2,196
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Psychiatry

Cost-effectiveness of 3-month paliperidone therapy for chronic schizophrenia in the Netherlands

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 1187-1199 | Received 27 Jun 2017, Accepted 24 Jul 2017, Published online: 14 Aug 2017

References

  • Whiteford HA, Ferrari AJ, Degenhardt L, et al. The global burden of mental, neurological and substance use disorders: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. PLoS One 2015;10:e0116820
  • Geohive. http://www.geohive.com/. [Last accessed 16 January 2016]
  • Aleman A, Kahn RS, Selten JP. Sex differences in the risk of schizophrenia: evidence from meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60:565-71
  • de Wit MA, Tuinebreijer WC, van Brussel GH, et al. Ethnic differences in risk of acute compulsory admission in Amsterdam, 1996–2005. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2012;47:111-18
  • Maric N, Krabbendam L, Vollebergh W, et al. Sex differences in symptoms of psychosis in a non-selected, general population sample. Schizophr Res 2003;63:89-95
  • Bijl RV, van Zessen G, Ravelli A, et al. The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS): objectives and design. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1998;33:581-6
  • Evers SM, Ament AJ. Costs of schizophrenia in The Netherlands. Schizophr Bull 1995;21:141-53
  • Wiersma D, Sytema S, van Busschbach J, et al. Prevalence of long-term mental health care utilization in The Netherlands. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997;96:247-53
  • Meesters PD, de Haan L, Comijs HC, et al. Schizophrenia spectrum disorders in later life: prevalence and distribution of age at onset and sex in a Dutch catchment area. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2012;20:18-28
  • van Os J, Driessen G, Gunther N, et al. Neighbourhood variation in incidence of schizophrenia. Evidence for person-environment interaction. Br J Psychiatry 2000;176:243-8
  • Haro JM, Altamura C, Corral R, et al. Understanding the impact of persistent symptoms in schizophrenia: Cross-sectional findings from the Pattern study. Schizophr Res 2015;169:234-40
  • Lokkerbol J, Adema D, de Graaf R, et al. Non-fatal burden of disease due to mental disorders in the Netherlands. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2013;48:1591-9
  • Haro JM, Novick D, Perrin E, et al. Symptomatic remission and patient quality of life in an observational study of schizophrenia: is there a relationship? Psychiatry Res 2014;220:163-9
  • Tenback D, Pijl B, Smeets H, et al. All-cause mortality and medication risk factors in schizophrenia: a prospective cohort study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2012;32:31-5
  • Kishi T, Oya K, Iwata N. Long-acting injectable antipsychotics for the prevention of relapse in patients with recent-onset psychotic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychiatry Res 2016;246:750-5
  • Chong HY, Teoh SL, Wu DB, et al. Global economic burden of schizophrenia: a systematic review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016;12:357-73
  • Gupta S, Isherwood G, Jones K, et al. Productivity loss and resource utilization, and associated indirect and direct costs in individuals providing care for adults with schizophrenia in the EU5. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res 2015;7:593-602
  • Csoboth C, Witt EA, Villa KF, et al. The humanistic and economic burden of providing care for a patient with schizophrenia. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2015;61:754-61
  • van der Lee A, de Haan L, Beekman A. Schizophrenia in the Netherlands: continuity of care with better quality of care for less medical costs. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0157150
  • Weiden PJ, Kozma C, Grogg A, et al. Partial compliance and risk of rehospitalization among California Medicaid patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv 2004;55:886-91
  • Novick D, Haro JM, Suarez D, et al. Predictors and clinical consequences of non-adherence with antipsychotic medication in the outpatient treatment of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2010;176:109-13
  • De Hert M, Sermon J, Geerts P, et al. The use of continuous treatment versus placebo or intermittent treatment strategies in stabilized patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with first- and second-generation antipsychotics. CNS Drugs 2015;29:637-58
  • Acosta FJ, Bosch E, Sarmiento G, et al. Evaluation of noncompliance in schizophrenia patients using electronic monitoring (MEMS) and its relationship to sociodemographic, clinical and psychopathological variables. Schizophr Res 2009;107:213-17
  • Emsley R, Alptekin K, Azorin JM, et al. Nurses’ perceptions of medication adherence in schizophrenia: results of the ADHES cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2015;5:339-50
  • Kulkarni J, Reeve-Parker K. Psychiatrists’ awareness of partial- and non-adherence to antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: results from the Australian ADHES survey. Australas Psychiatry 2015;23:258-64
  • Noordraven EL, Wierdsma AI, Blanken P, et al. Depot-medication compliance for patients with psychotic disorders: the importance of illness insight and treatment motivation. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016;12:269-74
  • Kane JM, Sanchez R, Perry PP, et al. Aripiprazole intramuscular depot as maintenance treatment in patients with schizophrenia: a 52-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2012;73:617-24
  • European Medicines Agency. Xeplion authorization details. http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/002105/human_med_001424.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d125. [Last accessed 17 March 2016]
  • Gaviria AM, Franco JG, Aguado V, et al. A non-interventional naturalistic study of the prescription patterns of antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia from the Spanish province of Tarragona. PLoS One 2015;10:e0139403
  • Whale R, Pereira M, Cuthbert S, et al. Effectiveness and predictors of continuation of paliperidone palmitate long-acting injection treatment: a 12-month naturalistic cohort study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2015;35:591-5
  • Bernardo M, Bioque M. Three-month paliperidone palmitate - a new treatment option for schizophrenia. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2016;9:899-904
  • Berwaerts J, Liu Y, Gopal S, et al. Efficacy and safety of the 3-month formulation of paliperidone palmitate vs placebo for relapse prevention of schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2015;72:830-9
  • Savitz AJ, Xu H, Gopal S, et al. Efficacy and safety of paliperidone palmitate 3-month formulation for patients with schizophrenia: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, noninferiority study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016;19
  • Ijzerman MJ. Guideline for economic evaluations in healthcare. Amsterdam: Zorginstituut Nederland; June 16, 2016. http://www.ispor.org/PEguidelines/source/Netherlands_Guideline_for_economic_evaluations_in_healthcare.pdf. [Last accessed 10 November 2016]
  • Holthausen EA, Wiersma D, Cahn W, et al. Predictive value of cognition for different domains of outcome in recent-onset schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2007;149:71-80
  • Bouwmans C, de Sonneville C, Mulder CL, et al. Employment and the associated impact on quality of life in people diagnosed with schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015;11:2125-42
  • De Moor R, Malfait B, Tedouri F, et al. Three-monthly long-acting formulation of paliperidone is a dominant treatment option, cost saving while adding QALYs, compared to the one-monthly formulation in the treatment of schizophrenia in Belgium. Poster PMH28 Presented at the ISPOR 19th Annual European Congress, Vienna, Austria, October 29–November 2, 2016. Value Health 2016;19:A526
  • Arteaga Duarte C, Guillon P, Fakra E, et al. Three-monthly long-acting formulation of paliperidone palmitate is a dominant treatment option, cost saving while adding QALYs, compared to the one-monthly formulation in the treatment of schizophrenia in France. Poster PRM115. Presented at the ISPOR 19th Annual European Congress, Vienna, Austria, October 29–November 2, 2016. Value Health 2016;19:A378
  • Edwards NC, Rupnow MF, Pashos CL, et al. Cost-effectiveness model of long-acting risperidone in schizophrenia in the US. Pharmacoeconomics 2005;23:299-314
  • Obradovic M, Mrhar A, Kos M. Cost-effectiveness of antipsychotics for outpatients with chronic schizophrenia. Int J Clin Pract 2007;61:1979-88
  • Einarson TR, Maia-Lopes S, Goswami P, et al. Economic analysis of paliperidone long-acting injectable for chronic schizophrenia in Portugal. J Med Econ 2016;19:913-21
  • Decuypere F, Sermon J, Geerts P, et al. Treatment continuation of four long-acting antipsychotic medications in the Netherlands and Belgium: A retrospective database study. PLoS One 2017;12:e0179049
  • National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. The NICE guidelines on core interventions in the treatment and management of schizophrenia in adults in primary and secondary care. London: NICE; 2010
  • Olivares J, Rodrigues-Morales A, Diels J, et al. Long-term outcomes in patients with schizophrenia treated with risperidone long-acting injection or oral antipsychotics in Spain: Results from the electronic Schizophrenia Treatment Adherence Registry (e-STAR). Eur Psychiatry 2009;24:287-96
  • Kim E, Berwaerts J, Turkoz I, et al. Time to schizophrenia relapse in relapse-prevention studies of antipsychotics developed for administration daily, once monthly, and every 3 months. Presented at the 15th International Congress on Schizophrenia Research, Colorado Springs, CO, USA, March 28–April 1, 2015
  • Bucher HC, Guyatt GH, Griffith LE, et al. The results of direct and indirect treatment comparisons in meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Epidemiol 1997;50:683-91
  • Niaz OS, Haddad PM. Thirty-five months experience of risperidone long-acting injection in a UK psychiatric service including a mirror-image analysis of in-patient care. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2007;116:36-46
  • Spill B, Konoppa S, Kissling W, et al. Long-term observation of patients successfully switched to risperidone long-acting injectable: A retrospective, naturalistic 18-month mirror-image study of hospitalization rates and therapy costs. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2010;14:53-62
  • DBC tarivien 2016 – Universitair Centrum Psychiatrie. https://www.umcg.nl/SiteCollectionDocuments/UMCG/Afdelingen/Psychiatrie/DBC%20tarieven%202016%20-%20Universitair%20Centrum%20Psychiatrie%20%20(UCP).pdf. Accessed March 19, 2016
  • Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Consumer Price Index http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?Dataset-Code=MEI_PRICES. [Last accessed 19 March 2016]
  • Osborne RH, Dalton A, Hertel J, et al. Health-related quality of life advantage of long-acting injectable antipsychotic treatment for schizophrenia: a time trade-off study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2012;10:35
  • Druais S, Doutriaux A, Cognet M, et al. Cost effectiveness of paliperidone long-acting injectable versus other antipsychotics for the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia in France. Pharmacoeconomics 2016;34:363-91
  • Zorginstituut. https://www.zorginstituutnederland.nl/binaries/content/documents/zinl-www/documenten/publicaties/rapporten-en-standpunten/2015/1506-kosteneffectiviteit-in-de-praktijk/Kosteneffectiviteit+in+de+praktijk.pdf. [Last accessed 16 January 2017]
  • Ravenstijn P, Remmerie B, Savitz A, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of paliperidone palmitate 3-month formulation in patients with schizophrenia: A phase-1, single-dose, randomized, open-label study. J Clin Pharmacol 2016;56:330-9
  • Leng D, Chen H, Li G, et al. Development and comparison of intramuscularly long-acting paliperidone palmitate nanosuspensions with different particle size. Int J Pharm 2014;472:380-5
  • Park EJ, Amatya S, Kim MS, et al. Long-acting injectable formulations of antipsychotic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia. Arch Pharm Res 2013;36:651-9
  • Plehn G, Oernek A, Vormbrock J, et al. [Comparison of costs and revenues in conservative and invasive treatment in cardiology: a contribution margin analysis]. Gesundheitswesen 2015;15. [Epub ahead of print] German
  • Baumgart DC, le Claire M. The expenditures for academic inpatient care of inflammatory bowel disease patients are almost double compared with average academic gastroenterology and hepatology cases and not fully recovered by diagnosis-related group (DRG) proceeds. PLoS One 2016;11:e0147364
  • Heerey A, McGowan B, Ryan M, et al. Microcosting versus DRGs in the provision of cost estimates for use in pharmacoeconomic evaluation. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2002;2:29-33
  • Schreyögg J, Tiemann O, Busse R. Cost accounting to determine prices: how well do prices reflect costs in the German DRG-system? Health Care Manag Sci 2006;9:269-79
  • Geissler A, Quentin W, Busse R. Heterogeneity of European DRG systems and potentials for a common EuroDRG system: comment on “Cholecystectomy and Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRGs): patient classification and hospital reimbursement in 11 European countries”. Int J Health Policy Manag 2015;4:319-20
  • Benson C, Chirila C, Graham J, et al. Health resource use and cost analysis of schizophrenia patients participating in a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, relapse-prevention study of paliperidone palmitate 3-month formulation. Presented at the ISPOR 20th Annual International Meeting; Philadelphia, PA, May 16–20, 2015
  • Benson C, Chirila C, Graham J, et al. Health resource use and cost analysis of schizophrenia patients participating in a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, relapse-prevention study of paliperidone palmitate 3-month formulation. Abstract PMH27. Value Health 205;18:A119
  • Hough D, Gopal S, Vijapurkar U. Paliperidone palmitate maintenance treatment in delaying the time-to-relapse in patients with schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Schizophr Res 2010;116:107-17
  • García-Ruiz AJ, Pérez-Costillas L, Montesinos AC, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of antipsychotics in reducing schizophrenia relapses. Health Econ Rev 2012;2:8
  • Einarson TR, Hemels ME. Validation of an economic model of paliperidone palmitate for chronic schizophrenia. J Med Econ 2013;16:1267-74
  • European Medicines Agency. Trevicta authorization details. http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/004066/human_med_001829.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac0580-01d124. [Last accessed 16 November 2016]
  • Baser O, Xie L, Pesa J, et al. Healthcare utilization and costs of Veterans Health Administration patients with schizophrenia treated with paliperidone palmitate long-acting injection or oral atypical antipsychotics. J Med Econ 2015;18:357-65
  • Taylor D, Olofinjana O. Long-acting paliperidone palmitate - interim results of an observational study of its effect on hospitalization. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2014;29:229-34
  • Attard A, Olofinjana O, Cornelius V, et al. Paliperidone palmitate long-acting injection—prospective year-long follow-up of use in clinical practice. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2014;130:46-51
  • Zhang F, Si T, Chiou CF, et al. Efficacy, safety, and impact on hospitalizations of paliperidone palmitate in recent-onset schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015;11:657-68
  • Liu HL, Liu Y, Hao ZX, et al. Comparison of primary coronary percutaneous coronary intervention between diabetic men and women with acute myocardial infarction. Pakistan J Med Sci 2015;31:420-5
  • Alphs L, Benson C, Cheshire-Kinney K, et al. Real-world outcomes of paliperidone palmitate compared to daily oral antipsychotic therapy in schizophrenia: a randomized, open-label, review board-blinded 15-month study. J Clin Psychiatry 2015;76:554-61
  • Fu DJ, Turkoz I, Simonson RB, et al. Paliperidone palmitate once-monthly reduces risk of relapse of psychotic, depressive, and manic symptoms and maintains functioning in a double-blind, randomized study of schizoaffective disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2015;76:253-62
  • McEvoy JP, Byerly M, Hamer RM, et al. Effectiveness of paliperidone palmitate vs haloperidol decanoate for maintenance treatment of schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014;311:1978-87
  • Bitter I, Katona L, Zámbori J, et al. Comparative effectiveness of depot and oral second generation antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a nationwide study in Hungary. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013;23:1383-90
  • Chan HW, Huang CY, Feng WJ, et al. Risperidone long-acting injection and 1-year rehospitalization rate of schizophrenia patients: A retrospective cohort study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2015;69:497-503
  • Chang HC, Tang CH, Huang ST, et al. A cost-consequence analysis of long-acting injectable risperidone in schizophrenia: a one-year mirror-image study with national claim-based database in Taiwan. J Psychiatr Res 2012;46:751-6
  • Chue P, Llorca P-M, Duchesne I, et al. Hospitalization rates in patients during long-term treatment with long-acting risperidone injection. J Appl Res 2005;5:266-74
  • Deslandes PN, Thomas A, Faulconbridge GM, et al. Experience with risperidone long-acting injection: results of a naturalistic observation study. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2007;11:207-11
  • Huang SS, Lin CH, Loh E-W, et al. Antipsychotic formulation and one-year rehospitalization of schizophrenia patients: a population-based cohort study. Psychiatr Serv 2013;64:1259-62
  • Koczerginski D, Arshoff L. Hospital resource use by patients with schizophrenia: reduction after conversion from oral treatment to risperidone long-acting injection. Healthc Q 2011;14:82-7
  • Lammers L, Zehm B, Williams R. Risperidone long-acting injection in Schizophrenia Spectrum Illnesses compared to first generation depot antipsychotics in an outpatient setting in Canada. BMC Psychiatry 2013;13:155
  • Leal A, Rosillon D, Mehnert A, et al. Healthcare resource utilization during 1-year treatment with long-acting, injectable risperidone. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2004;13:811-16
  • Llorca PM, Sacchetti E, Lloyd K, et al. Long-term remission in schizophrenia and related psychoses with long-acting risperidone: results obtained in an open-label study with an observation period of 18 months. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008;46:14-22
  • Lloyd K, Latif MA, Simpson S, et al. Switching stable patients with schizophrenia from depot and oral antipsychotics to long-acting injectable risperidone: efficacy, quality of life and functional outcome. Hum Psychopharmacol 2010;25:243-52
  • Mihaljevic-Peles A, Sagud M, Filipcic IS, et al. Remission and employment status in schizophrenia and other psychoses: one-year prospective study in Croatian patients treated with risperidone long acting injection. Psychiatr Danub 2016;28:263-72
  • Olivares JM, Peuskens J, Pecenak J, et al. Clinical and resource-use outcomes of risperidone long-acting injection in recent and long-term diagnosed schizophrenia patients: results from a multinational electronic registry. Curr Med Res Opin 2009;25:2197-206
  • Ren XS, Crivera C, Sikirica M, et al. Evaluation of health services use following the initiation of risperidone long-acting therapy among schizophrenia patients in the veterans health administration J Clin Pharm Ther 2011;36:383-9
  • Rossi A, Bagalà A, Del Curatolo V, et al. Risperidone long-acting trial investigators (R-LAI). Remission in schizophrenia: one-year Italian prospective study of risperidone long-acting injectable (RLAI) in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol 2009;24:574-83
  • Taylor M, Currie A, Lloyd K, et al. Impact of risperidone long acting injection on resource utilization in psychiatric secondary care. J Psychopharmacol 2008;22:128-31
  • Williams R, Chandrasena R, Beauclair L, et al. Risperidone long-acting injection in the treatment of schizophrenia: 24-month results from the electronic Schizophrenia Treatment Adherence Registry in Canada. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014;10:417-25
  • Yu HY, Hsiao CY, Chen KC, et al. A comparison of the effectiveness of risperidone, haloperidol and flupentixol long-acting injections in patients with schizophrenia—A nationwide study. Schizophr Res 2015;169:400-5
  • European Medicines Agency. Risperdal Consta® summary of product characteristics. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Risperdal_Consta_30/WC500008170.pdf. [Last accessed 2 March 2017]
  • Conley RR, Kelly DL, Love RC, et al. Rehospitalization risk with second-generation and depot antipsychotics. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2003;15:23-31
  • Shi L, Ascher-Svanum H, Zhu B, et al. Characteristics and use patterns of patients taking first-generation depot antipsychotics or oral antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv 2007;58:482-8
  • Ascher-Svanum H, Zhu B, Faries DE, et al. Medication adherence levels and differential use of mental-health services in the treatment of schizophrenia. BMC Res Notes 2009;2:6
  • Patel NC, Dorson PG, Edwards N, et al. One-year rehospitalization rates of patients discharged on atypical versus conventional antipsychotics. Psychiatr Serv 2002;53:891-3
  • Vanasse A, Blais L, Courteau J, et al. Comparative effectiveness and safety of antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia treatment: a real-world observational study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2016;134:374-84
  • Williams R, Kopala L, Malla A, et al. Medication decisions and clinical outcomes in the Canadian National Outcomes Measurement Study in Schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 2006;430:12-21
  • Yu AP, Atanasov P, Ben-Hamadi R, et al. Resource utilization and costs of schizophrenia patients treated with olanzapine versus quetiapine in a Medicaid population. Value Health 2009;12:708-15
  • Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, et al. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 2005;353:1209-23
  • Meltzer HY, Alphs L, Green AI, et al. Clozapine treatment for suicidality in schizophrenia: International Suicide Prevention Trial (InterSePT). Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60:82-91
  • Dossenbach M, Arango-Dávila C, Silva Ibarra H, et al. Response and relapse in patients with schizophrenia treated with olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, or haloperidol: 12-month follow-up of the Intercontinental Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (IC-SOHO) study. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66:1021-30
  • García-Cabeza I, Gómez JC, Sacristán JA, et al. Subjective response to antipsychotic treatment and compliance in schizophrenia. A naturalistic study comparing olanzapine, risperidone and haloperidol (EFESO Study). BMC Psychiatry 2001;1:7
  • Gibson PJ, Damler R, Jackson EA, et al. The impact of olanzapine, risperidone, or haloperidol on the cost of schizophrenia care in a medicaid population. Value Health 2004;7:22-35
  • Gómez JC, Sacristán JA, Hernández J, et al. The safety of olanzapine compared with other antipsychotic drugs: results of an observational prospective study in patients with schizophrenia (EFESO study). Pharmacoepidemiologic study of olanzapine in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61:335-43
  • Kasper S, Rosillon D, Duchesne I, et al. Risperidone olanzapine drug outcomes studies in schizophrenia (RODOS): efficacy and tolerability results of an international naturalistic study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;16:179-87
  • Kilian R, Steinert T, Schepp W, et al. Effectiveness of antipsychotic maintenance therapy with quetiapine in comparison with risperidone and olanzapine in routine schizophrenia treatment: results of a prospective observational trial. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2012;262:589-98
  • Kraemer S, Chartier F, Augendre-Ferrante B, et al. Effectiveness of two formulations of oral olanzapine in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in a natural setting: results from a 1-year European observational study. Hum Psychopharmacol 2012;27:284-94
  • Kumar V, Rao NP, Narasimha V, et al. Antipsychotic dose in maintenance treatment of schizophrenia: a retrospective study. Psychiatry Res 2016;245:311-31
  • Mladsi DM, Grogg AL, Irish WD, et al. Pharmacy cost evaluation of risperidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine for the treatment of schizophrenia in acute care inpatient settings. Curr Med Res Opin 2004;20:1883-93
  • Rascati KL, Johnsrud MT, Crismon ML, et al. Olanzapine versus risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia: a comparison of costs among Texas Medicaid recipients. Pharmacoeconomics 2003;21:683-97
  • Sacristán JA, Gómez JC, Montejo AL, et al. Doses of olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol used in clinical practice: results of a prospective pharmacoepidemiologic study. EFESO Study Group. Estudio Farmacoepidemiologico en la Esquizofrenia con Olanzapina. Clin Ther 2000;22:583-99
  • Snaterse M, Welch R. A retrospective, naturalistic review comparing clinical outcomes of in-hospital treatment with risperidone and olanzapine. Clin Drug Invest 2000;20:159-64
  • Takahashi M, Nakahara N, Fujikoshi S, et al. Remission, response, and relapse rates in patients with acute schizophrenia treated with olanzapine monotherapy or other atypical antipsychotic monotherapy: 12-month prospective observational study. Pragmat Obs Res 2015;6:39-46
  • Tiihonen J, Wahlbeck K, Lönnqvist J, et al. Effectiveness of antipsychotic treatments in a nationwide cohort of patients in community care after first hospitalisation due to schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: observational follow-up study. BMJ 2006;333:224
  • Buchanan RW, Breier A, Kirkpatrick B, et al. Positive and negative symptom response to clozapine in schizophrenic patients with and without the deficit syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:751-60
  • Essock SM, Hargreaves WA, Dohm FA, et al. Clozapine eligibility among state hospital patients. Schizophr Bull 1996;22:15-25
  • Kane JM, Marder SR, Schooler NR, et al. Clozapine and haloperidol in moderately refractory schizophrenia: a 6-month randomized and double-blind comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:965-72
  • Rosenheck R, Cramer J, Xu W, et al. A comparison of clozapine and haloperidol in hospitalized patients with refractory schizophrenia. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Clozapine in Refractory Schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 1997;337:809-15
  • Bondolfi G, Dufour H, Patris M, et al. Risperidone versus clozapine in treatment-resistant chronic schizophrenia: a randomized double-blind study. The Risperidone Study Group. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:499-504
  • Breier A, Hamilton SH. Comparative efficacy of olanzapine and haloperidol for patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1999;45:403-11
  • Henderson DC, Nasrallah RA, Goff DC. Switching from clozapine to olanzapine in treatment-refractory schizophrenia: safety, clinical efficacy, and predictors of response. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59:585-98
  • Hong CJ, Chen JY, Chiu HJ, et al. A double-blind comparative study of clozapine versus chlorpromazine on Chinese patients with treatment-refractory schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1997;12:123-30
  • Josiassen RC, Joseph A, Kohegyi E, et al. Clozapine augmented with risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162
  • Kane J, Honigfeld G, Singer J, et al. A double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:789-96
  • Klieser E, Lehmann E, Kinzler E, et al. Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of risperidone versus clozapine in patients with chronic schizophrenia J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995;15(1Suppl1):45S-51S
  • Krakowski MI, Czobor P, Citrome L, et al. Atypical antipsychotic agents in the treatment of violent patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:622-9
  • Kumra S, Kranzler H, Gerbino-Rosen G, et al. Clozapine and “high-dose” olanzapine in refractory early-onset schizophrenia: a 12-week randomized and double-blind comparison. Biol Psychiatry 2008;63:524-9
  • McGurk SR, Carter C, Goldman R, et al. The effects of clozapine and risperidone on spatial working memory in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:1013-16
  • Moresco RM, Cavallaro R, Messa C, et al. Cerebral D2 and 5-HT2 receptor occupancy in schizophrenic patients treated with olanzapine or clozapine. J Psychopharmacol 2004;18:355-6
  • Naber D, Riedel M, Klimke A, et al. Randomized double blind comparison of olanzapine vs. clozapine on subjective well-being and clinical outcome in patients with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005;111:106-15
  • Sacchetti E, Galluzzo A, Valsecchi P, et al. Ziprasidone vs clozapine in schizophrenia patients refractory to multiple antipsychotic treatments: the MOZART study. Schizophr Res 2009;113:112-21
  • Tollefson GD, Birkett MA, Kiesler GM, et al. Double-blind comparison of olanzapine versus clozapine in schizophrenic patients clinically eligible for treatment with clozapine. Biol Psychiatry 2001;49:52-63
  • Volavka J, Czobor P, Sheitman B, et al. Clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol in the treatment of patients with chronic schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:255-62
  • Wahlbeck K, Cheine M, Tuisku K, et al. Risperidone versus clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a randomized pilot study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2000;24:911-22
  • European Medicine Agency. Committee for Proprietary Medical Products (CPMP) summary information on referral opinion following arbitration pursuant to Article 30 of Council Directive 2001/83/EC for Leponex and associated names. November 12, 2002. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Leponex_30/WC500010966.pdf. [Last accessed November 19, 2016]
  • Chen EY, Hui CL, Lam MM, et al. Maintenance treatment with quetiapine versus discontinuation after one year of treatment in patients with remitted first episode psychosis: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2010;341:c4024
  • Crow TJ, MacMillan JF, Johnson AL, et al. A randomised controlled trial of prophylactic neuroleptic treatment. Br J Psychiatry 1986;148:120-7
  • Hogarty GE, Goldberg SC. Drug and sociotherapy in the aftercare of schizophrenic patients. One-year relapse rates. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1973;28:54-64
  • Hogarty GE, Ulrich RF. The limitations of antipsychotic medication on schizophrenia relapse and adjustment and the contributions of psychosocial treatment. J Psychiatr Res 1998;32:243-50
  • Kane JM, Rifkin A, Quitkin F, et al. Fluphenazine vs placebo in patients with remitted, acute first-episode schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:70-3
  • McCreadie RG, Wiles D, Grant S, et al. The Scottish first episode schizophrenia study. VII. Two-year follow-up. Scottish Schizophrenia Research Group. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989;80:597-602
  • McGlashan TH, Zipursky RB, Perkins D, et al. Randomized, double-blind trial of olanzapine versus placebo in patients prodromally symptomatic for psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:790-9
  • Eklund K, Forsman A. Minimal effective dose and relapse–double-blind trial: haloperidol decanoate vs. placebo. Clin Neuropharmacol 1991;14(Suppl2):S7-S12
  • Sectorrapport GGZ. Amersfoort, The Netherlands: GGZ Nederland, December 2015. http://www.ggznederland.nl/uploads/assets/GGZ1508-01%20Sectorrapport-2013-1.pdf. [Last accessed 10 January 2017]
  • ZIN Kostenhandleiding. Methodologie van kostenonderzoek en referentieprijzen voor economische evaluaties. Rotterdam: Erasmus University Institute for Medical Technology Assessment; 2014. https://www.zorginstituutnederland.nl/binaries/content/documents/zinl-www/documenten/publicaties/overige-publicaties/1602-richtlijn-voor-het-uitvoeren-van-economische-evaluaties-in-de-gezondheidszorg-bijlagen/1602-richtlijn-voor-het-uitvoeren-van-economische-evaluaties-in-de-gezondheidszorg-bijlagen/Richtlijn+voor+het+uitvoeren+van+economische+evaluaties+in+de+gezondheidszorg+(verdiepingsmodules).pdf. [Last accessed 19 November 2016]
  • NZA Tariefbeschikking gespecialiseerde geestelijke gezondheidsorg. TB/CU-5079. Utrecht: Nederlandse Zorgautoriteit; 2016. https://www.nza.nl/1048076/1048144/TB_CU_5079_01__Gespecialiseerde_geestelijke_gezondheidszorg.pdf. [Last accessed 19 November 2016]
  • SHL Tariffs: laboratory diagnostics. Etten-Leur, The Netherlands: SHL Group. https://www.shl-groep.nl/patient/tarieven/?tariefgroep=laboratoriumdiagnostiek. [Last accessed 18 November 2016]
  • Dilla T, Ciudad A, Alvarez M. Systematic review of the economic aspects of nonadherence to antipsychotic medication in patients with schizophrenia. Patient Prefer Adherence 2013;7:275-84

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.