References
- Ciccarelli O, Barkhof F, Bodini B, et al. Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: insights from molecular and metabolic imaging. Lancet Neurol 2014;13:807-22
- Compston A, Coles A. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2008;372:1502-17
- Ransohoff RM, Hafler DA, Lucchinetti CF. Multiple sclerosis—a quiet revolution. Nat Rev Neurol 2015;11:134-42
- National Multiple Sclerosis Society [Internet]. MS symptoms. 2016. http://www.nationalmssociety.org/Symptoms-Diagnosis/MS-Symptoms. Accessed October 2016
- HealthLine [Internet]. Multiple sclerosis by the numbers: facts, statistics, and you. 2015. http://www.healthline.com/health/multiple-sclerosis/facts-statistics-infographic. Accessed October 2016
- Murray TJ. Diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis. BMJ 2006;332:525-7
- Fox EJ, Rhoades RW. New treatments and treatment goals for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol 2012;25(Suppl):S11-S9
- Tanasescu R, Ionete C, Chou IJ, et al. Advances in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Biomed J 2014;37:41-9
- Straus Farber R, Harel A, Lublin F. Novel agents for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. Annu Rev Med 2016;67:309-21
- Limmroth V, Putzki N, Kachuck NJ. The interferon beta therapies for treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: are they equally efficacious? A comparative review of open-label studies evaluating the efficacy, safety, or dosing of different interferon beta formulations alone or in combination. Therap Adv Neurol Disord 2011;4:281-96
- Bergvall N, Petrilla AA, Karkare SU, et al. Persistence with and adherence to fingolimod compared with other disease-modifying therapies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: a retrospective US claims database analysis. J Med Econ 2014;17:696-707
- Mahler K. Roche investor science conference call. ECTRIMS 2015. http://www.roche.com/dam/jcr:ac2ce818-e143-4f8a-b909-6961553b8bbb/en/irp151012.pdf. Accessed 17 July 2017
- Medscape [Internet]. First data from ocrelizumab phase 3 studies in MS. 2015. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/852408. 2015. Accessed October 2016
- Medscape [Internet]. More positive results for ocrelizumab in relapsing MS. 2016. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/862648. 2016. Accessed October 2016
- Hauser SL, Bar-Or A, Comi G, et al. Ocrelizumab versus interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2017;376:221-34
- FDA [Internet]. Ocrelizumab product label. 2017. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/761053lbl.pdf. Accessed April 2017
- Hernandez L, Guo S, Kinter E, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of peginterferon beta-1a compared with interferon beta-1a and glatiramer acetate in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in the United States. J Med Econ 2016;19:684-95
- Mauskopf J, Fay M, Iyer R, et al. Cost-effectiveness of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis in the United States. J Med Econ 2016;19:432-42
- National Multiple Sclerosis Society [Internet]. Kurtzke expanded disability status scale (EDSS) form. 2016. http://www.nationalmssociety.org/NationalMSSociety/media/MSNationalFiles/Brochures/10-2-3-29-EDSS_Form.pdf. Accessed October 2016
- Kurtzke JF. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale. Neurology 1983:33:11444-52
- Palace J, Bregenzer T, Tremlett H, et al. UK multiple sclerosis risk-sharing scheme: a new natural history dataset and an improved Markov model. BMJ Open 2014;4:e004073
- Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Xu J, et al. Deaths: final data for 2014. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2016;65:1-122
- Scalfari A. The natural history of multiple sclerosis, a geographically based study 10: relapses and long-term disability. Brain 2010;133:1914-29
- Goldberg L, Edwards NC, Fincher C, et al. Comparing the cost-effectiveness of disease-modifying drugs for the first-line treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Manag Care Pharm 2009;15:543-55
- National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Single technology appraisal (STA): Fingolimod for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in adults. NICE Technology Appraisal Guidance 127; 2011
- Orme M, Kerrigan J, Tyas D, et al. The effect of disease, functional status, and relapses on the utility of people with multiple sclerosis in the UK. Value Health 2007;10:54-60
- National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence [Internet]. Alemtuzumab for treating relapsing?remitting multiple sclerosis. 2014. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta312/documents/multiple-sclerosis-relapsingremitting-alemtuzumab-fad-document2. Accessed July 2017
- Gani R, Giovannoni G, Bates D, et al. Cost-effectiveness analyses of natalizumab (Tysabri®) compared with other disease-modifying therapies for people with highly active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in the UK. Pharmacoeconomics 2008;26:617-27
- Bureau of Labor Statistics [Internet]. Consumer price index – all urban consumers. 2016. http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost. Accessed October 2016
- FDA [Internet]. Rebif product label. 1996. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2003/ifnbser050203LB.pdf. Accessed October 2016
- Micromedex Solutions [Internet]. Red Book Online. 2017. http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian. Accessed April 2017
- Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services [Internet]. Clinical laboratory fee schedule. 2016. https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-fee-for-service-Payment/clinicallabfeesched/index.html. Accessed October 2016
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services [Internet]. Weighted national estimates from HCUP Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). 2013. http://hcupnet.ahrq.gov/HCUPnet.jsp. Accessed October 2016
- Kobelt G, Berg J, Atherly D, et al. Costs and quality of life in multiple sclerosis a cross-sectional study in the United States. Neurology 2006;66:1696-702
- O’Brien JA, Ward AJ, Patrick AR, et al. Cost of managing an episode of relapse in multiple sclerosis in the United States. BMC Health Serv Res 2003;3:1
- Lipscomb J, Weinstein MC, Torrance GW. United States public health service panel on cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. Time preference. In: Gold M, Siegel J, Russell LB, et al., editors. Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. New York: Oxford; 1996;214-238
- Genentech [Internet]. FDA grants priority review for Genentech’s OCREVUS™ (Ocrelizumab) biologics license application. 2016. https://www.gene.com/media/press-releases/14631/2016-06-27/fda-grants-priority-review-for-genentech. Accessed October 2016
- O’Day K, Meyer K, Miller RM, et al. Cost-effectiveness of natalizumab versus fingolimod for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis. J Med Econ 2011;14:617-27
- Su W, Kansal A, Vicente C, et al. The cost-effectiveness of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in Canada. J Med Econ 2016;19:718-27
- Chiao E, Meyer K. Cost effectiveness and budget impact of natalizumab in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. Curr Med Res Opin 2009;25:1445-54
- Bell C, Graham J, Earnshaw S, et al. Cost-effectiveness of four immunomodulatory therapies for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a Markov model based on long-term clinical data. J Manag Care Pharm 2007;13:245-61
- Parise H, Laliberte F, Lefebvre P, et al. Direct and indirect cost burden associated with multiple sclerosis relapses: excess costs of persons with MS and their spouse caregivers. J Neurol Sci 2013;330:71-7