Cryptococcosis in domestic animals in Western Australia: a retrospective study from 1995–2006

References

• Dimech WJ. Diagnosis, identification and epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Aust J Med Lab Sci 1990; 12: 13–21
   Google Scholar
• Malik R, Krockenberger M, O'Brien C, . Cryptococcosis. Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat3rd ed., CE Greene, et al. Saunders, Elsevier, St Louis 2006; 584–598
   Google Scholar
• Kwon-Chung KJ, Bennett JE, Rhodes JC. Taxonomic studies on Filobasidiella species and their anamorphs. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1982; 48: 25–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorrell TC. Cryptococcus neoformans variety gattii. Med Mycol 2001; 39: 155–168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon-Chung KJ BT, Fell JW, et al. Proposal to conserve the name Cryptococcus gattii against C. hondurianus and C. bacillisporus (Basidiomycota, Hymenomycetes, Tremellomycetidae). Taxon 2002; 51: 804–806
   Google Scholar
• Lazera MS, Pires FD, Camillo-Coura L, et al. Natural habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans in decaying wood forming hollows in living trees. J Med Vet Mycol 1996; 34: 127–131
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellis DH, Pfeiffer TJ. Natural habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 1642–1644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon-Chung KJ, Bennett JE. Epidemiologic differences between the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans. Am J Epidemiol 1984; 120: 123–130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lester SJ, Kowalewich NJ, Bartlett KH, et al. Clinicopathologic features of an unusual outbreak of cryptococcosis in dogs, cats, ferrets, and a bird: 38 cases (January to July 2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004; 225: 1716–1722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan C, Stephen C, Campbell J. Clinical characteristics and predictors of mortality for Cryptococcus gattii infection in dogs and cats of southwestern British Columbia. Can Vet J 2006; 47: 993–998
   Google Scholar
• Stephen C, Lester S, Black W, Fyfe M, Raverty S. Multispecies outbreak of cryptococcosis on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Can Vet J 2002; 43: 792–794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan CG, Stephen C, Campbell J. Evaluation of risk factors for Cryptococcus gattii infection in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 228: 377–382
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malik R, Hunt GB, Bellenger CR, et al. Intra-abdominal cryptococcosis in two dogs. J Small Anim Pract 1999; 40: 387–391
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Medleau L, Hall EJ, Goldschmidt MH, Irby N. Cutaneous cryptococcosis in three cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985; 187: 169–170
   Google Scholar
• Baker RD. The primary pulmonary lymph node complex of crytptococcosis. Am J Clin Pathol 1976; 65: 83–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Casadevall, Perfect, JR. Cryptococcus neoformans. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Baro T, Torres-Rodriguez JM, De Mendoza MH, Morera Y, Alia C. First identification of autochthonous Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii isloated from goats with predominantly severe pulmonary disease in Spain. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 458–461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begg LM, Hughes KJ, Kessell A, et al. Successful treatment of cryptococcal pneumonia in a pony mare. Aust Vet J 2004; 82: 686–692
   Google Scholar
• Dickson J, Meyer EP. Cryptococcosis in horses in Western Australia. Aust Vet J 1970; 46: 558
   Google Scholar
• Hilbert BJ, Huxtable CR, Pawley SE. Cryptococcal pneumonia in a horse. Aust Vet J 1980; 56: 391–392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson EG, Watrous BJ, Schmitz JA, Sonn RJ. Cryptococcal pneumonia in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983; 183: 577–579
   Google Scholar
• Riley CB, Bolton JR, Mills JN, Thomas JB. Cryptococcosis in seven horses. Aust Vet J 1992; 69: 135–139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman HM, Robinson WF, Bolton JR, Robertson JP. Cryptococcus neoformans infection in goats. Aust Vet J 1990; 67: 263–265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutierrez M, Garcia Marin JF. Cryptococcus neoformans and Mycobacterium bovis causing granulomatous pneumonia in a goat. Vet Pathol 1999; 36: 445–448
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watt DA. A case of cryptococcal granuloma in the nasal cavity of a horse. Aust Vet J 1970; 46: 493–495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts MC, Sutton RH, Lovell DK. A protracted case of cryptococcal nasal granuloma in a stallion. Aust Vet J 1981; 57: 287–291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott EA, Duncan JR, McCormack JE. Cryptococcosis involving the postorbital area and frontal sinus in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1974; 165: 626–627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton MD, Knight I. Cryptococcal meningitis of a horse. Aust Vet J 1972; 48: 534
   Google Scholar
• Steckel RR, Adams SB, Long GG, Rebar AH. Antemortem diagnosis and treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982; 180: 1085–1089
   Google Scholar
• Barclay WP, deLahunta A. Cryptococcal meningitis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1979; 174: 1236–1238
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teuscher E, Vrins A, Lemaire T. A vestibular syndrome associated with Cryptococcus neoformans in a horse. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1984; 31: 132–139
   Google Scholar
• Lenard, ZM, Lester, NV, O'Hara, AJ, Hopper, BJ, Lester, GD. Disseminated cryptococcosis including osteomyelitis in a horse. Aust Vet J 2007; 85: 51–55; quiz 85.
   Google Scholar
• Bildfell RJ, Long P, Sonn R. Cryptococcosis in a llama (Lama glama). J Vet Diagn Invest 2002; 14: 337–339
   Google Scholar
• Goodchild LM, Dart AJ, Collins MB, et al. Cryptococcal meningitis in an alpaca. Aust Vet J 1996; 74: 428–430
   Google Scholar
• Griner LA. Pathology of Zoo Animals: a review of necropsies conducted over a fourteen–year period at the San Diego Zoo and San Diego Wild Animal Park. Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, CA 1983
   Google Scholar
• O'Brien CR, Krockenberger MB, Wigney DI, Martin P, Malik R. Retrospective study of feline and canine cryptococcosis in Australia from 1981 to 2001: 195 cases. Med Mycol 2004; 42: 449–460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik R, Jacobs GJ, Love DN. Cryptococcosis: new perspectives on etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical management. Consultations in Feline Medicine4th ed., JR August. W.B.Saunders, Philadelphia 2001; 39–50
   Google Scholar
• Krockenberger MB, Canfield PJ, Malik R. Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): a review of 43 cases of cryptococcosis. Med Mycol 2003; 41: 225–234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik R, Alderton B, Finlaison D, et al. Cryptococcosis in ferrets: a diverse spectrum of clinical disease. Aust Vet J 2002; 80: 749–755
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pounden WD, Amberson JM, Jaeger RF. A severe mastitis problem associated with Cryptococcus neoformans in a large dairy herd. Am J Vet Res 1952; 13: 121–128
   Google Scholar
• Galli G, Socci A. Further studies on experimental cryptococcal mastitis. Arch Vet Ital 1969; 20: 3–11
   Google Scholar
• Pal M, Mehrotra BS. Cryptococcal mastitis in dairy animals. Mykosen 1983; 26: 615–616
   Google Scholar
• Gerds-Grogan S, Dayrell-Hart B. Feline cryptococcosis: a retrospective evaluation. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1997; 33: 118–122
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malik R, Wigney DI, Muir DB, Gregory DJ, Love DN. Cryptococcosis in cats: clinical and mycological assessment of 29 cases and evaluation of treatment using orally administered fluconazole. J Med Vet Mycol 1992; 30: 133–144
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malik R, Dill-Macky E, Martin P, et al. Cryptococcosis in dogs: a retrospective study of 20 consecutive cases. J Med Vet Mycol 1995; 33: 291–297
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sutton RH. Cryptococcosis in dogs: a report on 6 cases. Aust Vet J 1981; 57: 558–564
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berthelin C, Bailey C, Kass P, Legendre A, Wolf A. Cryptococcosis of the nervous sytem in dogs, part 1: epidemiologocal, clinical and neuropathological features. Prog Vet Neurol 1994; 5: 88–97
   Google Scholar
• Cho DY, Pace LW, Beadle RE. Cerebral cryptococcosis in a horse. Vet Pathol 1986; 23: 207–209
   Google Scholar
• Chandna VK, Morris E, Gliatto JM, Paradis MR. Localised subcutaneous cryptococcal granuloma in a horse. Equine Vet J 1993; 25: 166–168
   Google Scholar
• Sorrell TC, Brownlee AG, Ruma P, et al. Natural environmental sources of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 1261–1263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan RJ, Vitali SD, Eden PA, et al. Cryptococcosis in Gilbert's and long-nosed potoroo. J Zoo Wildl Med 2007; 38: 567–573
   Google Scholar
• Staib F. New concepts in the occurrence and identification Cryptococcus neoformans. Mycopathol Mycol Appl 1963; 19: 143–145
   Google Scholar
• Healy ME, Dillavou CL, Taylor GE. Diagnostic medium containing inositol, urea, and caffeic acid for selective growth of Cryptococcus neoformans. J Clin Microbiol 1977; 6: 387–391
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kwon-Chung KJ, Polacheck I, Bennett JE. Improved diagnostic medium for separation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans (serotypes A and D) and Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii (serotypes B and C). J Clin Microbiol 1982; 15: 535–537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krockenberger MB, Canfield PJ, Kozel TR, et al. An immunohistochemical method that differentiates Cryptococcus neoformans varieties and serotypes in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Med Mycol 2001; 39: 523–533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen H, Caldarellistefano R, Tortorano AM, Ferrante P, Viviani MA. A simplified method to extract high–quality DNA from Cryptococcus neoformans. J Mycol Med 1996; 6: 136–138
   Google Scholar
• Saul N, Krockenberger M, Carter D. Evidence of recombination in mixed–mating–type and alpha-only populations of Cryptococcus gattii sourced from single eucalyptus tree hollows. Eukaryot Cell 2008; 7: 727–734
   Google Scholar
• Meyer W, Castaneda A, Jackson S, Huynh M, Castaneda E. Molecular typing of IberoAmerican Cryptococcus neoformans isolates. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9: 189–195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw SE. Successful treatment of 11 cases of feline cryptococcosis. Aust Vet Pract 1988; 18: 135–139
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, LT. Fertility and recombination in Cryptococcus gattii. PhD, The University of Sydney; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Chen SC, Currie BJ, Campbell HM, et al. Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii infection in northern Australia: existence of an environmental source other than known host eucalypts. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1997; 91: 547–550
   Google Scholar
• Campbell LT, Currie BJ, Krockenberger M, et al. Clonality and recombination in genetically differentiated subgroups of Cryptococcus gattii. Eukaryot Cell 2005; 4: 1403–1409
   Google Scholar
• Goldman DL, Khine H, Abadi J, et al. Serologic evidence for Cryptococcus neoformans infection in early childhood. Pediatrics 2001; 107: E66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krockenberger MB, Canfield PJ, Barnes J, et al. Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): serological evidence for subclinical cryptococcosis. Med Mycol 2002; 40: 273–282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly JH, Krockenberger MB, Malik R, et al. Asymptomatic carriage of Cryptococcus neoformans in the nasal cavity of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). Med Mycol 1999; 37: 331–338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman D, Lee SC, Casadevall A. Pathogenesis of pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection in the rat. Infect Immun 1994; 62: 4755–4761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson ID, Edwards JR, Shaw SE, Clark WT. A survey of pet ownership in Perth. Aust Vet Pract 1990; 20: 210–212
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs GJ, Medleau L, Calvert C, Brown J. Cryptococcal infection in cats: factors influencing treatment outcome, and results of sequential serum antigen titers in 35 cats. J Vet Intern Med 1997; 11: 1–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flatland B, Greene RT, Lappin MR. Clinical and serologic evaluation of cats with cryptococcosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 209: 1110–1113
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Norris JM, Bell ET, Hales L, et al. Prevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus infection in domesticated and feral cats in eastern Australia. J Feline Med Surg 2007; 9: 300–308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker C, Malik R, Canfield PJ. Analysis of leucocytes and lymphocyte subsets in cats with naturally-occurring cryptococcosis but differing feline immunodeficiency virus status. Aust Vet J 1995; 72: 93–97
   Google Scholar
• Malik R, Norris J, White J, Jantulik B. ‘Wound cat’. J Feline Med Surg 2006; 8: 135–140
   Google Scholar
• O'Toole TE, Sato AF, Rozanski EA. Cryptococcosis of the central nervous system in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc ; : 1722–1725 2003; 222: 1706
   Google Scholar
• Tiches D, Vite CH, Dayrell-Hart B, et al. A case of canine central nervous system cryptococcosis: management with fluconazole. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1998; 34: 145–151
   Google Scholar
• Newman SJ, Langston CE, Scase TJ. Cryptococcal pyelonephritis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003; 222: 180–183
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farrow BR, Watson AD, Hartley WJ, Huxtable CR. Pneumocystis pneumonia in the dog. J Comp Pathol 1972; 82: 447–453
   Google Scholar
• Kirberger RM, Lobetti RG. Radiographic aspects of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the miniature Dachshund. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1998; 39: 313–317
   Google Scholar
• Watt PR, Robins GM, Galloway AM, O'Boyle DA. Disseminated opportunistic fungal disease in dogs: 10 cases (1982–1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995; 207: 67–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenney A, Pandithage K, Fisher DA, Currie BJ. Cryptococcus infection in tropical Australia. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 3865–3868
   Google Scholar
• Fogarty U. Evaluation of a bronchoalveolar lavage technique. Equine Vet J 1990; 22: 174–176
   Google Scholar
• Bolliger A, Finckh ES. The prevalence of cryptococcosis in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). Med J Aust 1962; 49: 545–547
   Google Scholar
• Duncan C, Stephen C, Lester S, Bartlett KH. Sub-clinical infection and asymptomatic carriage of Cryptococcus gattii in dogs and cats during an outbreak of cryptococcosis. Med Mycol 2005; 43: 511–516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik, R. Use of fluconazole for treating cryptococcosis in cats. In:. Control and Therapy: University of Sydney Postgraduate Committee in Veterinary Science; 2007: 5.
   Google Scholar
• Malik R, Craig AJ, Wigney DI, Martin P, Love DN. Combination chemotherapy of canine and feline cryptococcosis using subcutaneously administered amphotericin B. Aust Vet J 1996; 73: 124–128
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Brien CR, Krockenberger MB, Martin P, Wigney DI, Malik R. Long-term outcome of therapy for 59 cats and 11 dogs with cryptococcosis. Aust Vet J 2006; 84: 384–392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik R, Medeiros C, Wigney DI, Love DN. Suspected drug eruption in seven dogs during administration of flucytosine. Aust Vet J 1996; 74: 285–288
   Google Scholar
• Krockenberger M, Stalder K, Malik R, Canfield P. Cryptococcosis in Australian Wildlife. Microbiol Aust 2005; 26: 69–71
   Google Scholar
• Sorrell TC, Chen SC, Ruma P, et al. Concordance of clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii by random amplification of polymorphic DNA analysis and PCR fingerprinting. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 1253–1260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar