Neuropsychological Subgroups of Cognitively-Impaired-Not-Demented (CIND) Individuals: Delineation, Reliability, and Predictive Validity

References

• Aldenderfer , M. S. and Blashfield , R. K. 1984 . Cluster analysis , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage Publications Inc .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 1987 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders Rev. , 3rd , Washington, D.C. : American Psychiatric Association .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 2000 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , IV-TR , Washington, D.C. : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Army Individual Test Battery . 1944 . Manual of directions and scoring , Washington, DC : War Department, Adjutant General’s Office .
   Google Scholar
• Benton , A. L. and Hamsher , K. 1989 . Multilingual Aphasia Examination: Manual of instructions , Iowa City, I.A. : AJA Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Bischkopf , J. , Busse , A. and Angermeyer , M. C. 2002 . Mild cognitive impairment: A review of prevalence, incidence, and outcome according to current approaches . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia , 106 : 403 – 414 . [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackford , R. C. and La Rue , A. 1989 . Criteria for diagnosing age-associated memory impairment: Proposed improvements from the field . Developmental Neuropsychology , 5 : 295 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blashfield , R. K. and Aldenderfer , M. S. 1988 . “ The methods and problems of cluster analysis ” . In Handbook of multivariate experimental psychology , 2nd , Edited by: Nesselroade , J. R. and Cattell , R. B. 447 – 473 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bowwirrat , A. , Friedland , R. P. , Farrer , L. , Baldwin , C. and Korczyn , A. 2002 . Genetic and environmental risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease in Israeli Arabs . Journal of Molecular Neuroscience , 19 ( 1–2 ) : 239 – 245 . [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collie , A. and Maruff , P. 2000 . The neuropsychology of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , 24 : 365 – 374 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crook , T. , Bartus , R. T. , Ferris , S. H. , Whitehouse , P. , Cohen , G. D. and Gershon , S. 1986 . Age-associated memory impairment: Proposed diagnostic criteria and measures of clinical change. Report of a National Institute of Mental Health Work Group . Developmental Neuropsychology , 2 : 261 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CSHA Working Group . 1994 . Canadian Study of Health and Aging: Study methods and prevalence of dementia . Journal of the Canadian Medical Association , 150 : 899 – 913 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delis , D. C. , Kramer , J. H. , Kaplan , E. and Ober , B. A. 1987 . California Verbal Learning Test: Adult version , San Antonio, TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Devanand , D. P. , Folz , M. , Gorlyn , M. , Moeller , J. R. and Stern , Y. 1997 . Questionable dementia: Clinical course and predictors of outcome . Journal of the American Geriatric Society , 45 : 321 – 328 . [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebly , E. M. , Hogan , D. and Parhad , I. M. 1995 . Cognitive impairment in the nondemented elderly: Results from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging . Archives of Neurology , 52 : 612 – 619 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feldman , H. , Levy , A. R. , Hsiung , G.-Y. , Peters , K. R. , Donald , A. and Black , S. E. 2003 . A Canadian Cohort Study of Cognitive Impairment and Related Dementias (ACCORD): Study methods and baseline results . Neuroepidemiology , 22 ( 5 ) : 265 – 274 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher , N. J. , Rourke , B. P. and Bieliauskas , L. A. 1999 . Neuropsychological subgroups of patients with Alzheimer’s disease: An examination of the first 10 years of CERAD data . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 21 ( 4 ) : 488 – 218 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graff-Radford , N. R. 2003 . “ Biological markers ” . In Mild cognitive impairment: Aging to Alzheimer disease , Edited by: Petersen , R. C. 205 – 228 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hair , J. F. J. , Anderson , R. E. , Tatham , R. L. and Black , W. C. 1998 . Multivariate data analysis , 5th , Upper Saddle River, New Jersey : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Hogan , D. B. and Ebly , E. M. 1999 . Predicting who will develop dementia in a cohort of Canadian seniors . Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , 27 : 18 – 24 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , E. F. , Goodglass , H. and Weintraub , S. 1983 . The Boston Naming Test , Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger .
   Google Scholar
• Knopman , D. S. 2003 . “ Treatment of mild cognitive impairment and prospects for prevention of Alzheimer’s disease ” . In Mild cognitive impairment: Aging to Alzheimer’s disease , Edited by: Petersen , R. C. 243 – 258 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Larrabee , G. J. , Levin , H. S. and High , W. M. 1986 . Senescent forgetfulness: A quantitative study . Developmental Neuropsychology , 2 ( 4 ) : 373 – 385 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy , R. 1994 . Aging-associated cognitive decline . International Psychogeriatrics , 6 : 63 – 68 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lezak , M. D. 1995 . Neuropsychological Assessment , 3rd , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lindsay , J. , Laurin , D. , Verreault , R. , Hebert , R. , Helliwell , B. and Hill , G. B. 2002 . Risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease: A prospective analysis from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging . American Journal of Epidemiology , 156 ( 5 ) : 445 – 453 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingston , R. B. , Pritchard , D. A. , Moses , J. A. , Haak , R. A. , Marshall , R. and Gray , R. 1997 . Modal profiles for the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery for Children . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 12 ( 5 ) : 459 – 476 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malec , J. F. , Smith , G. E. , Ivnik , R. J. , Petersen , R. C. and Tangalos , E. G. 1996 . Clusters of impaired normal elderly do not decline cognitively in 3 to 5 years . Neuropsychology , 10 ( 1 ) : 66 – 73 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers , J. E. and Meyers , K. R. 1995 . Rey Complex Figure Test and recognition trial: Professional manual , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Mitrushina , M. N. , Uchiyama , C. and Satz , P. 1995 . Heterogeneity of cognitive profiles in normal aging: Implications for early manifestations of Alzheimer’s disease . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 17 ( 3 ) : 374 – 382 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morey , L. C. 1991 . The Personality Assessment Inventory: Professional manual , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Moses , J. A. and Pritchard , D. A. 1996 . Modal profiles for the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 11 ( 1 ) : 61 – 68 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters , K. R. , Graf , P. , Hayden , S. and Feldman , H. (2003) . “ Neuropsychological characterization of Cognitively-Impaired-Not-Demented (CIND) individuals: Clinical comparison data ” . In The Clinical Neuropsychologist 208 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Petersen , R. C. 2000 . Mild cognitive impairment or questionable dementia? . Archives of Neurology , 57 : 643 – 644 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen , R. C. 2003 . “ Conceptual overview ” . In Mild cognitive impairment: From aging to Alzheimer’s disease , Edited by: Petersen , R. C. 1 – 14 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Petersen , R. C. , Doody , R. , Kurz , A. , Mohs , R. C. , Morris , J. C. and Rabins , P. V. 2001 . Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment . Archives of Neurology , 58 : 1985 – 1992 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen , R. C. , Smith , G. E. , Ivnik , R. J. , Tangalos , E. G. , Schaid , D. J. and Thibodeau , S. N. 1995 . Apolipoprotein E status as a predictor of the development of Alzheimer’s Disease in memory-impaired individuals . Journal of the American Medical Association , 273 ( 16 ) : 1274-1278 [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen , R. C. , Smith , G. E., Waring , S. C. , Ivnik , R. J. and Kokmen , E. 1999 . Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical characterization and outcome . Archives of Neurology , 56 : 303 – 308 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravaglia , G. , Forti , P. , Maioli , F. , Sacchetti , L. , Mariani , E. and Nativio , V. 2002 . Education, occupation, and prevalence of dementia: Findings from the Conselice study . Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders , 14 ( 2 ) : 90 – 100 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reifler , B. V. 1997 . Pre-dementia . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 45 : 776 – 777 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reischies , F. M. and Hellweg , R. 2000 . Prediction of deterioration in mild cognitive disorder in old age: Neuropsychological and neurochemical parameters of dementia diseases . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 14 (2 (Suppl 1)) : 66 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie , K. , Leibovici , D. , Ledesert , B. and Touchon , J. 1996 . A typology of sub-clinical senescent cognitive disorder . British Journal of Psychiatry , 168 : 470 – 476 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spreen , O. and Benton , A. L. 1969, 1977 . Neurosensory Center Comprehensive Examination for Aphasia (NCCEA) , Victoria : University of Victoria Neuropsychology Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Spreen , O. and Strauss , E. 1998 . A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• 2002 . SPSS for Windows , Chicago, IL : SPSS Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Steenhuis , R. E. and Ostbye , T. 1995 . Neuropsychological test performance of specific diagnostic groups in the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA) . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 17 ( 5 ) : 773 – 785 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teng , E. L. and Chui , H. C. 1987 . The modified mini-mental state (3-MS) examination . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 48 ( 8 ) : 314 – 318 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuokko , H. and Frerichs , R. J. 2000 . Cognitive impairment with no dementia (CIND): Longitudinal studies, the findings, and the issues . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 14 ( 4 ) : 504 – 525 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuokko , H. , Frerichs , R. , Kristjansson , B. and McDowell , A. 2000 . Cognitive impairment with no dementia — yet? The meaning of mild cognitive impairment in older adults . Mature Medicine Canada, June–August , : 116 – 118 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Tuokko , H. , Kristjansson , E. and Miller , J. 1995 . Neuropsychological detection of dementia: An overview of the neuropsychological component of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 17 ( 3 ) : 352 – 373 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuokko , H. , Vernon-Wilkinson , R. , Weir , J. and Beattie , B. L. 1991 . Cued recall and early identification of dementia . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 13 ( 6 ) : 871 – 879 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdois , S. , Joanette , Y. , Poissant , A. , Ska , B. and Dehaut , F. 1990 . Heterogeneity in the cognitive profile of normal elderly . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 12 ( 4 ) : 587 – 596 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1981 . Wechsler Adult Intelligent Scale-Revised manual , New York : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1987 . Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised manual , San Antonio, TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Ylikoski , R. , Ylikoski , A. , Keskivaara , P. , Tilvis , R. , Sulkava , R. and Erkinjuntti , T. 1999 . Heterogeneity of cognitive profiles in aging: successful aging, normal aging, and individuals at risk for cognitive decline . European Journal of Neurology , 6 : 645 – 652 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar