Selling a super cosmeceutical: Contextualising risk in direct-to-consumer advertising of BOTOX® Cosmetic

References

• AARP, 2001. Public attitudes toward aging, beauty, and cosmetic surgery [online]. Available from: http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/consume/cosmetic.pdf [Accessed 10 April 2012]
   Google Scholar
• Allergan, Inc. 2005 . BOTOX® portal [online] Available from: www.botox.com [Accessed 4 February 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Allergan, Inc. 2008a . BOTOX® cosmetic injections for frown lines and brow furrows: BOTOX® cosmetic official website [online] Available from: www.BotoxCosmetic.com [Accessed 4 February 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Allergan, Inc. 2008b . BOTOX® therapeutic – Cervical dystonia, blepharospasm, strabismus: BOTOX® Therapeutic official website [online] Available from: www.botoxmedical.com [Accessed 4 February 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Allergan, Inc. 2008c . Excessive sweating – BOTOX® treatment for hyperhidrosis and excessive underarm perspiration: Official website [online] Available from: www.botoxsevere sweating.com [Accessed 4 February 2009]
   Google Scholar
• American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS) . 2010 . Cosmetic surgery national data bank statistics [online] Available from: http://www.surgery.org/sites/default/files/Stats 2010_1.pdf [Accessed 7 July 2011]
   Google Scholar
• American Society of Plastic Surgeons . 2009 . 2009 Report of the 2008 procedural statistics – National clearinghouse of plastic surgery statistics [online] Available from: http://www.plasticsurgery.org/News-and-Resources/2009-Statistics.html [Accessed 10 April 2012]
   Google Scholar
• Andersson , L. 2002 . Cultural gerontology , Westport , CT : Auburn House .
   Google Scholar
• Avery , R. J. , Eisenberg , M. and Simon , K. I. 2012 . Fair balance in direct-to-consumer antidepressant print and television advertising, 1995–2007 . Journal of Health Communication , 17 (3) : 250 – 277 . doi: 10.1080/10810730.2011.585698
   Google Scholar
• Bartky , S. L. 1990 . Femininity and domination: Studies in the phenomenology of oppression , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , R. A. , Wilkes , M. S. and Kravitz , R. L. 2000 . The educational value of consumer-targeted prescription drug print advertising . Journal of Family Practice , 49 ( 12 ) : 1092 – 1098 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordo , S. 1993 . Unbearable weight: Feminism, western culture, and the body , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Boyles , S. 30 April 2009 . “ Black box warning for Botox ” . In WebMD [online] Available from: http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/news/20090430/black-box-warning-for-botox [Accessed 10 April 2012]
   Google Scholar
• Brown , L. 2005 . Cosmeceuticals or CosmePSEUDOcals: Examining the FDA's under-sight of celebrity dermatologists in the cosmeceuticals industry , Unpublished Juris Doctor Thesis, Harvard Law School . Available from: http://leda.law.harvard.edu/leda/data/722/brown05.pdf [Accessed 10 April 2012]
   Google Scholar
• Calasanti , T. M. and Slevin , K. F. 2006 . Age matters: Realigning feminist thinking , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Carruthers , J. and Carruthers , A. 2007 . The evolution of botulinum neurotoxin type A for cosmetic applications. [Review] . Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy , 9 ( 3 ) : 186 – 192 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carter Singh , G. and Kelly , M. B.H. 2003 . Botox: An ‘elixir of youth’? . European Journal of Plastic Surgery , 26 : 273 – 274 .
   Google Scholar
• Chernikoff , L. 20 November 2008 . Botox – at age 26? New York doctors weigh in . NY Daily News , [online]. Available from: http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-11-20/entertainment/17909794_1_botox-wrinkle-reducing-doctor [Accessed 12 April 2012]
   Google Scholar
• Compete.com. 2009 . Analytic site comparison of botoxcosmetic.com, botoxmedical.com, and botoxsevereweating.com [online] Available from: http://siteanalytics.compete.com/botox cosmetic.com+botoxmedical.com+botoxseveresweating.com/?pid = 43473 [Accessed 17 April 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Darwin , C. 1897 . The descent of man and selection in relation to sex , New York : D. Appelton .
   Google Scholar
• DeLorme , D. E. , Huh , J. and Reid , L. N. 2006 . Age differences in how consumers behave following exposure to DTC advertising . Health Communication , 20 ( 3 ) : 255 – 265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshpande , A. 2003 . Direct-to-consumer advertising and its utility in health care decision making: A consumer perspective . Journal of Health Communication , 9 : 499 – 513 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dooren , J. C. 30 April 2009 . FDA strengthens warnings on Allergan's Botox [online] 30 April , Available from: http://english.capital.gr/news.asp?id=726374 [Accessed 12 April 2012]
   Google Scholar
• Dowd , M. 2005 . Frozen mermaids, scary sirens . The New York Times , 3 March : p. 31, a
   Google Scholar
• Etcoff , N. L. 1999 . Survival of the prettiest: The science of beauty , (1st ed.) , New York : Doubleday .
   Google Scholar
• Feder , B.J. 2007 . Making Botox both medicine and cosmetic . The New York Times , 23 June : p. 3, a
   Google Scholar
• Flint , K. 2000 . The victorians and the visual imagination , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Foucault , M. 1986 . The history of sexuality: The care of the self , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Foucault , M. 1988 . “ Technologies of the self ” . In Technologies of the self: A seminar with Michael Foucault , Edited by: Martin , L. H. , Gutman , H. and Hutton , P. H. 16 – 49 . London : Tavistock Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Furman , F. 1999 . “ There are no older Venuses: Older women's responses to their aging bodies ” . In Mother time: Women, aging, and ethics , Edited by: Walker , M. U. 7 – 22 . Lanham , MD : Rowman and Littlefield Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Giddens , A. 1991 . Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late modern age , Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gill , R. E.A. 2005 . Body projects and the regulation of normative masculinity . Body and Society , 11 ( 1 ) : 37 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Gilleard , C. 2002 . “ Women aging and body talk ” . In Cultural gerontology , Edited by: Andersson , L. 139 – 160 . Westport , CT : Auburn House .
   Google Scholar
• Gilman , S. 1999 . Making the body beautiful: A cultural history of aesthetic surgery , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Graber , M. A. and Weckman , M. 2002 . Pharmaceutical company internet sites as sources of information about antidepressant medications . CNS Drugs , 16 ( 6 ) : 419 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haiken , E. 1997 . Venus envy: A history of cosmetic surgery , Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harmon , K. 1 May 2009 . FDA acts on risks that Botox effects can spread . Scientific American.Com [online] , Available from: http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/60-sec ond-science/post.cfm?id=fda-acts-on-risks-that-botox-effect–2009-05-01 [Accessed 12 April 2012]
   Google Scholar
• Healy , B. 14 January 2007 . The Botox balance . US News and World Report [online] , Available from: http://health.usnews.com/usnews/health/articles/070114/22healy.htm [Accessed 12 April 2012]
   Google Scholar
• Holstein , M. 2006 . “ On being an aging woman ” . In Age matters: Realigning feminist thinking , Edited by: Calasanti , T. M. and Slevin , K. F. 313 – 334 . New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Holtz , W. E. 1998 . Consumer-directed prescription drug advertising: Effects on public health . Journal of Law and Health , 13 ( 2 ) : 199 – 218 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huh , J. and Cude , B. J. 2004 . Is the information “fair and balanced” in direct-to-consumer prescription drug websites? . Journal of Health Communication , 9 ( 6 ) : 529 – 540 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurd Clarke , L. 2011 . Facing age: Women growing older in anti-aging culture , Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Hurd Clarke , L. , Repta , R. and Griffin , M. 2007 . Non-surgical cosmetic procedures: Older women's perceptions and experiences . Journal of Women & Aging , 19 ( 3/4 ) : 69 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Jeffreys , S. 2005 . Beauty and misogyny: Harmful cultural practices in the west , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Jernigan , J. M. and Green , R. 1 September 2004 . Building brand value: Payers have spoken, and product managers must construct a value framework for their brands . Pharmaceutical Executive [online] , Available from: http://pharmexec.findpharma.com/pharmexec/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=123892&sk=&date=&%0A%09%09%09&pageID=2 [Accessed 12 April 2012]
   Google Scholar
• Joyce , K. and Mamo , L. 2006 . “ Graying the cyborg: New directions in feminist analyses of aging, science, and technology ” . In Age matters: Realigning feminist thinking , Edited by: Calasanti , T. M. and Slevin , K. F. 353 New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Kuehn , B. M. 2008 . Studies, reports say botulinum toxins may have effects beyond injection site . Journal of American Medical Association , 299 ( 19 ) : 2261 – 2263 .
   Google Scholar
• Kopp , S. W. and Bang , H. K. 2000 . Benefit and risk information in prescription drug advertising: Review of empirical studies and marketing implications . Health Market Quarterly , 17 ( 3 ) : 39 – 56 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macias , W. and Lewis , L. S. 2003 . A content analysis of direct-to-consumer prescription drug web sites . Journal of Advertising , 32 ( 4 ) : 43 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire , S. 5 March 2008 . Allergan subpoenaed over Botox promotion materials . Medical Marketing and Media , [online]. Available from: http://www.mmm-online.com/allergan-subpoenaed-over-botox-promotion-materials/article/107663/ [Accessed 12 April 2012]
   Google Scholar
• Millsted , R. and Frith , H. 2003 . Being large breasted: Women negotiating embodiment . Women's Studies International Forum , 26 ( 5 ) : 455 – 465 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muise , A. and Desmarais , S. 2010 . Women's perceptions and use of “anti-aging” products . Sex Roles , 63 : 126 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MSN.com. 5 May 2009 . Popular searches and headlines on MSN: Botox warning [online] Available from: http://a-list.msn.com/default.aspx?cp-searchtext=Botox%20warning [Accessed 17 April 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Peiss , K. L. 1998 . Hope in a jar: The making of America's beauty culture , New York : Metropolitan Books .
