551
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

‘I’m not insane, my mother had me tested’: the risk and benefits of being labelled ‘at-risk’ for psychosis

&
Pages 648-662 | Received 29 Oct 2012, Accepted 13 Jun 2013, Published online: 28 Oct 2013

References

  • Agerbo, E., et al., 2004. Marital and labor market status in the long run in schizophrenia. Archives of general psychiatry, 61, 28–33.
  • Arango, C., 2011. Attenuated psychotic symptoms syndrome: how it may affect child and adolescent psychiatry. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 20, 67–70.
  • Bechdolf, A., et al., 2012. Rationale and first results of developing at-risk (prodromal) criteria for bipolar disorder. Current pharmaceutical design, 18, 358–375.
  • Bentall, R.P. and Morrison, A.P., 2002. More harm than good: the case against using antipsychotic drugs to prevent severe mental illness. Journal of mental health, 11, 351–356.
  • Berger, G., et al., 2007. Neuroprotection in emerging psychotic disorders. Early intervention in psychiatry, 1, 114–127.
  • Boydell, K.M., Gladstone, B.M., and Volpe, T., 2006. Understanding help seeking delay in the prodrome to first episode psychosis: a secondary analysis of the perspectives of young people. Psychiatric rehabilitation journal, 30, 54–60.
  • Burton-Jeangros, C., et al., 2013. Between tolerable uncertainty and unacceptable risks: how health professionals and pregnant women think about the probabilities generated by prenatal screening. Health, risk and society, 15 (2), 144–161.
  • Bury, M., 1982. Chronic illness as biographical disruption. Sociology of health & illness, 4, 167–182.
  • Carpenter, W.T. and Tandon, R. 2013. Psychotic disorders in DSM-5: summary of changes. Asian journal of psychiatry, Epub ahead of print. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876201813000981#FCANote [Accessed 2 May 2013].
  • Charmaz, K., 1983. Loss of self: a fundamental form of suffering in the chronically ill. Sociology of health & illness, 5, 168–195.
  • Corcoran, C., Malaspina, D., and Hercher, L., 2005. Prodromal interventions for schizophrenia vulnerability: the risks of being ‘at risk’. Schizophrenia research, 73, 173–184.
  • Corcoran, C.M., First, M.B., and Cornblatt, B., 2010. The psychosis risk syndrome and its proposed inclusion in the DSM-V: a risk-benefit analysis. Schizophrenia research, 120, 16–22.
  • Dudley, R., et al., 2009. What do people with psychosis think caused their psychosis? A Q methodology. Behavioural and cognitive psychotherapy, 37, 11–24.
  • Fleischhaker, C., et al., 2005. Long-term course of adolescent schizophrenia. Schizophrenia bulletin, 31, 769–780.
  • Fraguas, D., et al., 2008. Metabolic and hormonal side effects in children and adolescents treated with second-generation antipsychotics. Journal of clinical psychiatry, 69, 1165–1175.
  • Freidson, E., 1972. Profession of medicine: a study of the sociology of applied knowledge. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company.
  • Giddens, A., 1994. Living in a post-traditional society. In: U. Beck, et al., eds. Reflexive modernization: politics, tradition and aesthetics in the modern social order. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 56–109.
  • Harris, E. and Barraclough, B., 1998. Excess mortality of mental disorder. British journal of psychiatry, 173, 11–53.
  • Heinssen, R.K., et al., 2001. Informed consent in early psychosis research: national institute of mental health workshop, November 15, 2000. Schizophrenia bulletin, 27, 571–583.
  • Hercher, L. and Bruenner, G., 2008. Living with a child at risk for psychotic illness: the experience of parents coping with 22q11 deletion syndrome: an exploratory study. American journal of medical genetics part A, 146A, 2355–2360.
  • Heyman, B., 2004. Risk and mental health. Health, risk & society, 6 (4), 297–301.
  • Heyman, B., Alaszewski, A., and Brown, P., 2012. Health care through the ‘lens of risk’ and the categorisation of health risks – an editorial. Health, risk & society, 14, 107–115.
  • Holmberg, C. and Parascandola, M., 2010. Individualised risk estimation and the nature of prevention. Health, risk & society, 12 (5), 441–452.
  • Holmes, C. and Warelow, P., 1999. Implementing psychiatry as risk management: DSM-IV as a postmodern taxonomy. Health, risk & society, 1 (2), 167–178.
  • Jutel, A., 2009. Sociology of diagnosis: a preliminary review. Sociology of health & illness, 31, 278–299.
  • Jutel, A., 2011. Putting a name to it: diagnosis in contemporary society. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Jutel, A. and Nettleton, S., 2011. Towards a sociology of diagnosis: reflections and opportunities. Social science & medicine, 73, 793–800.
  • Kaymaz, N. and Van Os, J., 2010. DSM5 and the ‘psychosis risk syndrome’: Babylonic confusion. Psychosis, 2, 100–103.
  • Kilkku, N., Munnukka, T., and Lehtinen, K., 2003. From information to knowledge: the meaning of information-giving to patients who had experienced first-episode psychosis. Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing, 10, 57–64.
  • Knight, M.T.D., Wykes, T., and Hayward, P., 2003. People don’t understand’: an investigation of stigma in schizophrenia using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Journal of mental health, 12, 209–222.
  • Koivisto, K., Janhonen, S., and Vaisanen, L., 2004. Patients’ experiences of being helped in an inpatient setting. Journal of psychiatric & mental health nursing, 11, 268–275.
  • Langan, J., 2010. Challenging assumptions about risk factors and the role of screening for violence risk in the field of mental health. Health, risk & society, 12, 85–100.
  • Leff, J., et al., 1992. The international pilot study of schizophrenia: five-year follow-up findings. Psychological medicine, 22, 131–145.
  • Manning, N., 2000. Psychiatric diagnosis under conditions of uncertainty: personality disorder, science and professional legitimacy. Sociology of health & illness, 22, 621–639.
  • Marwaha, S. and Johnson, S., 2004. Schizophrenia and employment: a review. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 39, 337–349.
  • Mason, O., et al., 2004. Risk factors for transition to first episode psychosis among individuals with ‘at-risk mental states. Schizophrenia research, 71, 227–237.
  • Mason, P., et al., 1995. Characteristics of outcome in schizophrenia at 13 years. British journal of psychiatry, 167, 596–603.
  • McCrone, P., et al., 2008. Paying the price: the cost of mental health care in England to 2026. London: King’s Fund.
  • McGlashan, T., 2005. Early detection and intervention in psychosis: an ethical paradigm shift. British journal of psychiatry, 187, s113–s115.
  • McGlashan, T., et al., 2006. Randomized, double-blind trial of olanzapine versus placebo in patients prodromally symptomatic for psychosis. American journal of psychiatry, 163, 790–799.
  • McGlashan, T.H., et al., 2007. Recruitment and treatment practices for help-seeking ‘prodromal’ patients. Schizophrenia bulletin, 33, 715–726.
  • McGorry, P.D., et al., 1996. EPPIC: an evolving system of early detection and optimal management. Schizophrenia bulletin, 22, 305–326.
  • McGorry, P.D. and Singh, B.S., 1995. Schizophrenia: risk and possibility. In: R.B. Burrows, ed. Handbook of studies on preventive psychiatry. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 491–514.
  • McGuire, J., 2004. Minimising harm in violence risk assessment: practical solutions to ethical problems? Health, risk & society, 6, 327–345.
  • Milne, A., 2010. Dementia screening and early diagnosis: the case for and against. Health, risk and society, 12 (1), 65–76.
  • Moses, T., 2009. Self-labeling and its effects among adolescents diagnosed with mental disorders. Social science and medicine, 68, 570–578.
  • Muhlbauer, S.A., 2002. Navigating the storm of mental illness: phases in the family’s journey. Qualitative health research, 12, 1076–1092.
  • National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2008. NICE implementation uptake report: atypical antipsychotic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia. London: NICE.
  • Nelson, B. and Yung, A., 2011. Should a risk syndrome for first episode psychosis be included in the DSM-5? Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 24, 128–133.
  • Pantelis, C., et al., 2003. Neuroanatomical abnormalities before and after onset of psychosis: a cross-sectional and longitudinal MRI comparison. Lancet, 361, 281–288.
  • Parsons, T., 1951. Illness and the role of the physician: a sociological perspective. American journal of orthopsychiatry, 21, 452–460.
  • Perkins, D.O., et al., 2005. Relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: a critical review and meta-analysis. American journal of psychiatry, 162, 1785–1804.
  • Portway, S.M. and Johnson, B., 2005. Do you know I have Asperger’s syndrome? Risks of a non-obvious disability. Health, risk & society, 7, 73–83.
  • Ruhrmann, S., et al., 2007. Acute effects of treatment for prodromal symptoms for people putatively in a late initial prodromal state of psychosis. British journal of psychiatry, 191, s88–s95.
  • Ruhrmann, S., Schultze-Lutter, F., and Klosterkötter, J., 2010. Probably at-risk, but certainly ill-advocating the introduction of a psychosis spectrum disorder in DSM-V. Schizophrenia research, 120, 23–37.
  • Salter, C.I., et al., 2011. Risk, significance and biomedicalisation of a new population: older women’s experience of osteoporosis screening. Social science & medicine, 73, 808–815.
  • Schmidt, M., Blanz, B., and Dippe, A., 1995. Course of patients diagnosed as having schizophrenia during first episode occurring under age 18 years. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 245, 93–100.
  • Simon, A.E. and Umbricht, D., 2010. High remission rates from an initial ultra-high risk state for psychosis. Schizophrenia research, 116, 168–172.
  • Simpson, E.L. and House, A., 2002. Involving users in the delivery and evaluation of mental health services: systematic review. British medical journal, 325 (7375), 1265.
  • Sin, J., Moone, N., and Harris, P., 2008. Siblings of individuals with first-episode psychosis: understanding their experiences and needs. Journal of psychosocial nursing and mental health services, 46, 33–40.
  • Smith, J.A., Flowers, P., and Larkin, M., 2009. Interpretative phenomenological analysis: theory, method and research. London: SAGE.
  • Sullivan, H., 1927/1994. The onset of schizophrenia. American journal of psychiatry, 151, 135–139.
  • Warner, J. and Gabe, J., 2004. Risk and liminality in mental health social work. Health, risk & society, 6, 387–399.
  • Welsh, P., 2013. The at-risk mental state (ARMS) for Psychosis in children and adolescents. Thesis (PhD). Durham University. Available from: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6935/
  • Welsh, P. and Tiffin, P.A., 2012. Observations of a small sample of adolescents experiencing an at-risk mental state (ARMS) for psychosis. Schizophrenia bulletin, 38 (2), 215–218.
  • Welsh, P. and Tiffin, P.A. 2013. The ‘At-Risk Mental State’ for psychosis in adolescents: clinical presentation, transition and remission. Child psychiatry & human development. Epub ahead of print. Available from: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10578-013-0380-z [Accessed 2 May 2013].
  • Wexler, N., 1995. Presymptomatic testing for genetic diseases. In: G. Pence, ed. Classic cases in medical ethics. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 384–412.
  • Williams, G., 1984. The genesis of chronic illness: narrative re-construction. Sociology of health & illness, 6, 175–200.
  • Wisdom, J.P. and Green, C.A., 2004. ‘Being in a funk’: teens’ efforts to understand their depressive experiences. Qualitative health research, 14, 1227–1238.
  • Woods, S.W., et al., 2007. Aripiprazole in the treatment of the psychosis prodrome: an open-label pilot study. British journal of psychiatry, 191, s96–s101.
  • Wright, A., Jorm, A.F., and Mackinnon, A.J., 2011. Labeling of mental disorders and stigma in young people. Social science & medicine, 73, 498–506.
  • Yang, L.H., et al., 2010. Potential stigma associated with inclusion of the psychosis risk syndrome in the DSM-V: an empirical question. Schizophrenia research, 120, 42–48.
  • Yung, A.R., et al., 2003. Psychosis prediction: 12-month follow up of a high-risk (‘prodromal’) group. Schizophrenia research, 60, 21–32.
  • Yung, A.R., et al., 2007. Declining transition rate in ultra high risk (prodromal) services: dilution or reduction of risk? Schizophrenia bulletin, 33, 673–681.
  • Yung, A.R., et al., 2008. Validation of ‘prodromal’ criteria to detect individuals at ultra high risk of psychosis: 2 year follow-up. Schizophrenia research, 105, 10–17.
  • Ziermans, T.B., et al., 2011. Transition and remission in adolescents at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia research, 126, 58–64.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.