References
- DiMasi JA, Grabowski HG, Hansen RW. Innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: new estimates of R&D costs. J Health Econ. 2016;47:20–33.
- Schacht W. The Bayh-Dole Act: selected issues in patent policy and the commercialization of technology. Congressional Research Service Report 7-5700. 2012 Dec 3 [cited 2019 Jun 24]. Available from: https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL32076.pdf.
- Stevens AJ, Jensen JJ, Wyller K, et al. The role of public-sector research in the discovery of drugs and vaccines. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:535–541.
- Grabowski H, Long G, Mortimer R, et al. Updated trends in US brand-name and generic drug competition. J Med Econ. 2016;19(9):836–844.
- Loise V, Stevens AJ. The Bayh-Dole Act turns 30. Sci Transl Med. 2010;2(52):185–194.
- Chakravarthy R, Cotter K, DiMasi J, et al. Public- and private-sector contributions to the research and development of the most transformational drugs in the past 25 years: from theory to therapy. Ther Innnov Regul Sci. 2016;50(6):759–768.
- Cockburn I, Henderson R. Public-private interaction in pharmaceutical research. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996;93(23):12725–12730.
- Zycher B, DiMasi JA, Milne CP. Private sector contributions to pharmaceutical science: thirty-five summary case histories. Am J Ther. 2010;17(1):101–120.
- Chakravarthy R, Cotter K, DiMasi J, et al. Public- and private-sector contributions to the research and development of the most transformational drugs in the past 25 years: from theory to therapy. Ther Innnov Regul Sci. 2016;50(6):759–768.
- Kesselheim AS, Tan YT, Avorn J. The roles of academia, rare diseases, and repurposing in the development of the most transformative drugs. Health Aff (Millwood). 2015;34(2):286–293.
- Sampat BN, Lichtenberg FR. What are the respective roles of the public and private sectors in pharmaceutical innovation? Health Aff (Millwood). 2011;30(2):332–339.
- National Bureau of Economic Research, FDA Orange Book Patent and Exclusivity Data, 1986–2016 [cited 2018 Sept 17]. Available from: http://data.nber.org/fda/orange-book/historical/1986-2016/.
- README: Orange Book patent and exclusivity data [cited 2018 Sept 17]. Available from: https://economics.mit.edu/files/15296.
- US Patent and Trademark Office. USPTO Patent Full-Text and Image Database [cited 2019 May 28]. Available from: http://patft.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.htm.
- Rai AK, Sampat BN. Accountability in patenting of federally funded research. Nat Biotechnol. 2012;30(10):953–956.