Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii can exploit Acanthamoeba castellanii for growth

References

• Franzot SP, Salkin IF, Casadevall A. Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii: separate varietal status for Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 838/40.
   Google Scholar
• Levitz SM. The ecology of Cryptococcus neoformans and the epidemiology of cryptococcosis. Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13: 1163/ 1169.
   Google Scholar
• Kwon-Chung KJ, Bennett JE. Epidemiologic differences between the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans. Am J Epidemiol 1984; 120: 123/130.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett JE, Kwon-Chung KJ, Howard DH. Epidemiologic differences among serotypes of Cryptococcus neoformans. Am J Epidemiol 1977; 105: 582/586.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escandon P, Huerfano S, Castaneda E. 2002; [Experimental inoculation of Terminalia catappa seedlings with an environmental isolate of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii serotype C]. Biomedica (Bogota) 22: 524/528. [In Spanish.]
   Google Scholar
• Sorrell TC. Cryptococcus neoformans variety gattii . Med Mycol 2001; 39: 155/168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis DH, Pfeiffer TJ. Natural habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii . J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 1642/1624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen S, Sorrell T, Nimmo G, et al . Epidemiology and host- and variety-dependent characteristics of infection due to Cryptococcus neoformans in Australia and New Zealand. Australasian Cryptococcal Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 499/508.
   Google Scholar
• Speed B, Dunt D. Clinical and host differences between infections with the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 28/34 (Discussion paper, 35–36)
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell TG, Perfect JR. Cryptococcosis in the era of AIDS /100 years after the discovery of Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995; 8: 515/548.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boekhout T, Theelen B, Diaz M, et al . Hybrid genotypes in the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. Microbiology 2001; 147: 891/907.
   Google Scholar
• Kwon/Chung KJ, Bennett JE. Medical Mycology. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Steenbergen JN, Shuman HA, Casadevall A. Cryptococcus neoformans interactions with amoebae suggest an explanation for its virulence and intracellular pathogenic strategy in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 15245/15250.
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Zaragoza S. Ecology of free-living amoebae. Crit Rev Microbiol 1994; 20: 225/241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker J, Brown MR. Trojan horses of the microbial world: protozoa and the survival of bacterial pathogens in the environment. Microbiology 1994; 140: 1253/1259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldmesser M, Kress Y, Novikoff P, Casadevall A. Cryptococcus neoformans is a facultative intracellular pathogen in murine pulmonary infection. Infect Immun 2000; 68: 4225/4237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulmer GS, Sans MD, Gunn CM. Cryptococcus neoformans. I. Nonencapsulated mutants. J Bacteriol 1967; 94: 1475/1479.
   Google Scholar
• Bozue JA, Johnson W. Interaction of Legionella pneumophila with Acanthamoeba castellanii : uptake by coiling phagocytosis and inhibition of phagosome/lysosome fusion. Infect Immun 1996; 64: 668/673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffat JF, Tompkins LS. A quantitative model of intracellular growth of Legionella pneumophila in Acanthamoeba castellanii . Infect Immun 1992; 60: 296/301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casadevall A, Cleare W, Feldmesser M, et al . Characterization of a murine monoclonal antibody to Cryptococcus neoformans polysaccharide that is a candidate for human therapeutic studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 1437/1446.
   Google Scholar
• Levitz SM, Nong SH, Seetoo KF, et al . Cryptococcus neoformans resides in an acidic phagolysosome of human macrophages. Infect Immun 1999; 67: 885/890.
   Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Aisen P, Casadevall A. Cryptococcus neoformans melanin and virulence: mechanism of action. Infect Immun 1995; 63: 3131/3136.
   Google Scholar
• Nosanchuk JD, Valadon P, Feldmesser M, Casadevall A. Melanization of Cryptococcus neoformans in murine infection. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19: 745/750.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small JM, Mitchell TG. Binding of purified and radioiodinated capsular polysaccharides from Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A strains to capsule-free mutants. Infect Immun 1986; 54: 742/ 750.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozel TR, Gotschlich EC. The capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans passively inhibits phagocytosis of the yeast by macrophages. J Immunol 1982; 129: 1675/1680.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenbergen JN, Casadevall A. The origin and maintenance of virulence for the human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Microbes Infect 2003; 5: 667/675.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mylonakis E, Ausubel FM, Perfect JR, Heitman J, Calderwood SB. Killing of Caenorhabditis elegans by Cryptococcus neoformans as a model of yeast pathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 15675/15680.
   Google Scholar
• Chen SC, Currie BJ, Campbell HM, et al . Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii infection in northern Australia: existence of an environmental source other than known host eucalypts. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1997; 91: 547/550.
   Google Scholar
• Sorrell TC, Brownlee AG, Ruma P, et al . Natural environmental sources of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii . J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 1261/1263.
   Google Scholar
• Finlay BJ, Esteban GF, Clarke KJ, Olmo JL. Biodiversity of terrestrial protozoa appears homogeneous across local and global spatial scales. Protist 2001; 152: 355/366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbeau J, Buhler T. Biofilms augment the number of free-living amoebae in dental unit waterlines. Res Microbiol 2001; 152: 753/ 760.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson BS, Bamforth SS, Dobson PJ. Density and diversity of protozoa in some arid Australian soils. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2002; 49: 449/453.
   Google Scholar
• Cherniak R, Sundstrom JB. Polysaccharide antigens of the capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun 1994; 62: 1507/1512.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar