Pakistan’s Colonial Legacy

References

• Ahmad, Manzoor. 2013. “Insurgency in Fata: Causes and a Way Forward.” Pakistan Annual Research Journal 49: 11–43.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, Akbar S. 2012. The Thistle and the Drone: How America’s War on Terror Became a Global War on Tribal Islam. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, Ishtiaq. 2013a. The Punjab Bloodied, Partitioned and Cleansed: Unravelling the 1947 Tragedy Through Secret British Reports and First-Person Accounts. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, Ishtiaq. 2013b. The Pakistan Garrison State: Origins, Evolution, Consequences (1947–2011). Karachi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, Ishtiaq. 2013c. “‘Pakistan is a Post-Colonial Garrison State’.” Interview by Raza Rumi and Raza Habib Raja. Friday Times, August 30. http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta3/tft/article.php?issue=20130830&page=16.
   Google Scholar
• Akhtar, Aasim Sajjad, and Ali Nobil Ahmad. 2015. “Conspiracy and Statecraft in Postcolonial States: Theories and Realities of the Hidden Hand in Pakistan’s War on Terror.” Third World Quarterly 36 (1): 94–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam, Shah. 2012. Pakistan Army: Modernisation, Arms Procurement and Capacity Building. New Delhi: Vij Books.
   Google Scholar
• Alavi, Hamza. 1972. “The State in Post-Colonial Societies: Pakistan and Bangladesh.” New Left Review 1 (72): 59–81.
   Google Scholar
• Alavi, Hamza. 1991. “Nationhood and the Nationalities in Pakistan: Migrants and Cities in a Muslim Society.” In Economy and Culture in Pakistan, edited by Hastings Donnan, and Pnina Werbner, 163–187. London: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Ali, Shaheen S. 1999. “The Rights of Ethnic Minorities in Pakistan: A Legal Analysis.” International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 6 (1/2): 169–195.
   Google Scholar
• Aziz, Sartaj. 2017. “History of FATA Reforms.” Express Tribune, March 8. https://www.tribune.com.pk/story/1349941/history-fata-reforms/.
   Google Scholar
• Bashir, Shahzad, and Robert D. Crews. 2012. “Introduction.” In Under the Drones, edited by Shahzad Bashir, and Robert D. Crews, 1–16. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berry, Willard M. 1966. Aspects of the Frontier Crimes Regulation in Pakistan. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bose, Sugata, and Ayesha Jalal. 1998. Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Brigg, Morgan, and Polly O. Walker. 2016. “Indigeneity and Peace.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Disciplinary and Regional Approaches to Peace, edited by Oliver P. Richmond, Sandra Pogodda, and Jasmin Ramovic, 259–271. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Buneri, Shaheen. 2010. “Pakistan’s Pashtuns Feel More Alone than Ever.” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty October 25. https://www.rferl.org/a/Pakistans_Pashtuns_Feel_More_Alone_Than_Ever/2200408.html.
   Google Scholar
• Caroe, Olaf. 1958. The Pathans: 550 BC—1957 AD. London: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Chandra, Uday. 2013. “The Case for a Postcolonial Approach to the Study of Politics.” New Political Science 35 (3): 479–491.
   Google Scholar
• Cheema, Moeen H. 2012. “Beyond Beliefs: Deconstructing the Dominant Narratives of the Islamization of Pakistan’s Law.” American Journal of Comparative Law 60 (4): 875–917.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, Stephen P. 2004. The Idea of Pakistan. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dawn. 2017. “Counting the Displaced Persons in Census Demanded.” Dawn News, April 7. https://www.dawn.com/news/1325455/counting-the-displaced-persons-in-census-demanded.
   Google Scholar
• Devji, Faisal. 2013. Muslim Zion: Pakistan as a Political Idea. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dirlik, Arif. 1998. The Postcolonial Aura: Third World Criticism in the Age of Global Capitalism. Boulder: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Editorial. 2017. “Hurdles to Reform in FATA.” Express Tribune, April 11. https://www.tribune.com.pk/story/1380058/hurdles-reform-fata/.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, Matthew. 2003. “The New Great Game and the New Great Gamers: Disciples of Kipling and Mackinder.” Central Asian Survey 22 (1): 83–102.
   Google Scholar
• Elphinstone, Mountstuart. 1842. An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul, and its Dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India: Comprising a View of the Afghaun Nation, and a History of the Dooraunee Monarchy. London: R. Bentley.
   Google Scholar
• Enriquez, Colin M. 1921. The Pathan Borderland; A Consecutive Account of the Country and People on and Beyond the Indian Frontier from Chitral to Dera Ismail Khan. Calcutta: Thacker, Spinck.
   Google Scholar
• Fearon, James D., and David D. Laitin. 2003. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War.” American Political Science Review 97 (1): 75–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferraro, Vincent. 2008. “Dependency Theory: An Introduction.” Development Economics Reader 12 (2): 58–64.
   Google Scholar
• Gazdar, Haris, Yasser Kureshi, and Asad Sayeed. 2014. “The Rise of Jihadi Militancy in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas.” In Civil Wars in South Asia: State, Sovereignty, Development, edited by Aparna Sundar, and Nandini Sundar, 165–188. New Delhi: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Guha, Ranajit. 1997. Dominance Without Hegemony: History and Power in Colonial India. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gul, Imtiaz. 2010. The Most Dangerous Place: Pakistan’s Lawless Frontier. London: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Hamadani, Agha H. 1986. The Frontier Policy of the Delhi Sultans. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Hanif-ur-Rehman, and Jamshed Khan. 2014. “Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and Pak–Afghan Relations After 9/11.” The Dialgoue 9 (4): 326–338.
   Google Scholar
• Haqqani, H. 2010. Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins, Benjamin D. 2015. “The Frontier Crimes Regulation and Frontier Governmentality.” Journal of Asian Studies 74 (2): 369–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hossain, Ishtiaq, and Mahmud H. Khan. 2006. “The Rift Within an Imagined Community: Understanding Nationalism(s) in Bangladesh.” Asian Journal of Social Science 34 (2): 324–339.
   Google Scholar
• HRCP (Human Rights Commission of Pakistan). 2005. FCR: A Bad Law Nobody Could Defend. Peshawar: Human Rights Commission of Pakistan.
   Google Scholar
• Hussain, Ejaz. 2012. “Pakistan: Civil–Military Relations in a Post-Colonial State.” PCD Journal 1 (1): 113–145.
   Google Scholar
• Islam, Nasir. 2001. “Democracy and Governance in Pakistan’s Fragmented Society.” International Journal of Public Administration 24 (12): 1335–1355.
   Google Scholar
• Jalal, Ayesha. 1991. The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan’s Political Economy of Defence. Lahore: Vanguard Books.
   Google Scholar
• Jalal, Ayesha. 1995. Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: A Comparative and Historical Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jung, Najeeb. 2013. “Religion and State Formation.” In South Asia 2060: Envisioning Regional Futures, edited by Adil Najam, and Moeed Yusuf, 68–74. London: Anthem Press.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, Hidayat. 2016. “After 86 Years: Slain Heroes of Qissa Khwani Massacre Remembered.” Express Tribune, April 24. https://tribune.com.pk/story/1090446/after-86–years-slain-heroes-of-qissa-khwani-massacre-remembered/.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, Sarfraz, and Abdul Hamid Khan. 2012. “The Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR): A Sociopolitical Assessment.” Central Asia 70. https://www.papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2765291.
   Google Scholar
• Krishna, Sankaran. 2001. “Race, Amnesia, and the Education of International Relations.” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 26 (4): 401–424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyon, Peter. 2008. Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
   Google Scholar
• Mahmud, Tayyab. 2010. “Colonial Cartographies, Postcolonial Borders, and Enduring Failures of International Law: The Unending Wars Along the Afghanistan–Pakistan Frontier.” Brooklyn Journal of International Law 36 (1): 1–74.
   Google Scholar
• Malik, Iftikhar H. 1997. State and Civil Society in Pakistan: Politics of Authority, Ideology and Ethnicity. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Malik, Iftikhar H. 2016. Pashtun Identity and Geopolitics in Southwest Asia: Pakistan and Afghanistan Since 9/11. London: Anthem Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mamdani, Mahmood. 2001. “Beyond Settler and Native as Political Identities: Overcoming the Political Legacy of Colonialism.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 43 (4): 651–664.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manchanda, Nivi. 2015. “Queering the Pashtun: Afghan Sexuality in the Homo-Nationalist Imaginary.” Third World Quarterly 36 (1): 130–146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohmand, Mureed. 2014. “I am from FATA and, Today, I don’t Feel Pakistani at All.” Express Tribune, June 24. http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/22896/i-am-from-fata-and-today-i-dont-feel-pakistani-at-all/.
   Google Scholar
• Mullaney, Julie. 2010. Postcolonial Literatures in Context. London: Continuum.
   Google Scholar
• Naseemullah, Adnan. 2014. “Shades of Sovereignty: Explaining Political Order and Disorder in Pakistan’s Northwest.” Studies in Comparative International Development 49 (4): 501–522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nation. 2017. “FATA Reforms Approved by Federal Cabinet.” The Nation, March 2. https://nation.com.pk/02–Mar-2017/fata-reforms-approved-by-federal-cabinet.
   Google Scholar
• Nichols, Robert. 2013. The Frontier Crimes Regulation: A History in Documents. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Omrani, Bijan. 2009. “The Durand Line: History and Problems of the Afghan–Pakistan Border.” Asian Affairs 40 (2): 177–195. doi:10.1080/03068370902871508.
   Google Scholar
• Orakzi, Ali Mohmmad Jan. 2009. “Situation in FATA: Causes, Consequences and the Way Forward.” Policy Perspectives 6 (1): 27–45.
   Google Scholar
• Paul, Thazha V. 2015. The Warrior State: Pakistan in the Contemporary World. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rahmanullah. 2012. “Political Reforms and Its Impact on FATA.” Tigah: A Journal of Peace and Development 1: 49–73.
   Google Scholar
• Ray, Aswini K. 1989. “Pakistan’s Post-Colonial Democracy: Implications for Indo-Pak Relations.” Economic and Political Weekly 24 (16): 866–868.
   Google Scholar
• Rehman, Zia Ur. 2015. “Governing Fata: The Big Debate.” Dawn News, April 10. https://www.dawn.com/news/1117447.
   Google Scholar
• Rizvi, Hasan A. 1988. The Military and Politics in Pakistan, 1947–1986. New Delhi: Konark.
   Google Scholar
• Rizvi, Hasan A. 2000. The Military and Politics in Pakistan, 1947–1997. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Rizvi, Hasan A. 2005. “Pakistan: Civil-military Relations in a Praetorian State.” In Pakistan: Civil-military Relations in a Praetorian State, edited by H. J. Wiarda, vol. 3, 301–313. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, Barnett R., and Abubakar Siddique. 2006. “Resolving the Pakistan–Afghanistan Stalemate.” In Special Report, 1–20. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.
   Google Scholar
• Saeed, Fozia, and Saeed Khan. 2017. Reform Process in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and the Future of Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR): A Local Perspective. Lahore: Punjab University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Salaman, M. 2012. “An Analysis of Pakistan Policy in the War Against Terrorism and Its Implications in KPK Pakistan.” International Journal of Business and Social Science 3 (5): 242–249.
   Google Scholar
• Santos, Theotonio dos. 1970. “The Structure of Dependence.” American Economic Review 60 (2): 231–236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz, Richard H., and Andrea J. Dew. 2006. Insurgents, Terrorists and Militias: The Warriors of Contemporary Combat. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shah, Aqil. 2014a. The Army and Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shah, Aqil. 2014b. “Constraining Consolidation: Military Politics and Democracy in Pakistan (2007–2013).” Democratization 21 (6): 1007–1033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaheed, Zafar. 2013. “Hamza Alavi: Third World Thinker and Activist.” Development and Change 44 (3): 753–768.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaikh, F. 2009. Making Sense of Pakistan. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shinwari, Naveed A. 2011. Understanding Jirga: Legality and Legitimacy in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas. Islamabad: Community Appraisal and Motivation Programme (Camp).
   Google Scholar
• Siddiqa, Ayesha. 2007. Military Inc: Inside Pakistan’s Military Economy. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Siddiqi, Usaid M. 2017. “FATA and FCR – Pakistan’s Badge of Shame.” Islamic Monthly, April 12. http://www.theislamicmonthly.com/fata-fcr-pakistans-badge-shame/.
   Google Scholar
• Spain, James W. 1963. The Pathan Borderland. The Hague: Mouton.
   Google Scholar
• Sundar, Aparna, and Nandini Sundar. 2014. “Introduction: Sovereignty, Development and Civil War.” In Civil Wars in South Asia: State, Sovereignty, Development, edited by Aparna Sundar, and Nandini Sundar, 1–43. New Delhi: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Sunkel, Osvaldo. 1969. “National Development Policy and External Dependence in Latin America.” Journal of Development Studies 6 (1): 23–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tahir, Madiha. 2015. “Bombing Pakistan: How Colonial Legacy Sustains American Drones.” Watson Institute of International and Pulic Affairs, Costs of War, June 7. http://www.watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2015/Tahir_FINAL%20Costs%20of%20War%206.7.15.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Talbot, Ian. 2011. “The Punjab Under Colonialism: Order and Transformation in British India.” Journal of Punjab Studies 14 (1): 3–10.
   Google Scholar
• Tameez, Naji. 2014. “Road to Recovery: Pakistan’s Human Rights Crises in the FATA.” Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce 42: 445–484.
   Google Scholar
• Toor, Sadia. 2007. “Moral Regulation in a Postcolonial Nation-State: Gender and the Politics of Islamization in Pakistan.” Interventions 9 (2): 255–275.
   Google Scholar
• Toor, Sadia. 2014. The State of Islam: Culture and Cold War Politics in Pakistan. London: Pluto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ullah, Altaf. 2013. “Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan: Study of a Special Model of Governance.” Pakistan Journal of History and Culture 34 (2): 65–94.
   Google Scholar
• Ullah, Altaf. 2015. “Governance Reforms in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan: The Past and Present.” Journal of Political Studies 22 (1): 215–235.
   Google Scholar
• Ullah, Altaf. 2016. “State and Society in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (Fata) of Pakistan: A Historical Review.” Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society 64 (2): 65.
   Google Scholar
• Waldman, Matt. 2010. “The Sun in the Sky: The Relationship between Pakistan’s ISI and Afghan Insurgents.” Crisis States Discussion Papers: Paper 18. London: Crisis States Research Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Warburton, R. 1900. Eighteen Years in the Khyber. London: John Murray.
   Google Scholar
• Wazir, Muhammad Maqbool Khan. 2007. “FATA under FCR (Frontier Crimes Regulations): An Imperial Black Law.” Central Asia 61. Peshawar: Area Study Center, University of Peshawar. http://www.asc-centralasia.edu.pk/Issue_61/00–TOC.html.
   Google Scholar
• Wylly, Harold Carmichael. 1912. From the Black Mountain to Waziristan. London: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Yousufzai, Hassan M., and Ali Gohar. 2005. Towards Understanding Pukhtoon Jirga. Peshawar: Just Peace International.
   Google Scholar
• Zahab, Mariam Abou. 2016. “Turmoil in the Frontier.” In Pakistan at the Crossroads: Domestic Dynamics and External Pressures, edited by Christophe Jaffrelot, 121–135. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar