References
- Aitken , R. J. , Chaudhry , M. Q. , Boxall , A. B. A. and Hull , M. 2006 . Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: Current status in the UK and global trends . Occupational Medicine , 56 : 300 – 306 .
- Aitken , R. J. , Creely , K. S. and Tran , C. L. 2004 . Nanoparticles: An Occupational Hygiene Review , London, , UK : HSE books/HMSO . Health and safety executive research report 274
- Andersen , A. , Allan , S. , Petersen , A. and Wilkinson , C. 2005 . The framing of nanotechnologies in the British newspaper press . Science Communication , 27 : 200 – 220 .
- Barlow , P. G. , Donaldson , K. , MacCallum , J. , Clouter , A. and Stone , V. 2005 . Serum exposed to nanoparticle carbon black displays increased potential to induce macrophage migration . Toxicology Letters , 155 : 397 – 401 .
- Bermudez , E. , Mangum , J. B. , Wong , B. A. , Asgharian , B. , Hext , P. M. , Warheit , D. B. and Everitt , J. I. 2004 . Pulmonary responses of mice, rats, and hamsters to subchronic inhalation of ultrafine titanium dioxide particles . Toxicological Sciences , 77 : 347 – 357 .
- Bickerstaff , K. 2004 . Risk perception research: Socio-cultural perspectives on the public experience of air pollution . Environment International , 30 : 827 – 840 .
- Borm , P. J. A. and Kreyling , W. 2004 . Toxicological hazards of inhaled nanoparticles—Potential implications for drug delivery . Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , 4 : 521 – 531 .
- Braydich-Stolle , L. , Hussain , S. , Schlager , J. J. and Hofmann , M. C. 2005 . In vitro cytotoxicity of nanoparticles in mammalian germline stem cells . Toxicological Sciences , 88 : 412 – 419 .
- Brody , A. L. 2006 . Nano and food packaging technologies converge . Food Technology , 60 : 92 – 94 .
- Chen , C. C. and Wagner , G. 2004 . Vitamin E nanoparticle for beverage applications . Chemical Engineering Research & Design , 82 : 1432 – 1437 .
- Chen , Z. , Meng , H. A. , Xing , G. M. , Chen , C. Y. , Zhao , Y. L. , Jia , G. A. , Wang , T. C. , Yuan , H. , Ye , C. , Zhao , F. , Chai , Z. F. , Zhu , C. F. , Fang , X. H. , Ma , B. C. and Wan , L. J. 2006 . Acute toxicological effects of copper nanoparticles in vivo . Toxicology Letters , 163 : 109 – 120 .
- Cobb , M. D. 2005 . Framing effects on public opinion about nanotechnology . Science Communication , 27 : 221 – 239 .
- Cui , D. X. , Tian , F. R. , Ozkan , C. S. , Wang , M. and Gao , H. J. 2005 . Effect of single wall carbon nanotubes on human HEK293 cells . Toxicology Letters , 155 : 73 – 85 .
- Dahl , A. , Gharibi , A. , Swietlicki , E. , Gudmundsson , A. , Bohgard , M. , Ljungman , A. , Blomqvist , G. and Gustafsson , M. 2006 . Traffic-generated emissions of ultrafine particles from pavement-tire interface . Atmospheric Environment , 40 : 1314 – 1323 .
- DEFRA . 2005 . Characterising the potential risks posed by engineered nanoparticles: A first UK government research report , London : Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) .
- DEFRA . 2006 . UK voluntary reporting scheme for engineered nanoscale materials , London : Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) .
- Donaldson , K. , Aitken , R. , Tran , L. , Stone , V. , Duffin , R. , Forrest , G. and Alexander , A. 2006 . Carbon nanotubes: A review of their properties in relation to pulmonary toxicology and workplace safety . Toxicological Sciences , 92 : 5 – 22 .
- Dreher , K. L. 2004 . Health and environmental impact of nanotechnology: Toxicological assessment of manufactured nanoparticles . Toxicological Sciences , 77 : 3 – 5 .
- Driscoll , K. E. , Costa , D. L. , Henderson , R. , Oberdörster , G. , Salem , H. and Schlesinger , R. B. 2000 . Intratracheal instillation as an exposure technique for the evaluation of respiratory tract toxicity: Uses and limitations . Toxicological Sciences , 55 : 24 – 35 .
- Ebbesen , M. 2006 . “ Nanofood: Lessons to be learnt from the debate on GM crops? ” . In The Ethics and Politics of Food , Edited by: Kaiser , M. and Lien , M. E. 314 – 319 . Wageningen : Academic Publishers .
- EEC . 1992 . Annex L 383A: Methods for the determination of physico-chemical properties, toxicity and ecotoxicity . Official Journal of the European Community , 35 ( L383A ) : A5 – A233 .
- Forbes , L. , Jarvis , D. , Potts , J. and Baxter , P. J. 2003 . Volcanic ash and respiratory symptoms in children on the island of Montserrat, British West Indies . Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 60 : 207 – 211 .
- Freitas , R. A. 2005 . What is nanomedicine? . Nanomedicine , 1 : 2 – 9 .
- Gaskell , G. , Eyck , T. T. , Jackson , J. and Veltri , G. 2004 . Public attitudes to nanotechnology in Europe and the United States . Nature Materials , 3 : 496
- Gore , E. R. 2006 . Immune function tests for hazard identification: A paradigm shift in drug development . Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology , 98 : 331 – 335 .
- Grubek-Jaworska , H. , Nejman , P. , Czuminska , K. , Przybylowski , T. , Huczko , A. , Lange , H. , Bystrzejewski , M. , Baranowski , P. and Chazan , R. 2006 . Preliminary results on the pathogenic effects of intratracheal exposure to one-dimensional nanocarbons . Carbon , 44 : 1057 – 1063 .
- Gurr , J. R. , Wang , A. S. S. , Chen , C. H. and Jan , K. Y. 2005 . Ultrafine titanium dioxide particles in the absence of photoactivation can induce oxidative damage to human bronchial epithelial cells . Toxicology , 213 : 66 – 73 .
- Handy , R. D. and Eddy , F. B. 2004 . “ Transport of solutes across biological membranes in eukaryotes: An environmental perspective ” . In Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Chemical-Biological Interphases, IUPAC series , Edited by: van Leeuwen , H. P. and Köster , W. 337 – 356 . Chichester : John Wiley .
- Handy , R. D. , Galloway , T. S. and Depledge , M. H. 2003 . A proposal for the use of biomarkers for the assessment of chronic pollution and in regulatory toxicology . Ecotoxicology , 12 : 331 – 343 .
- Heinrich , U. , Fuhst , R. , Rittinghausen , S. , Creutzenberg , O. , Bellman , B. , Koch , W. and Levsen , K. 1995 . Chronic inhalation exposure of wistar rats and 2 different strains of mice to diesel-engine exhaust, carbon-black, titanium dioxide . Inhalation Toxicology , 7 : 533 – 556 .
- Hussain , S. M. , Hess , K. L. , Gearhart , J. M. , Geiss , K. T. and Schlager , J. J. 2005 . In vitro toxicity of nanoparticles in BRL 3A rat liver cells . Toxicology In Vitro , 19 : 975 – 983 .
- Imhof , D. , Weingartner , E. , Ordonez , C. , Gehrigt , R. , Hill , N. , Buchmann , B. and Baltensperger , U. 2005 . Real-world emission factors of fine and ultrafine aerosol particles for different traffic situations in Switzerland . Environmental Science and Technology , 39 : 8341 – 8350 .
- ISO . 1996 . Determination of the acute lethal toxicity of substances to a freshwater fish [Brachydanio rerio Hamilton-Buchanan (Teleostei, Cyprinidae)] , Geneva : International Standards Organisation . Part 3: Flow-through method (ISO 7346-3:1996)
- Jain , P. and Pradeep , T. 2005 . Potential of silver nanoparticle-coated polyurethane foam as an antibacterial water filter . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 90 : 59 – 63 .
- Karnik , B. S. , Davies , S. H. , Baumann , M. J. and Masten , S. J. 2005 . Fabrication of catalytic membranes for the treatment of drinking water using combined ozonation and ultrafiltration . Environmental Science and Technology , 39 : 7656 – 7661 .
- Kawanaka , Y. , Matsumoto , E. , Wang , N. , Tsuchiya , Y. , Yun , S. J. , Jiang , Z. W. and Sakamoto , K. 2006 . Mutagenic activity of atmospheric ultrafine particles at a roadside site and a suburban site . Journal of Health Science , 52 : 352 – 357 .
- Kittelson , D. B. , Watts , W. F. and Johnson , J. P. 2004 . Nanoparticle emissions on Minnesota highways . Atmospheric Environment , 38 : 9 – 19 .
- Koyama , S. , Endo , M. , Kim , Y. A. , Hayashi , T. , Yanagisawa , T. , Osaka , K. , Koyama , H. , Haniu , H. and Kuroiwa , N. 2006 . Role of systemic T-cells and histopathological aspects after subcutaneous implantation of various carbon nanotubes in mice . Carbon , 44 : 1079 – 1092 .
- Kuzma , J. and VerHage , P. 2006 . “ Nanotechnology in Agriculture and Food Production: Anticipated Applications, 4th September 2006 ” . Washington, DC : Woodrow Wilson International Centre for Scholars .
- Lam , C. W. , James , J. T. , McCluskey , R. and Hunter , R. L. 2004 . Pulmonary toxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes in mice 7 and 90 days after intratracheal instillation . Toxicological Sciences , 77 : 126 – 134 .
- Lead , J. R. and Wilkinson , K. J. 2006 . Aquatic colloids and nanoparticles: Current knowledge and future trends . Environmental Chemistry , 3 : 159 – 171 .
- Lee , C. J. , Scheufele , D. A. and Lewenstein , B. V. 2005 . Public attitudes toward emerging technologies—Examining the interactive effects of cognitions and affect on public attitudes toward nanotechnology . Science Communication , 27 : 240 – 267 .
- Liu , Y. , Laks , P. and Heiden , P. 2003 . Nanoparticles for the controlled release of fungicides in wood: Soil jar studies using G-trabeum and T-versicolor wood decay fungi . Holzforschung , 57 : 135 – 139 .
- Lopez-Rubio , A. , Gavara , R. and Lagaron , J. A. 2006 . Bioactive packaging: Turning foods into healthier foods through biomaterials . Trends in Food Science and Technology , 17 : 567 – 575 .
- Marlow , W. H. and Cheng , Y. S. 2003 . “ Spontaneously generated, radioactive nanoparticles in the environment ” . In Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) , Edited by: Vajtai , R. , Aymerich , X. , Kish , L. B. and Rubio , A. 288 – 295 . Bellingham, , USA : SPIE .
- Masciangioli , T. and Zhang , W.- X. 2003 . Environmental technologies at the nanoscale (2003, March 1) . Environmental Science and Technology , : 102 – 108 .
- Maynard , A. D. and Kuempel , E. D. 2005 . Airborne nanostructured particles and occupational health . Journal of Nanoparticle Research , 7 : 587 – 614 .
- Minoura , H. and Takekawa , H. 2005 . Observation of number concentrations of atmospheric aerosols and analysis of nanoparticle behavior at an urban background area in Japan . Atmospheric Environment , 39 : 5806 – 5816 .
- Monteiro-Riviere , N. A. , Nemanich , R. J. , Inman , A. O. , Wang , Y. Y. Y. and Riviere , J. E. 2005 . Multi-walled carbon nanotube interactions with human epidermal keratinocytes . Toxicology Letters , 155 : 377 – 384 .
- Morein , B. , Hu , K. F. and Abusugra , I. 2004 . Current status and potential application of ISCOMs in veterinary medicine . Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews , 56 : 1367 – 1382 .
- Muller , J. , Huaux , F. and Lison , D. 2006 . Respiratory toxicity of carbon nanotubes: How worried should we be? . Carbon , 44 : 1048 – 1056 .
- Muller , J. , Huaux , F. , Moreau , N. , Misson , P. , Heilier , J. F. , Delos , M. , Arras , M. , Fonseca , A. , Nagy , J. B. and Lison , D. 2005 . Respiratory toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes . Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology , 207 : 221 – 231 .
- Newman , M. C. 1998 . Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology , Chelsea, MI : Ann Arbor Press .
- Oberdörster , E. 2004 . Manufactured nanomaterials (Fullerenes, C-60) induce oxidative stress in the brain of juvenile largemouth bass . Environmental Health Perspectives , 112 : 1058 – 1062 .
- Paknikar , K. M. , Nagpal , V. , Pethkar , A. V. and Rajwade , J. M. 2005 . Degradation of lindane from aqueous solutions using iron sulfide nanoparticles stabilized by biopolymers . Science and Technology of Advanced Materials , 6 : 370 – 374 .
- Roco , M. C. 2003 . Nanotechnology: convergence with modern biology and medicine . Current Opinion in Biotechnology , 14 : 337 – 346 .
- Rothen-Rutishauser , B. M. , Schurch , S. , Haenni , B. , Kapp , N. and Gehr , P. 2006 . Interaction of fine particles and nanoparticles with red blood cells visualized with advanced microscopic techniques . Environmental Science and Technology , 40 : 4353 – 4359 .
- Royal Society . 2004 . Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: Opportunities and uncertainties Report by the Royal Society and The Royal Academy of Engineering. Available at http://www.nanotec.org.uk/finalReport.htm
- Sayes , C. M. , Wahi , R. , Kurian , P. A. , Liu , Y. P. , West , J. L. , Ausman , K. D. , Warheit , D. B. and Colvin , V. L. 2006 . Correlating nanoscale titania structure with toxicity: A cytotoxicity and inflammatory response study with human dermal fibroblasts and human lung epithelial cells . Toxicological Sciences , 92 : 174 – 185 .
- SCENIRH . 2005 . The appropriateness of existing methodologies to assess the potential risks associated with engineered and adventitious products of nanotechnologies (SCENIHR report 002/05) (European Commission: Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks). Available at http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scenihr/docs
- Schrick , B. , Hydutsky , B. W. , Blough , J. L. and Mallouk , T. E. 2004 . Delivery vehicles for zerovalent metal nanoparticles in soil and groundwater . Chemistry of Materials , 16 : 2187 – 2193 .
- Serita , F. , Kyono , H. and Seki , Y. 1999 . Pulmonary clearance and lesions in rats after a single inhalation of ultrafine metallic nickel at dose levels comparable to the threshold limit value . Industrial Health , 37 : 353 – 363 .
- Shi , Z. L. , Neoh , K. G. , Kang , E. T. and Wang , W. 2006 . Antibacterial and mechanical properties of bone cement impregnated with chitosan nanoparticles . Biomaterials , 27 : 2440 – 2449 .
- Shvedova , A. A. , Castranova , V. , Kisin , E. R. , Schwegler-Berry , D. , Murray , A. R. , Gandelsman , V. Z. , Maynard , A. and Baron , P. 2003 . Exposure to carbon nanotube material: Assessment of nanotube cytotoxicity using human keratinocyte cells . Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A , 66 : 1909 – 1926 .
- Singh , R. , Pantarotto , D. , Lacerda , L. , Pastorin , G. , Klumpp , C. , Prato , M. , Bianco , A. and Kostarelos , K. 2006 . Tissue biodistribution and blood clearance rates of intravenously administered carbon nanotube radiotracers . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 103 : 3357 – 3362 .
- Takenaka , S. , Karg , E. , Kreyling , W. , Lentner , B. , Schulz , H. , Ziesenis , A. , Schramel , P. and Heyder , J. 2004 . Fate and toxic effects of inhaled ultrafine cadmium oxide particles in the rat lung . Inhalation Toxicology , 16 : 83 – 92 .
- Tegart , G. 2006 . Environmental, social, legal and ethical aspects of the development of nanotechnologies in Australia , Parkville, VC, , Australia : National Academies Forum, Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources .
- Thompson , R. C. , Olsen , Y. , Mitchell , R. P. , Davis , A. , Rowland , S. J. , John , A. W. G. , McGonigle , D. and Russell , A. E. 2004 . Lost at sea: Where is all the plastic? . Science , 304 : 838
- Tsuji , J. S. , Maynard , A. D. , Howard , P. C. , James , J. T. , Lam , C. W. , Warheit , D. B. and Santamaria , A. B. 2006 . Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials. Part IV: Risk assessment of nanoparticles . Toxicological Sciences , 89 : 42 – 50 .
- TGD-Part I . 2003 . Technical guidance document on risk assessment, Part I , Ispra, , Italy : European Chemicals Bureau, European Commission Joint Research Centre .
- US EPA . 2005 . Nanotechnology white, external review draft, 2nd December 2005 , Washington, DC : Science Policy Council, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .
- Verdier , F. 2002 . Non-clinical vaccine safety assessment . Toxicology , 174 : 37 – 43 .
- Warheit , D. B. , Laurence , B. R. , Reed , K. L. , Roach , D. H. , Reynolds , G. A. M. and Webb , T. R. 2004 . Comparative pulmonary toxicity assessment of single-wall carbon nanotubes in rats . Toxicological Sciences , 77 : 117 – 125 .
- Warheit , D. B. , Webb , T. R. , Sayes , C. M. , Colvin , V. L. and Reed , K. L. 2006 . Pulmonary instillation studies with nanoscale TiO2 rods and dots in rats: Toxicity is not dependent upon particle size and surface area . Toxicological Sciences , 91 : 227 – 236 .
- Wetmore , J. M. 2006 . Nanotalk: Conversations with scientists and engineers about ethics, meaning, and belief in the development of nanotechnology . Science and Engineering Ethics , 12 : 583 – 584 .
- Wu , Y. , Loper , A. , Landis , E. , Hettrick , L. , Novak , L. , Lynn , K. , Chen , C. , Thompson , K. , Higgins , R. , Batra , U. , Shelukar , S. , Kwei , G. and Storey , D. 2004 . The role of biopharmaceutics in the development of a clinical nanoparticle formulation of MK-0869: a Beagle dog model predicts improved bioavailability and diminished food effect on absorption in human . International Journal of Pharmaceutics , 285 : 135 – 146 .
- Yezhelyev , M. V. , Gao , X. , Xing , Y. , Al Hajj , A. , Nie , S. M. and O'Regan , R. M. 2006 . Emerging use of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer . Lancet Oncology , 7 : 657 – 667 .