Examining uncertainties in government risk communication: citizens' expectations

References

• Alaszewski , A. 2005 . Risk communication: identifying the importance of social context . Health risk and society , 7 ( 2 ) : 101 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bammer , G. and Smithson , M. 2008 . “ The nature of uncertainty ” . In Uncertainty and risk: multidisciplinary perspectives , Edited by: Bammer , G. and Smithson , M. 289 – 304 . London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Barnlund , D.C. 1970 . “ A transactional model of communication ” . In Foundations of communication theory , Edited by: Sereno , K.K. and Mortensen , C.D. 83 – 102 . New York : Harper and Row .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , U. 1992 . Risk society: towards a new modernity , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Beierle , T. 2004 . The benefits and costs of disclosing information about risks: what do we know about right-to-know? . Risk analysis , 24 ( 2 ) : 335 – 346 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg , N. and Hoffrage , U. 2008 . Rational ignoring with unbounded cognitive capacity . Journal of economic psychology , 29 ( 6 ) : 792 – 809 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkes , F. 2007 . Understanding uncertainty and reducing vulnerability: lessons from resilience thinking . Natural hazards , 41 ( 2 ) : 283 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black , A.E. and Deci , E.L. 2000 . The effects of instructors' autonomy support and students' autonomous motivation on learning organic chemistry: a self-determination theory perspective . Science education , 84 : 740 – 756 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowers , C.A. 1988 . The cultural dimensions of educational computing: understanding the non-neutrality of technology , New York : Teachers College Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brashers , D.E. 2000 . Communication in the management of uncertainty: the case of persons living with HIV or AIDS . Communication monographs , 67 ( 1 ) : 63 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugnach , M. 2008 . Toward a relational concept of uncertainty: about knowing too little, knowing too differently, and accepting not to know . Ecology and society , 13 ( 2 ) : 30
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunting , C. 2007 . Introduction to the IRGC risk governance framework . John liner review , 21 ( 2 ) : 7 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Covello , V.T. , Sandman , P.M. and Slovic , P. 1988 . “ Risk communication ” . In risk statistics , DC: Chemical Manufacturers Association : and risk comparisons: a manual for plant managers. Washington .
   Google Scholar
• Deci , E.L. and Ryan , R.M. 1985 . Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour , New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Delquié , P. 2008 . The value of information and intensity preference . Decision analysis , 5 ( 3 ) : 129 – 139 .
   Google Scholar
• Fischhoff , B. 1995 . Risk perception and communication unplugged: twenty years of process . Risk analysis , 15 ( 2 ) : 137 – 145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischhoff , B. , Slovic , P. and Lichtenstein , S. 1982 . Lay foibles and expert fables in judgments about risk . American statistician , 36 : 240 – 255 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischhoff , B. 1981 . Acceptable risk , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Folker , A.P. and Sandoe , P. 2008 . Leaping “out of the doubt”-nutrition advice: values at stake in communicating scientific uncertainty to the public . Health care analysis , 16 ( 2 ) : 176 – 191 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frewer , L. 2004 . The public and effective risk communication . Toxicology letters , 149 ( 1–3 ) : 391 – 397 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frewer , L.J. , Miles , S. and Marsh , R. 2002a . The media and genetically modified foods: evidence in support of social amplification of risk . Risk analysis , 22 ( 4 ) : 701 – 711 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frewer , L.J. 2002b . Public preferences for informed choice under conditions of risk uncertainty . Public understanding of science , 11 ( 4 ) : 363 – 372 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frewer , L.J. 2003 . The views of scientific experts on how the public conceptualize uncertainty . Journal of risk research , 6 ( 1 ) : 75 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frosch , D.L. , Kaplan , R.M. and Felitti , V. 2001 . Evaluation of two methods to facilitate shared decision making for men considering the prostate-specific antigen test . Journal of general internal medicine , 16 ( 6 ) : 391 – 398 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giddens , A. 1990 . The consequences of modernity , Cambridge : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Graham , M. 2002 . Democracy by disclosure: the rise of technopopulsim , Washington, DC : Brookings .
   Google Scholar
• Han , P.K.J. , Moser , R.P. and Klein , W.M.P. 2007 . Perceived ambiguity about cancer prevention recommendations: associations with cancer-related perceptions and behaviours in a US population survey . Health expectations , 10 ( 4 ) : 321 – 336 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath , H. and Cowley , S. 2004 . Developing a grounded theory approach: a comparison of Glaser and Strauss . International journal of nursing studies , 41 ( 2 ) : 141 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilgartner , S. 1990 . The dominant view of popularization: conceptual problems, political uses . Social studies of science , 20 ( 3 ) : 519 – 539 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , B.B. 2003 . Further notes on public response to uncertainty in risks and science . Risk analysis , 23 ( 4 ) : 781 – 789 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , B.B. and Slovic , P. 1995 . Presenting uncertainty in health risk assessment: initial studies of its effects on risk perception and trust . Risk analysis , 15 ( 4 ) : 485 – 494 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasperson , R.E. 2008 . “ Coping with deep uncertainty: challenges for environmental assessment and decision making ” . In Uncertainty and risk: multidisciplinary perspectives , Edited by: Bammer , G. and Smithson , M. 337 – 347 . London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Klinke , A. and Renn , O. 2002 . A new approach to risk evaluation and management: risk-based, precaution-based, and discourse-based strategies . Risk analysis , 22 ( 6 ) : 1071 – 1094 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapp , P. , Raynor , D.K. and Berry , D.C. 2004 . Comparison of two methods of presenting risk information to patients about the side effects of medicines . Quality and safety in health care , 13 ( 3 ) : 176 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , J.E.C. and Lemyre , L. 2009 . A social-cognitive perspective of terrorism risk perception and individual response in Canada . Risk analysis , 29 ( 9 ) : 1265 – 1280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leighton, M., Roht-Arriaza, N., and Zarsky, L., 2002. Beyond good deeds: case studies and a new policy agenda for corporate accountability [online]. California Global Accountability Project. http://www.humanrightsadvocates.org/education/california-corporate-accountability-project (http://www.humanrightsadvocates.org/education/california-corporate-accountability-project) (Accessed: 20 November 2010 ).
   Google Scholar
• Leiss , W. 1996 . Three phases in the evolution of risk communication practice . Annals of the American academy of political and social science , 545 : 85 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemyre , L. 2005 . A psychosocial risk assessment and management framework to enhance response to CBRN terrorism threats and attacks . Biosecurity and bioterrorism: biodefense strategy practice and science , 3 ( 4 ) : 316 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln , Y. and Guba , E. 1985 . Naturalistic inquiry , New York : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Lofstedt , R.E. 2006 . How can we make food risk communication better: where are we and where are we going? . Journal of risk research , 9 ( 8 ) : 869 – 890 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luhmann , N. 1979 . Trust and power , Chichester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Macnaghten , P. , Kearnes , M.B. and Wynne , B. 2005 . Nanotechnology, governance, and public deliberation: what role for the social sciences? . Science communication , 27 ( 2 ) : 268 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansell , R. and Wehn , U. 1998 . Knowledge societies: information technology for sustainable development , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Markon , M.-P.L. , Lemyre , L. and Krewski , D. 2011 . Uncertainty beyond probabilities of BSE: appraisals predicting worry and coping strategies in the Canadian public . Journal of toxicology and environmental health, part A , 74 ( 2 ) : 226 – 240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer , S.B. and Ward , P.R. 2013 . Differentiating between trust and dependence of patients with coronary heart disease: furthering the sociology of trust . Health, risk and society , 15 ( 3 ) : 279 – 293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaels , D. and Monforton , C. 2005 . Manufacturing uncertainty: contested science and the protection of the public's health and environment . American journal of public health , 95 : 39 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles , S. and Frewer , L.J. 2003 . Public perception of scientific uncertainty in relation to food hazards . Journal of risk research , 6 ( 3 ) : 267 – 283 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , M. 2008 . “ Political practice: uncertainty, ethics and outcomes ” . In Uncertainty and risk: multidisciplinary perspectives , Edited by: Bammer , G. and Smithson , M. 171 – 182 . London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Morss , R.E. , Demuth , J.L. and Lazo , J.K. 2008 . Communicating uncertainty in weather forecasts: a survey of the US public . Weather and forecasting , 23 ( 5 ) : 974 – 991 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osimani , B. 2012 . Risk information processing and rational ignoring in the health context . The journal of socio-economics , 41 ( 2 ) : 169 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Palenchar , M.J. and Heath , R.L. 2007 . Strategic risk communication: adding value to society . Public relations review , 33 ( 2 ) : 120 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer , D.U. 2006 . Communicating risk and uncertainty in relation to development and implementation of disease control policies . Veterinary microbiology , 112 ( 2–4 ) : 259 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pidgeon , N. 2008 . “ Risk, uncertainty and social controversy: from risk perception and communication to public engagement ” . In Uncertainty and risk: multidisciplinary perspectives , Edited by: Bammer , G. and Smithson , M. 349 – 361 . London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Pidgeon , N. and Gregory , R. 2004 . “ Judgment, decision making and public policy ” . In Blackwell handbook of judgment and decision making , Edited by: Koehler , D. and Harvey , N. 604 – 623 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Powell , D.A. and Leiss , W. 1997 . Mad cows and mother's milk , Montreal : McGill-Queen's University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Powell , M. 2007 . Exploring lay uncertainty about an environmental health risk . Public understanding of science , 16 ( 3 ) : 323 – 343 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proctor , R.N. 1995 . Cancer wars: how politics shapes what we know and don't know about cancer , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Proctor , R.N. and Schiebinger , L. 2008 . Agnotology: the making and unmaking of ignorance , Palo Alto, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Public Health Agency of Canada, 2006. Strategic risk communications framework. http://www.riskcommunications.gc.ca (http://www.riskcommunications.gc.ca) (Accessed: 30 October 2010 ).
   Google Scholar
• Renn , O. 1992 . Risk communication: towards a rational discourse with the public . Journal of hazardous materials , 29 : 465 – 519 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , G.J. 2009 . Public perceptions, anxiety and behavioural change in relation to the swine flu outbreak: a cross-sectional telephone survey . British journal of psychiatry , 339 : b2651
   Google Scholar
• Ruiter , R.A.C. , Abraham , C. and Kok , G. 2001 . Scary warnings and rational precautions: a review of the psychology of fear appeals . Psychology and health , 16 : 613 – 630 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , E. and McClintock , A. 1990 . If you take my meaning: theory into practice in human communication , London : Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Slovic , P. 1993 . Perceived risk, trust, and democracy . Risk analysis, , 13 : 675 – 682 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic , P. 2002 . “ The affect heuristic ” . In Heuristics and biases: the psychology of intuitive judgment , Edited by: Gilovich , T. , Griffin , D. and Kahneman , D. 397 – 420 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smithson , M. 1989 . Ignorance and uncertainty: emerging paradigms , New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Smithson , M. 1999 . Conflict aversion: preference for ambiguity vs. conflict in sources and evidence . Organizational behavior and human decision processes , 79 ( 3 ) : 179 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern , P.C. and Fineburg , H.V. 1996 . “ Understanding risk: informing decisions in a democratic society ” . In Washington , National Academy Press : DC: National Research Council .
   Google Scholar
• Trumbo , C.W. and McComas , K.A. 2008 . Institutional trust, information processing and perception of environmental cancer risk . International journal of global environmental issues , 8 ( 1/2 ) : 61 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Tversky , A. and Kahneman , D. 1974 . Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases . Science , 185 ( 4157 ) : 1124 – 1131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Asselt , M.B.A. and Rotmans , J. 2002 . Uncertainty in integrated assessment modelling: from positivism to pluralism . Climatic Change , 54 ( 1–2 ) : 75 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viscusi , W.K. 1997 . Alarmist decisions with divergent risk information . Economic journal , 107 ( 445 ) : 1657 – 1670 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volk , R.J. , Cass , A.R. and Spann , S.J. 1999 . A randomized controlled trial of shared decision making for prostate-specific antigen screening . Archives of internal medicine , 156 : 1333 – 1336 .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , W.E. 2003 . Defining uncertainty: a conceptual basis for uncertainty management in model-based decision support . Integrated assessment , 4 ( 1 ) : 5 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Wiedemann , P.M. and Schuetz , H. 2000 . Developing dialogue-based communication programs (Studies in Risk Communication 79 , Juelich : Research Center Juelich .
   Google Scholar
• Wynne , B. 1989 . Sheep farming after Chernobyl: a case-study in communicating scientific-information . Environment , 31 ( 10–15 ) : 33 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Wynne , B. 1992 . Misunderstood misunderstanding: social identities and public uptake of science . Public understanding of science , 1 ( 3 ) : 281 – 304 .
   Google Scholar
• Wynne , B. 2005 . Reflexing complexity: post-genomic knowledge and reductionist returns in public science . Theory culture and society , 22 ( 5 ) : 67 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wynne , B. 2006 . Public engagement as a means of restoring public trust in science: hitting the notes, but missing the music? . Community genetics , 9 ( 3 ) : 211 – 220 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wynne , B. 2008 . Elephants in the rooms where publics encounter “science”?: a response to Darrin Durant, “Accounting for expertise: Wynne and the autonomy of the lay public” . Public understanding of science , 17 : 21 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar