast identification. J Med Vet Mycol 1996; 34: 349–352
  • Land GA, Salkin IF, El-Zaatari M, McGinnis MR, Hashem G. Evaluation of the Baxter-MicroScan 4-Hour enzyme-based yeast identification system. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 718–722
  • St.-Germain G, Beauchesne D. Evaluation of the MicroScan Rapid Yeast Identification Panel. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 2296–2299
  • Riddle DL, Giger O, Miller L, Hall GS, Woods GL. Clinical comparison of the Baxter MicroScan Yeast Identification Panel and the Vitek Yeast Biochemical Card. Am J Clin Pathol 1994; 101: 438–442
  • Crist AE, Jr, Johnson LM, Burke PJ. Evaluation of the Microbial Identification System for identification of clinically isolated yeasts. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 2408–2410
  • Kellogg JA, Bankert DA, Chaturvedi V. Limitations of the current Microbial Identification System for identification of clinical yeast isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 1197–1200
  • Oblack DL, Rhodes JC, Martin WJ. Clinical evaluation of the AutoMicrobic System Yeast Biochemical Card for rapid identification of medically important yeasts. J Clin Microbiol 1981; 13: 351–355
  • Hasyn JJ, Buckley HR. Evaluation of the AutoMicrobic system for identification of yeasts. J Clin Microbiol 1982; 16: 901–904
  • Land G, Stotler R, Land K, Staneck J. Update and evaluation of the AutoMicrobic yeast identification system. J Clin Microbiol 1984; 20: 649–652
  • El-Zaatari M, Pasarell L, McGinnis MR, et al. Evaluation of the updated Vitek yeast identification data base. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 1938–1941
  • Fenn JP, Segal H, Barland B, et al. Comparison of updated Vitek Yeast Biochemical Card and API 20C yeast identification systems. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32: 1184–1187
  • Graf B, Adam T, Zill E, Göbel UB. Evaluation of the VITEK 2 system for rapid identification of yeasts and yeast-like organisms. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 1782–1785
  • Reiss E, Tanaka K, Bruker G, et al. Molecular diagnosis and epidemiology of fungal infections. Med Mycol 1998; 36(Suppl. 1)249–257
  • Lott TJ, Kuykendall RJ, Reiss E. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the 5.8S rDNA and adjacent ITS2 region of Candida albicans and related species. Yeast 1993; 9: 1199–1206
  • White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR Protocols. A Guide to Methods and Applications, MA Innis, DH Gelfang, JJ Sninsky, TJ White. Academic Press, New York 1990; 315–322
  • Trost A, Graf B, Eucker J, et al. Identification of clinically relevant yeasts by PCR/RFLP. J Microbiol Methods 2004; 56: 201–211
  • Fell JW. Rapid identification of yeast species using three primers in a polymerase chain reaction. Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol 1993; 2: 174–180
  • Kurtzman CP, Robnett CJ. Identification of clinically important ascomycetous yeasts based on nucleotide divergence in the 5′ end of the large-subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA gene. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 1216–1223
  • Kurtzman CP, Robnett CJ. Identification and phylogeny of ascomycetous yeasts from analysis of nuclear large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA partial sequences. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1998; 73: 331–371
  • Fell JW, Boekhout T, Fonseca A, Scorzetti G, Statzell-Tallman A. Biodiversity and systematics of basidiomycetous yeasts as determined by large-subunit rDNA D1/D2 domain sequence analysis. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2000; 50: 1351–1371
  • Scorzetti G, Fell JW, Fonseca A, Statzell-Tallman A. Systematics of basidiomycetous yeasts: a comparison of large subunit D1/D2 and internal transcribed spacer rDNA regions. FEMS Yeast Res 2002; 2: 495–517
  • Hall L, Wohlfiel S, Roberts GD. Experience with the MicroSeq D2 large-subunit ribosomal DNA sequencing kit for identification of commonly encountered, clinically important yeast species. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 5099–5102
  • Leaw SN, Chang HC, Sun HF, et al. Identification of medically important yeast species by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer regions. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 693–699
  • Sugita T, Nakajima M, Ikeda R, Matsushima T, Shinoda T. Sequence analysis of the ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer 1 regions of Trichosporon species. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 1826–1830
  • Li YL, Leaw SN, Chen JH, Chang HC, Chang TC. Rapid identification of yeasts commonly found in positive blood cultures by amplification of the internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 22: 693–696
  • Coignard C, Hurst SF, Benjamin LE, et al. Resolution of discrepant results for Candida species identification by using DNA probes. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 858–861
  • Massonet C, Van Eldere J, Vaneechoutte M, et al. Comparison of VITEK 2 with ITS2-fragment length polymorphism analysis for identification of yeast species. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 2209–2211
  • Pryce, TM, Palladino, S, Kay, ID, Coombs, GW. Rapid identification of fungi by sequencing the ITS1 and ITS2 regions using an automated capillary electrophoresis system. Med Mycol 2003; 41: 369–381. Erratum in: Med Mycol 2004; 42: 93.
  • Ciardo DE, Schar G, Bottger EC, Altwegg M, Bosshard PP. Internal transcribed spacer sequencing versus biochemical profiling for identification of medically important yeasts. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 77–84
  • Wu Z, Wang XR, Blomquist G. Evaluation of PCR primers and PCR conditions for specific detection of common airborne fungi. J Environ Monit 2002; 4: 377–382
  • Elie CM, Lott TJ, Reiss E, Morrison CJ. Rapid identification of Candida species with species-specific DNA probes. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 3260–3265
  • Ellepola AN, Hurst SF, Elie CM, Morrison CJ. Rapid and unequivocal differentiation of Candida dubliniensis from other Candida species using species-specific DNA probes: comparison with phenotypic identification methods. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2003; 18: 379–388
  • Fujita S, Lasker BA, Lott TJ, Reiss E, Morrison CJ. Microtitration plate enzyme immunoassay to detect PCR-amplified DNA from Candida species in blood. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 962–967
  • Hinrikson HP, Hurst SF, De Aguirre L, Morrison CJ. Molecular methods for the identification of Aspergillus species. Med Mycol 2005; 43(Suppl. 1)S129–37
  • Lindsley MD, Hurst SF, Iqbal NJ, Morrison CJ. Rapid identification of dimorphic and yeast-like fungal pathogens using specific DNA probes. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 3505–3511
  • Espy MJ, Uhl JR, Sloan LM, et al. Real-time PCR in clinical microbiology: applications for routine laboratory testing. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19: 165–256
  • Mackay IM. Real-time PCR in the microbiology laboratory. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004; 10: 190–212
  • White PL, Shetty A, Barnes RA. Detection of seven Candida species using the Light-Cycler system. J Med Microbiol 2003; 52: 229–238
  • Hsu MC, Chen KW, Lo HJ, et al. Species identification of medically important fungi by use of real-time LightCycler PCR. J Med Microbiol 2003; 52: 1071–1076
  • Maaroufi Y, De Bruyne JM, Duchateau V, Georgala A, Crokaert F. Early detection and identification of commonly encountered Candida species from simulated blood cultures by using a real-time PCR-based assay. J Mol Diagn 2004; 6: 108–114
  • Bu R, Sathiapalan RK, Ibrahim MM, et al. Monochrome LightCycler PCR assay for detection and quantification of five common species of Candida and Aspergillus. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54: 243–248
  • Chang HC, Leaw SN, Huang AH, Wu TL, Chang TC. Rapid identification of yeasts in positive blood cultures by a multiplex PCR method. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 3466–3471
  • Fujita SI, Senda Y, Nakaguchi S, Hashimoto T. Multiplex PCR using internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 regions for rapid detection and identification of yeast strains. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 3617–3622
  • Ahmad S, Khan Z, Mustafa AS, Khan ZU. Seminested PCR for diagnosis of candidemia: comparison with culture, antigen detection, and biochemical methods for species identification. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 2483–2489
  • Donnelly SM, Sullivan DJ, Shanley DB, Coleman DC. Phylogenetic analysis and rapid identification of Candida dubliniensis based on analysis of ACT1 intron and exon sequences. Microbiol 1999; 145: 1871–1882
  • Kato M, Ozeki M, Kikuchi A, Kanbe T. Phylogenetic relationship and mode of evolution of yeast DNA topoisomerase II gene in the pathogenic Candida species. Gene 2001; 272: 275–281
  • Kanbe T, Yamaki K, Kikuchi A. Identification of the pathogenic Aspergillus species by nested PCR using a mixture of specific primers to DNA topoisomerase II gene. Microbiol Immunol 2002; 46: 841–848
  • Kanbe T, Horii T, Arishima T, Ozeki M, Kikuchi A. PCR-based identification of pathogenic Candida species using primer mixes specific to Candida DNA topoisomerase II genes. Yeast 2002; 19: 973–989
  • Arancia, S, Carattoli, A, La Valle, R, Cassone, A, De Bernardis, F. Use of 65kDa mannoprotein gene primers in Real Time PCR identification of Candida albicans in biological samples. Mol Cell Probes 2006; 20: 263–268.
  • Turenne, CY, Sanche, SE, Hoban, DJ, Karlowsky, JA, Kabani, AM. Rapid identification of fungi by using the ITS2 genetic region and an automated fluorescent capillary electrophoresis system. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 1846–1851. Erratum in: J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 944.
  • Ball LM, Bes MA, Theelen B, et al. Significance of amplified fragment length polymorphism in identification and epidemiological examination of Candida species colonization in children undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 1673–1679
  • Ahmad S, Khan Z, Mustafa AS, Khan ZU. Epidemiology of Candida colonization in an intensive care unit of a teaching hospital in Kuwait. Med Mycol 2003; 41: 487–493
  • Igreja RP, Lazera Mdos S, Wanke B, et al. Molecular epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from AIDS patients of the Brazilian city, Rio de Janeiro. Med Mycol 2004; 42: 229–238
  • Borst A, Leverstein-Van Hall MA, Verhoef J, Fluit AC. Detection of Candida spp. in blood cultures using nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2001; 39: 155–160
  • Loeffler J, Dorn C, Hebart H, et al. Development and evaluation of the Nuclisens basic kit NASBA for the detection of RNA from Candida species frequently resistant to antifungal drugs. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 45: 217–220
  • Pounder JI, Williams S, Hansen D, et al. Repetitive-sequence-PCR-based DNA fingerprinting using the DiversiLab system for identification of commonly encountered dermatophytes. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 2141–2147
  • Hayden RT, Qian X, Roberts GD, Lloyd RV. In situ hybridization for the identification of yeastlike organisms in tissue section. Diagn Mol Pathol 2001; 10: 15–23
  • Hayden RT, Qian X, Procop GW, Roberts GD, Lloyd RV. In situ hybridization for the identification of filamentous fungi in tissue section. Diagn Mol Pathol 2002; 11: 119–126
  • Wilson DA, Joyce MJ, Hall LS, et al. Multicenter evaluation of a Candida albicans peptide nucleic acid fluorescent in situ hybridization probe for characterization of yeast isolates from blood cultures. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 2909–2912
  • Leinberger DM, Schumacher U, Autenrieth IB, Bachmann TT. Development of a DNA microarray for detection and identification of fungal pathogens involved in invasive mycoses. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 4943–4953
  • Hsiao CR, Huang L, Bouchara JP, et al. Identification of medically important molds by an oligonucleotide array. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 3760–3768
  • Goldenberg O, Herrmann S, Adam T, et al. Use of denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography for rapid detection and identification of seven Candida species. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 5912–5915
  • McIlhatton BP, Keating C, Curran MD, et al. Identification of medically important pathogenic fungi by reference strand-mediated conformational analysis (RSCA). J Med Microbiol 2002; 51: 468–478
  • Arguello JR, Little AM, Bohan E, et al. High resolution HLA class I typing by reference strand mediated conformation analysis (RSCA). Tissue Antigens. 1998; 52: 57–66
  • Gharizadeh B, Norberg E, Loffler J, et al. Identification of medically important fungi by the pyrosequencing technology. Mycoses 2004; 47: 29–33
  • Page BT, Kurtzman CP. Rapid identification of Candida species and other clinically important yeast species by flow cytometry. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 4507–4514
  • Wahyuningsih R, Freisleben HJ, Sonntag HG, Schnitzler P. Simple and rapid detection of Candida albicans DNA in serum by PCR for diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 3016–3021
  • Bougnoux M, Dupont C, Mateo J, et al. Serum is more suitable than whole blood for diagnosis of systemic candidiasis by nested PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 925–930
  • Maaroufi Y, Ahariz N, Husson M, Crokaert F. Comparison of different methods of isolation of DNA of commonly encountered Candida species and its quantitation by using a real-time PCR-based assay. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 3159–3163
  • Loeffler J, Schmidt K, Hebart H, Schumacher U, Einsele H. Automated extraction of genomic DNA from medically important yeast species and filamentous fungi by using the MagNA Pure LC system. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 2240–2243
  • Shin JH, Nolte FS, Morrison CJ. Rapid identification of Candida species in blood cultures by a clinically useful PCR method. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 1454–1459
  • Selvarangan R, Bui U, Limaye AP, Cookson BT. Rapid identification of commonly encountered Candida species directly from blood culture bottles. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 5660–5664
  • Diezmann S, Cox CJ, Schonian G, Vilgalys RJ, Mitchell TG. Phylogeny and evolution of medical species of Candida and related taxa: a multigenic analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 5624–5635
  • Kurtzman CP, Robnett CJ. Phylogenetic relationships among yeasts of the ‘Saccharomyces complex’ determined from multigene sequence analyses. FEMS Yeast Res 2003; 3: 417–432

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.