   Google Scholar
• Petersen , M. 2003 . U.S. warns Botox maker about its ads . The New York Times , 24 June : p. 2, a
   Google Scholar
• Raisborough , J. 2007 . “ Contexts of choice: The risky business of elective cosmetic surgery ” . In Risks, identities and the everyday , Edited by: Jones , J. S. and Rainsborough , J. 19–36 Burlington , VT : Ashgate Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Roth , M. S. 1996 . Patterns in direct-to-consumer prescription drug print advertising and their public policy implications . Journal of Public Policy & Marketing , 15 ( 1 ) : 63 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer , N. 2009 . So Botox isn't just skin deep . The New York Times , 12 April : p. 1, a
   Google Scholar
• Solman, G. 23 August 2004 . Drug spending soars to record levels . Adweek , 45 : 9
   Google Scholar
• Thomaselli , R. 2003 . Web thrives as DTC platform . Advertising Age , 10 November : p. 21
   Google Scholar
• Thomaselli , R. 2005 . The side effects of DTC change; drugs makers shift from network to internet, cable ahead of guidelines . Advertising Age , 15 August : p. 1
   Google Scholar
• Topaz , M. 2008 . Injectable volumetric fillers and botulinum toxin in facial rejuvenation . European Journal of Plastic Surgery , 31 : 281 – 291 .
   Google Scholar
• US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) . 2002a . FDA approves Botox to treat frown lines (Press Release) [online] Available from: http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/answers/2002/ans01147.html [Accessed 1 March 2009]
   Google Scholar
• US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) . 2002b . Is it a cosmetic, a drug, or both? [online] Available from: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼dms/cos-218.html [Accessed 1 March 2009]
   Google Scholar
• US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) . 2002c . Violative advertising and promotional labeling letter botulinum toxin type A, BOTOX cosmetic (Public Letter) [online] Available from: http://www.fda.gov/CDER/biologics/adpromo/botuall090502.htm [Accessed 1 March 2009]
   Google Scholar
• US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) . 2004 . Federal food, drug and cosmetic act [online] Available from: http://www.fda.gov/opacom/laws/fdcact/fdctoc.htm [Accessed 2 March 2009]
   Google Scholar
• US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) . 2005 . Botox fact sheet [online] Available from: http://www.fda.gov/WOMENS/getthefacts/botox.html [Accessed 1 March 2009]
   Google Scholar
• US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) . 2008a . Early communication about an on-going safety review Botox and Botox cosmetic (botulinum toxin type A) and myobloc (botulinum toxin type B) (Report) [online] Available from: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/early_ comm/botulinium_toxins.htm [Accessed 1 March 2009]
   Google Scholar
• US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) . 2008b . FDA notifies public of adverse reactions linked to Botox use (Press Release) [online] Available from: http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2008/new01796.html [Accessed 1 March 2009]
   Google Scholar
• US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) . 2009 . FDA requires boxed warning for all botulinum toxin products (Press Release) [online] Available from: http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2009/NEW02005.html [Accessed 1 March 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Viscusi , W. K. , Magat , W. A. and Huber , J. 1986 . Informational regulation of consumer health risks: An empirical evaluation of hazard warnings . RAND Journal of Economics , 17 : 351 – 365 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weise , E. 21 April 2003 . The little neurotoxin that could . USA Today , : 1d
   Google Scholar
• Wexler , S. Z. April 2009 . Brave New Botox . Marie Claire , 16 : 174 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilkes , M. S. , Bell , R. A. and Kravitz , R. L. 2000 . Direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising: Trends, impact, and implications . Health Affairs , 19 ( 2 ) : 110 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wogalter , M. S. 2002 . The effects of print format in direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertisements on risk knowledge and preference . Drug Informant Journal , 36 : 693 – 705 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf , N. 2002 . The beauty myth: How images of beauty are used against women , New York : Perennial .
   Google Scholar
• Woloshin , S. 2001 . Direct-to-consumer advertisements for prescription drugs: What are Americans being sold? . The Lancet , 358 : 1141 – 1146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin , R. K. 2009 . Case study research: Design and methods , (4th ed.) , Los Angeles , CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar