2,522
Views
241
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Letter Digit Substitution Test: Normative Data for 1,858 Healthy Participants Aged 24–81 from the Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS): Influence of Age, Education, and Sex

, , &
Pages 998-1009 | Published online: 16 Feb 2007

References

  • Belsley , D.A. , Kuh , E. and Welsch , R.E. 1980 . Regression diagnostics: Identifying influential data and sources of collinearity , New York : Wiley .
  • Bosma , H. , Van Boxtel , M.P.J. , Ponds , R.W.H.M. , Houx , P.J. and Jolles , J. 2003 . Mental work demands protect against cognitive impairment: MAAS prospective cohort study . Experimental Aging Research , 29 : 33 – 45 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
  • De Bie , S.E. 1987 . Standaardvragen 1987: Voorstellen voor uniformering van vraagstellingen naar achtergrondkenmerken en interviews , Leiden, , The Netherlands : Leiden University Press . [Standard questions 1987: Proposal for uniformization of questions regarding background variables and interviews]
  • De Groot , R.H.M. , Hornstra , G. , Rozendaal , N. and Jolles , J. 2003 . Memory performance, but not information processing speed, may be reduced during early pregnancy . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 25 : 483 – 489 . [CSA]
  • Dijkstra , J.B. , Strik , J.J.M.H. , Lousberg , R. , Prickaerts , J. , Riedel , W.J. , Jolles , J. , Van Praag , H.M. and Honig , A. 2002 . Atypical cognitive profile in patients with depression after myocardial infarction . Journal of Affective Disorders , 70 : 181 – 190 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Flynn , J.R. 1987 . Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure . Psychological Bulletin , 101 : 171 – 191 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Flynn , J.R. 1999 . Searching for justice: the discovery of IQ gains over time . American Psychologist , 54 : 5 – 20 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Folstein , M.F. , Folstein , S.E. and McHugh , P.R. 1975 . Mini-Mental State: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 12 : 189 – 198 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Houx , P.J. , Shepherd , J. , Blauw , G. , Murphy , M.B. , Ford , I. , Bollen , E.L. , Buckley , B. , Stott , D.J. , Jukema , W. , Gaw , A. , Norrie , J. , Kamper , A.M. , Perry , I.J. , MacFarlane , P.W. , Edo Meinders , A. , Sweeney , B.J. , Packard , C.J. , Twomey , C. , Cobbe , S.M. and Westendorp , R.G. 2002 . Testing cognitive function in elderly populations: The PROSPER study . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry , 73 : 385 – 389 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Jelicic , M. , Van Boxtel , M.P.J. , Houx , P.J. and Jolles , J. 2000 . Does migraine headache affect cognitive function in the elderly? Report from the Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS) . Headache , 40 : 715 – 719 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Jolles , J. , Houx , P.J. , Van Boxtel , M.P.J. and Ponds , R.W.H.M. 1995 . Maastricht Aging Study: Determinants of cognitive aging , Maastricht, The Netherlands : Neuropsych Publishers .
  • Krabbendam , L. , Van Harten , P.N. , Picus , I. and Jolles , J. 2000 . Tardive dyskinesia is associated with impaired retrieval from long-term memory: The Curacao extrapyramidal syndromes study: IV . Schizophrenia Research , 42 : 41 – 46 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Lamberts , H. and Wood , M. 1987 . ICPC. International classification of primary care , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Lezak , M.D. 1995 . Neuropsychological Assessment , 3rd , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Luteijn , F. and Van der Ploeg , F.A.E. 1983 . Handleiding Groninger Intelligentietest (GIT) , Lisse, , The Netherlands : Swets and Zeitlinger . [Manual Groningen Intelligence Test]
  • Møller , J.T. , Cluitmans , P. , Rasmussen , L.S. , Houx , P.J. , Rasmussen , H. , Canet , J. , Rabbitt , P. , Jolles , J. , Larsen , K. , Hanning , C.D. , Langeron , O. , Johnson , T. , Lauven , P.M. , Kristensen , P.A. , Biedler , A. , Van Beem , H. , Fraidakis , O. , Silverstein , J.H. , Beneken , J.E.W. and Gravenstein , J.S. 1998 . Long-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly: ISPOCD1 study . The Lancet , 351 : 857 – 861 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Ponds , R.W.H.M. , Van Boxtel , M.P.J. and Jolles , J. 2000 . Age-related changes in subjective cognitive functioning . Educational Gerontology , 26 : 67 – 81 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Smith , A. 1982 . Symbol Digit Modalities Test, manual , Los Angeles, CA : Western Psychological Services .
  • Spreen , O. and Strauss , E. 1998 . A compendium of neuropsychological tests , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) . International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), UNESCO . Paris.
  • Van Boxtel , P.J. , Gaillard , C. , Houx , P.J. , Buntinx , F. , de Leeuw , P.W. and Jolles , J. 1997 . Can blood pressure predict cognitive task performance in a healthy population sample? . Journal of Hypertension , 15 : 1069 – 1076 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Van Boxtel , M.P.J. , Van Beijsterveldt , C.E.M. , Houx , P.J. , Anteunis , L.J.C , Metsemakers , J.F.M. and Jolles , J. 2000 . Mild hearing impairment can reduce verbal memory performance in a healthy adult population . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 22 : 147 – 154 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
  • Van Hoof , J.J.M. , Jogems-Kosterman , B.J.M. , Sabbe , B.G.C. , Zitman , F.G. and Hulstijn , W. 1998 . Differentiation of cognitive and motor slowing in the Digit Symbol Test (DST): differences between depression and schizophrenia . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 32 : 99 – 103 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Wechsler , D. 1955 . Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale , New York : Psychological Corporation .
  • Wechsler , D. 1981 . Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised , New York : Psychological Corporation .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.