Poisoning the body to nourish the soul: Prioritising health risks and impacts in a Native American community

References

• Adams , D. W. 1995 . Education for extinction: American Indians and the boarding school experience, 1875–1928 , Lawrence : University Press of Kansas .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , M. , Smylie , J. , Anderson , I. , Sinclair , R. and Crengle , S. 2006a . First Nations, Métis, and Inuit health indicators in Canada: A background paper for the project ‘Action Oriented Indictors of Health and Health Systems Development for Indigenous Peoples in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand’ [online] Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Indigenous Peoples’ Health Research Centre. Available from: http://www.iphrc.ca/assets/documents/canadian.pdf [Accessed 4 March 2008]
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , M. , Anderson , I. , Smylie , J. , Crengle , S. and Ratima , M. 2006b . Measuring the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples: A background paper for the project ‘Action Oriented Indictors of Health and Health Systems Development for Indigenous Peoples in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand’ [online] Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Indigenous Peoples’ Health Research Centre. Available from: http://www.iphrc.ca/assets/documents/australian.pdf [Accessed 4 March 2008]
   Google Scholar
• Arquette , M. 2002 . Holistic risk-based environmental decision making: A Native perspective . Environmental Health Perspectives , 110 ( 2 ) : 259 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atran , S. 2002 . Folkecology, cultural epidemiology, and the spirit of the commons . Current Anthropology , 43 ( 3 ) : 421 – 449 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkes , F. 1999 . Sacred ecology: Traditional ecological knowledge and resource management , Philadelphia : Taylor and Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Bokak , M. 2000 . Socioeconomic factors, material inequalities, and perceived control in self-rated health: Cross-sectional data from seven post-communist countries . Social Science and Medicine , 51 ( 9 ) : 1343 – 1350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce , T. 2006 . Swinomish attributes of success , Thesis (PhD) . Gongaza University
   Google Scholar
• Carter , R. T. 1991 . Cultural values: A review of empirical research and implications for counseling . Journal of Counseling and Development , 70 : 164 – 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirone , P. 2005 . The integration of Tribal traditional lifeways into EPA's decision making . Practicing Anthropology , 27 ( 1 ) : 20 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Collins , C. C. 1997 . Through the lens of assimilation: Edwin L. Chalcraft and Chemawa Indian School . Oregon Historical Quarterly , 98 ( 14 ) : 390 – 425 .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , A. and Wagner , J. R. 2003 . Who knows? On the importance of identifying ‘experts’ when researching local ecological knowledge . Human Ecology , 31 ( 3 ) : 463 – 489 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeNavas-Walt , C. , Proctor , B. D. and Smith , J. 2007 . Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States 2006 , Washington , DC : US Census Bureau, US Department of Commerce . Report P60–233
   Google Scholar
• Donatuto , J. and Harper , B. 2008 . Issues in evaluating fish consumption rates for Native American Tribes . Risk Analysis , 28 ( 6 ) : 1497 – 1506 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong , F. M. 2001 . The nutritional value of shellfish , Seattle : University of Washington, Washington SeaGrant Program . Available from: http://www.wsg.washington.edu/communications/online/nutritional.pdf [Accessed 8 May 2008]
   Google Scholar
• Douglas , M. 1992 . Risk and blame: Essays in cultural theory , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Failing , L. , Gregory , R. and Harstone , M. 2007 . Integrating science and local knowledge in environmental risk management: A decision-focused approach . Ecological Economics , 64 ( 1 ) : 47 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkel , A. M. 1989 . Is risk assessment really too conservative?: Revising the revisionists . Columbia Journal of Environmental Law , 14 : 427 – 467 .
   Google Scholar
• Finucane , M. 2000 . Gender, race, and perceived risk: The ‘white male’ effect . Health, Risk & Society , 2 ( 2 ) : 159 – 172 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn , J. , Slovic , P. and Mertz , C. K. 1994 . Race, gender, and perception of environmental health risks . Risk Analysis , 14 ( 6 ) : 1101 – 1108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garibaldi , A. and Turner , N. 2004 . Cultural keystone species: Implications for ecological conservation and restoration . Ecology and Society , 9 ( 3 ) : 1 Available from: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss3/art1/ [Accessed 10 October 2007]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrett , M. T. 1999 . Understanding the ‘medicine’ of Native American traditional views: An integrative review . Counseling and Values , 43 : 85 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Goldtooth , T. B.K. 1995 . “ Indigenous nations: Summary of sovereignty and its implications for environmental protection ” . In Environmental justice: Issues, policies and solutions , Edited by: Bryant , B. 138 – 148 . Washington , DC : Island Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gunther , E. and Haeberlin , H. 1930 . The Indians of Puget Sound , Seattle : University of Washington Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , S. and Harper , B. L. 1997 . A Native American exposure scenario . Risk Analysis , 17 ( 6 ) : 789 – 795 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , S. and Harper , B. L. 1999 . “ Measuring risks to Tribal community health and culture ” . In Environmental toxicology and risk assessment: Recent achievements in environmental fate and transport, Ninth Volume , Edited by: Price , F. T. , Brix , K. V. and Lane , N. K. West Conshoocken , PA : American Society for Testing and Materials . ASTM STP 1381
   Google Scholar
• Harris , S. and Harper , B. L. 2000 . Using eco-cultural dependency webs in risk assessment and characterization of risks to tribal health and cultures . Environmental Science and Pollution Research Special Issue , 2 : 91 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , S. and Harper , B. L. 2001 . Lifestyles, diets, and Native American exposure factors to possible lead exposures and toxicity . Environmental Research , 86 : 140 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , S. and Harper , B. L. 2004 . Confederated tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, exposure scenario for CTUIR Traditional Subsistence Lifeways app. 3 Available from: http://www.hhs.oregonstate.edu/ph/sites/default/files/xposure_Scenario_and_Risk_Guidance_Manual_v2.pdf [Accessed 30 October 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Harthorn , B. H. and Oaks , L. 2003 . Risk, culture, and health inequality: Shifting perceptions of danger and blame , Westport , CT : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Hora , S. C. 1992 . Acquisition of expert judgment: Examples from risk assessment . Journal of Energy Engineering , 118 : 136 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoxie , F. E. 1984 . A final promise: The campaign to assimilate the Indians , Omaha : University of Nebraska Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jasanoff , S. 2002 . New modernities: Reimagining science, technology, and development . Environmental Values , 11 : 253 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , A. 1999 . Investigation of chemical contamination at Whitmarsh Landfill and Padilla Bay Lagoon , Olympia : Washington State Department of Ecology .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , A. 2000a . Sediment quality on the west side of inner Fidalgo Bay , Olympia : Washington State Department of Ecology .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , A. 2000b . Results of a screening analysis for metals and organic compounds in shellfish from Padilla Bay and vicinity , Olympia : Washington State Department of Ecology .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , A. , Serdar , D. and Davis , D. 1997 . Survey for petroleum and other chemical contaminants in the sediments in Fidalgo Bay , Olympia : Washington State Department of Ecology .
   Google Scholar
• Judd , J. , Frankish , C. J. and Moulton , G. 2001 . Setting standards in the evaluation of community-based health promotion programmes. A unifying approach . Health Promotion International , 16 ( 4 ) : 367 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeney , R. L. 1992 . Value-focused thinking: A path to creative decision-making , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Keeney , R. L. and Gregory , R. S. 2005 . Selecting attributes to measure the achievement of objectives . Operations Research , 53 ( 1 ) : 1 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreitler , S. and Kreitler , M. M. 2006 . Multidimensional quality of life: A new measure of quality of life in adults . Social Indicators Research , 76 : 5 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhnlein , H. V. and Receveur , O. 1996 . Dietary change and traditional food systems of Indigenous peoples . Annual Review of Nutrition , 16 : 417 – 442 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long , E. 2000 . Sediment quality in Puget Sound, Year 2—Central Puget Sound , Silver Spring , MD : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service .
   Google Scholar
• Lupton , D. 1999 . Risk , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Marmot , M. G. 1997 . Contribution of job control and other risk factors to social variations in coronary health disease incidence . Lancet , 350 : 235 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDaniels , T. L. and Trousdale , W. 2005 . Resource compensation and negotiation support in an Aboriginal context: Using community-based multi-attribute analysis to evaluate non-market losses . Ecological Economics , 55 : 173 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medin , D. 1989 . Concepts and conceptual structure . American Psychologist , 44 : 1469 – 1481 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzies , C. R. and Butler , C. 2006 . “ Introduction: Understanding ecological knowledge ” . In Traditional ecological knowledge and natural resource management , Edited by: Menzies , C. R. 1 – 20 . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , M. A. and Booker , J. M. 1991 . Eliciting and analyzing expert judgments , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , B. 2001 . The problem of justice: Tradition and law in the Coast Salish world , Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press .
   Google Scholar
• Miller B. Be of good mind: Essays on the Coast Salish Vancouver University of British Columbia Press 2007
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , M. G. 2001 . Risk communication: A mental models approach , Cambridge : University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nadasdy , P. 1999 . The politics of TEK: Power and ‘integration’ of knowledge . Arctic Anthropology , 36 ( 1–2 ) : 1 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadasdy , P. 2007 . The gift in the animal: The ontology of hunting and human–animal sociality . American Ethnologist , 34 ( 1 ) : 25 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Congress of American Indians . 2004 . Use of tribal fish consumption rates by USEPA Resolution MOH-04-023 June 21. Available from: www.ncai.org/ncai/data/resolution/midyear2004/04-023.pdf [Accessed 4 March 2011]
   Google Scholar
• Nelkin , D. 2003 . “ Forward: The social meanings of risk ” . In Risk, culture, and health inequality: Shifting perceptions of danger and blame , Edited by: Harthorn , B. H. and Oaks , L. vii – xiii . London : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Nieboer , A. 2005 . Dimensions of well-being and their measurement: The SPF-IL scale . Social Indicators Research , 73 : 313 – 353 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NRC (National Research Council) . 1983 . Risk assessment in the Federal government: Managing the process , Washington , DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• NRC (National Research Council) . 1996 . Understanding risk: Informing decisions in a democratic society , Edited by: Stern , P. C. and Fineberg , H. V. Washington , DC : National Academy Press. .
   Google Scholar
• O'Neill , C. 2003 . Risk avoidance, cultural discrimination and environmental justice for Indigenous peoples . Ecology Law Quarterly , 30 ( 1 ) : 1 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Neill , C. 2007 . Protecting the Tribal harvest: The right to catch and consume fish . Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation , 22 : 131 – 151 .
   Google Scholar
• Onat , A. R.B. 1993 . The significance of shellfish to the peoples of the Swinomish Indian Tribal Community past and present , Submitted to US District Court, Western District of Washington, August .
   Google Scholar
• Puget Sound Action Team . 2007 . State of the sound , Olympia , WA : Office of the Governor, #PSAT-07-01 .
   Google Scholar
• Richmond , C. 2005 . The political ecology of health: Perceptions of environment, economy, health and well-being among the ‘Namgis First Nation . Health and Place , 11 : 349 – 365 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , N. A. 1975 . A history of the Swinomish people , Thesis (PhD) . University of Washington
   Google Scholar
• Russell , M. and Gruber , M. 1987 . Risk assessment in environmental policy-making . Science , 236 ( 4799 ) : 286 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santiago-Rivera , A. L. 2007 . Exposure to an environmental toxin, quality of life and psychological distress . Journal of Environmental Psychology , 27 : 33 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satterfield , T. A. 2000 . Risk, remediation, and the stigma of a technological accident in an African-American community . Human Ecology Review , 7 ( 1 ) : 1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Satterfield , T. A. , Mertz , C. K. and Slovic , P. 2004 . Discrimination, vulnerability, and justice in the face of risk . Risk Analysis , 24 ( 1 ) : 115 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satterfield , T. and Roberts , M. 2008 . Incommensurate risks and the regulators dilemma . New Genetics and Society , 27 ( 3 ) : 201 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schell , L. M. 2005 . Health disparities and toxicant exposure of Akwesasne Mohawk young adults: A partnership approach to research . Environmental Health Perspectives , 113 ( 12 ) : 1826 – 1832 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic , P. 1992 . “ Perception of risk: Reflections on the psychometric paradigm ” . In Social Theories of Risk , Edited by: Krimsky , S. and Golding , D. 117 – 152 . New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Suttles , W. and Lane , B. 1990 . “ Southern Coast Salish ” . In Handbook of North American Indians V.7: Northwest Coast , Edited by: Suttles , W. 485 – 502 . Washington , DC : Smithsonian Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Swinomish (Swinomish Indian Tribal Community) . 1996 . Comprehensive plan , La Conner , WA : Swinomish Planning Department .
   Google Scholar
• Swinomish (Swinomish Tribal Mental Health Project) . 2002 . A gathering of wisdoms , 2nd ed , La Conner , WA : Swinomish Planning Department .
   Google Scholar
• Swinomish (Swinomish Indian Tribal Community) . 2006 . “ Bioaccumulative toxics in subsistence-harvested shellfish: Contaminant results and risk assessment ” . [online]. Prepared by AESE, INC, Henderson, NV and the Swinomish Tribe, La Conner, WA. Available from: http://www.swinomish_nsn.gov/uploads/Resources/Environment/Shell fish/Docs/Swinomish%20Risk%20report.pdf [Accessed 4 March 2011]
   Google Scholar
• Tansey , J. 2008 . Risk as politics, risk as power . Journal of Risk Research , 7 ( 1 ) : 17 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , N. J. 2008 . From invisibility to transparency: Identifying the implications . Ecology and Society , 13 ( 2 ) : 7 [online]. Available from: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art7/ [Accessed 18 January 2011]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upton , A. C. 1994 . Science and judgment in risk assessment: Needs and opportunities . Environmental Health Perspectives , 102 ( 11 ) : 908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USDA (US Department of Agriculture) . 2007 . Food security in the United States: Measuring household food security Available from: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/FoodSecurity/measurement.htm [Accessed 21 December 2007]
   Google Scholar
• USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) . 2002 . Columbia River Basin fish contaminant survey 1996–1998 , Seattle : Region 10 USEPA .
   Google Scholar
• USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) . 2003 . Framework for cumulative risk assessment , Washington , DC : National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development .
   Google Scholar
• USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) . 2006 . Paper on tribal issues related to Tribal traditional lifeways, risk assessment, and health and well-being: Documenting what we've heard , Washington , DC : National EPA-Tribal Science Council, #530D06001 .
   Google Scholar
• Usher , P. , Duhaime , G. and Searles , E. 2003 . The household as an economic unit in Arctic Aboriginal communities and its measurement by means of a comprehensive survey . Social Indicators Research , 61 : 175 – 202 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Oostdam , J. 2005 . Human health implications of environmental contaminants in arctic Canada: A review . Science of the Total Environment , 351–352 : 165 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver J. Defending Mother Earth: Native American perspectives on environmental justice Maryknoll , NY Orbis 1996
   Google Scholar
• Webster , B.H. Jr. and Bishaw , A. 2007 . Income, earnings and poverty data for the 2006. American Community Survey , Washington , DC : US Census Bureau, US Department of Commerce, Report ACS-08 .
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein , M. 2000 . Pieces of the puzzle: Solutions for community-based fisheries management from native Canadians, Japanese cooperatives, and common property research . Georgetown International Environmental Law Review , 12 ( 2 ) : 375 – 412 .
   Google Scholar
• Wolfley , J. 1998 . Ecological risk assessment and management: Their failure to value Indigenous traditional ecological knowledge and protect Tribal homelands . American Indian Culture and Research Journal , 22 ( 2 ) : 151 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yake , B. , Singleton , S. and Erickson , K. 1998 . Washington State dioxin source assessment , Olympia : Washington State Department of Ecology .
   Google Scholar