References
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Office of the Surgeon General. Facing addiction in America: The Surgeon General’s report on alcohol, drugs, and health. Washington (DC): HHS; 2016
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013
- Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality; 2016
- Rudd RA, Aleshire N, Zibbell JE, et al. Increases in drug and opioid overdose deaths—United States, 2000–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep; 2016;64:1378-82
- Ruhm CJ. Geographic variation in opioid and heroin involved drug poisoning mortality rates. Am J Prev Med 2017 Dec;53(6):745-753
- Florence CS, Zhou C, Luo F, et al. The economic burden of prescription opioid overdose, abuse, and dependence in the United States, 2013. Med Care 2016;54:901-6
- Kirson NY, Scarpati LM, Enloe CJ, et al. The economic burden of opioid abuse: updated findings. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2017;23:427-45
- Meyer R, Patel AM, Rattana SK, et al. Prescription opioid abuse: a literature review of the clinical and economic burden in the United States. Popul Health Manag 2014;17:372-87
- Oderda GM, Lake J, Rudell K, et al. Economic burden of prescription opioid misuse and abuse: a systematic review. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 2015;29:388-400
- Rice JB, Kirson NY, Shei A, et al. Estimating the costs of opioid abuse and dependence from an employer perspective: a retrospective analysis using administrative claims data. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 2014;12:435-46
- Rice JB, Kirson NY, Shei A, et al. The economic burden of diagnosed opioid abuse among commercially insured individuals. Postgrad Med 2014;126:53-8
- Weiss AJ, Elixhauser A, Barrett ML, et al. Opioid-related inpatient stays and emergency department visits by state, 2009–2014: statistical brief #219. Rockville, MD: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Briefs; 2006
- The Council of Economic Advisers. The underestimated cost of the opioid crisis: Whitehouse.gov; 2017. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/images/The%20Underestimated%20Cost%20of%20the%20Opioid%20Crisis.pdf. Accessed November 28, 2017
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Principles of drug addiction treatment: a research-based guide, 3rd edn; 2012. Available at: https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-addiction-treatment-research-based-guide-third-edition. Accessed on November 28, 2017
- American Psychiatric Association (APA). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with substance use disorders, 2nd edition; 2006. Available at: https://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/substanceuse.pdf. Accessed on November 28, 2017
- American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM). National Practice Guideline for the Use of Medications in the Treatment of Addiction Involving Opioid Use; 2015. Available at: HYPERLINK “https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/kPIKCKrY6nH22Pk7Ksoj4em?domain=asam.org” https://www.asam.org/docs/default-source/practice-support/guidelines-and-consensus-docs/asam-national-practice-guideline-supplement.pdf?sfvrsn =24. Accessed on November 28, 2017
- Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense (VA/DoD). VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for the management of substance use disorders; 2015. Available at: https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/MH/sud/VADODSUDCPGRevised22216.pdf. Accessed on November 28, 2017
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Pocket guide: medication-assisted treatment of opioid use disorder; 2015. Available at: https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/SMA16-4892PG/SMA16-4892PG.pdf. Accessed on November 28, 2017
- Methadose oral concentrate prescribing information. Hazelwood, MO: Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals; 2016. Available at: www2.mallinckrodt.com/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=2147486010. Accessed November 28, 2017
- SUBOXONE prescribing information. Richmond, VA: Indivior, Inc.; 2017. Available at: https://www.suboxone.com/content/pdfs/prescribing-information.pdf. Accessed November 28, 2017
- Buprenorphine hydrochloride sublingual tablets prescribing information. Pittsburg, PA: Mylan Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2017. Available at: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=7a85f424-9d83-49d9-8a17-478abce6fddd. Accessed November 28, 2017
- Fudala PJ, Bridge TP, Herbert S, et al. Office-based treatment of opiate addiction with a sublingual-tablet formulation of buprenorphine and naloxone. N Engl J Med 2003;349:949-58
- Li X, Shorter D, Kosten TR. Buprenorphine prescribing: to expand or not to expand. J Psychiatr Pract 2016;22:183-92
- Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Clinical guidelines for the use of buprenorphine in the treatment of opioid addiction: treatment improvement protocol (TIP) series 40. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2004
- Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Medication-assisted treatment for opioid addiction in opioid treatment programs: treatment improvement protocol (TIP) series 43. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2005
- VIVITROL prescribing information. Waltham, MA: Alkermes, Inc.; 2017. Available at: https://www.vivitrol.com/content/pdfs/prescribing-information.pdf. Accessed November 28, 2017
- Bryson WC, McConnell KJ, Korthuis PT, et al. Extended-release naltrexone for alcohol dependence: persistence and healthcare costs and utilization. Am J Manag Care 2011;17(Suppl8):S222-S34
- Krupitsky E, Nunes EV, Ling W, et al. Injectable extended-release naltrexone for opioid dependence: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2011;377:1506-13
- National Institute in Drug Abuse (NIDA). Principles of Drug Abuse Treatment for Criminal Justice Populations - A Research-Based Guide; 2014. Available at: https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-abuse-treatment-criminal-justice-populations-research-based-guide. Accessed on November 28, 2017
- Baser O, Chalk M, Fiellin DA, et al. Cost and utilization outcomes of opioid-dependence treatments. Am J Manag Care 2011;17(Suppl8):S235-S48
- Jackson H, Mandell K, Johnson K, et al. Cost-effectiveness of injectable extended-release naltrexone compared with methadone maintenance and buprenorphine maintenance treatment for opioid dependence. Subst Abuse 2015;36:226-31
- Soares WE III, Wilson D, Rathlev N, et al. Healthcare utilization in adults with opioid dependence receiving extended release naltrexone compared to treatment as usual. J Subst Abuse Treat 2018 Feb;85:66-69
- Truven Health Analytics. MarketScan research databases. Available at: http://truvenhealth.com/markets/life-sciences/products/data-tools/marketscan-databases. Accessed on November 28, 2017
- National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA). HEDIS 2018 measures; 2017. Available at: http://www.ncqa.org/Portals/0/HEDISQM/HEDIS2018/HEDIS%202018%20Measures.pdf?ver=2017-06-28-134644-370. Accessed on November 28, 2017
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. VIVITROL® (naltrexone for extended-release injectable suspension) label; 2010. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2010/021897s015lbl.pdf. Accessed on November 28, 2017
- Quan H, Li B, Couris CM, et al. Updating and validating the Charlson comorbidity index and score for risk adjustment in hospital discharge abstracts using data from 6 countries. Am J Epidemiol 2011;173:676-82
- van Walraven C, Austin PC, Jennings A, et al. A modification of the Elixhauser comorbidity measures into a point system for hospital death using administrative data. Med Care 2009;47:626-33
- Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act of 2016, Senate - Judiciary, 114th Congress Sess.; 2016. Available at: https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/524/text. Accessed on November 28, 2017
- Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy (AMCP) Addiction Treatment Advisory Group (ATAG); 2016. Available at: http://www.amcp.org/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id =21700. Accessed on November 28, 2017
- Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Announcement of calendar year (CY) 2017 Medicare Advantage capitation rates and Medicare Advantage and Part D payment policies and final call letter; 2016. Available at: https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Health-Plans/MedicareAdvtgSpecRateStats/Downloads/Announcement2017.pdf. Accessed on November 28, 2017
- Cigna Corporation. Our response to address the growing opioid epidemic; 2017. Available at: https://www.cigna.com/assets/docs/about-cigna/opioid-%20faq.pdf?WT.z_nav¼about-us%2Fhealthcare-leadership%2Faway-from-blame%3BBody%3BOUR%20RESPONSE%20TO%20ADDRESS%20THE%20GROWING%20OPIOD%20EPIDEMIC. Accessed on November 28, 2017
- Paz H. Finding solutions. Aetna’s comprehensive strategy to combat the opioid epidemic; 2017. Available at: https://news.aetna.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Finding-Solutions-Aetna-on-Opioids-FINAL.pdf. Accessed on November 28, 2017
- Becker WC, Fiellin DA, Merrill JO, et al. Opioid use disorder in the United States: insurance status and treatment access. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008;94:207-13
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Health care systems and substance use disorders; 2016. Available at: https://addiction.surgeongeneral.gov/ chapter-6-health-care-systems.pdf. Accessed on November 28, 2017
- Parran TV, Muller JZ, Chernyak E, et al. Access to and payment for office-based buprenorphine treatment in Ohio. Subst Abuse Res Treat 2017;11. doi: 10.1178221817699247