MS vs. HD: Can white matter and subcortical gray matter pathology be distinguished neuropsychologically?

REFERENCES

• Albert , M. L. , Feldman , R. G. and Willis , A. L. 1974 . The ‘subcortical dementia’ of progressive supranuclear palsy . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 37 : 121 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews , T. C. and Brooks , D. J. 1998 . Advances in the understanding of early Huntington's disease using the functional imaging techniques of PET and SPECT . Molecular Medicine Today , 4 : 532 – 539 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bamford , K. A. , Caine , E. D. , Kido , D. K. , Plassche , W. M. and Shoulson , I. 1989 . Clinical-pathologic correlation in Huntington's disease: A neuropsychological and computed tomography study . Neurology , 39 : 796 – 801 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty , W. W. 1990 . Screening for cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: An evaluation of the Mini-Mental State Examination . Archives of Neurology , 47 : 297 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty , W. W. , Goodkin , D. E. , Monson , N. and Beatty , P. A. 1989 . Cognitive disturbances in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis . Archives of Neurology , 46 : 1113 – 1119 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty , W. W. , Goodkin , D. E. , Monson , N. and Beatty , P. A. 1990 . Implicit learning in patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis . International Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology , 12 : 166 – 172 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berent , S. , Giordani , B. , Lehtinen , S. , Markel , D. , Penney , J. B. Buchtel , H. A. 1988 . Positron emission tomography scan investigations of Huntington's disease: Cerebral metabolic correlates of cognitive function . Annals of Neurology , 23 : 541 – 546 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boerner , R. J. and Kapfhammer , H. P. 1999 . Psychopathological changes and cognitive impairment in encephalomyelitis disseminata . European Archives of Clinical Neuroscience , 249 : 96 – 102 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brandt , J. , Corwin , J. and Krafft , L. 1992 . Is verbal recognition memory really different in Huntington's and Alzheimer's disease? . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 14 : 773 – 784 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breen , E. K. 1993 . Recall and recognition memory in Parkinson's disease . Cortex , 29 : 91 – 102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , R. G. and Marsden , C. D. 1988 . “Subcortical dementia”: The evidence . Neuroscience , 25 : 363 – 387 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butters , M. A. , Goldstein , G. , Allen , D. N. and Shemansky , W. J. 1998 . Neuropsychological similarities and differences among Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, and cortical dementia . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 13 : 721 – 735 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butters , N. , Wolfe , J. , Granholm , E. and Martone , M. 1986 . An assessment of verbal recall, recognition and fluency abilities in patients with Huntington's disease . Cortex , 22 : 11 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butters , N. , Wolfe , J. , Martone , M. , Granholm , E. and Cermak , L. S. 1985 . Memory disorders associated with Huntington's disease: Verbal recall, verbal recognition and procedural memory . Neuropsychologia , 23 : 729 – 743 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caine , E. D. , Bamford , K. A. , Schiffer , R. E. , Shoulson , I. and Levy , S. 1986 . A controlled neuropsychological comparison of Huntington's disease and multiple sclerosis . Archives of Neurology , 43 : 249 – 254 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , 2nd , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cummings , J. L. 1990 . Subcortical dementia , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cummings , J. L. and Benson , D. F. 1984 . Subcortical dementia: Review of an emerging concept . Archives of Neurology , 41 : 874 – 879 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings , J. L. and Benson , D. F. 1992 . Dementia: A clinical approach , 2nd , Boston : Butterworth-Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Delis , D. C. , Kramer , J. H. , Kaplan , E. and Ober , B. A. 1987 . California Verbal Learning Test: Research edition , San Antonio, TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Delis , D. C. , Massman , P. J. , Butters , N. , Salmon , D. P. , Cermak , L. S. and Kramer , J. H. 1991 . Profiles of demented and amnesic patients on the California Verbal Learning Test: Implications for the assessment of memory disorders . Psychological Assessment , 3 : 19 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• DeLuca , J. , Barbieri-Berger , S. and Johnson , S. K. 1994 . The nature of memory impairments in multiple sclerosis: Acquisition versus retrieval . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 16 : 183 – 189 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLuca , J. , Gaudino , E. A. , Diamond , B. J. , Christodoulou , C. and Engel , R. A. 1998 . Acquisition and storage deficits in multiple sclerosis . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 20 : 376 – 390 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demaree , H. A. , DeLuca , J. , Gaudino , E. A. and Diamond , B. J. 1999 . Speed of information processing as a key deficit in multiple sclerosis: Implications for rehabilitation . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 67 : 661 – 663 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demaree , H. A. , Gaudino , E. A. , DeLuca , J. and Ricker , J. H. 2000 . Learning impairment is associated with recall ability in multiple sclerosis . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 22 : 1 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diamond , B. J. , DeLuca , J. , Kim , H. and Kelley , S. M. 1997 . The question of disproportionate impairments in visual and auditory processing in patients with multiple sclerosis . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 19 : 34 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eslinger , P. J. and Damasio , A. R. 1986 . Preserved motor learning in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for anatomy and behavior . Journal of Neuroscience , 6 : 3006 – 3009 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahn , S. 1995 . “ Huntington's disease ” . In Merritt's textbook of neurology , 9th , Edited by: Rowland , L. P. 695 – 699 . Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Ferraro , F. R. , Balota , D. A. and Connor , L. T. 1993 . Implicit memory and the formation of new associations in nondemented Parkinson's disease individuals and individuals with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type: A serial reaction time (SRT) investigation . Brain and Cognition , 21 : 163 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filley , C. M. 1998 . The behavioral neurology of cerebral white matter . Neurology , 50 : 1535 – 1540 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Filley , C. M. 2001 . The behavioral neurology of white matter , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Filley , C. M. , Franklin , G. M. , Heaton , R. K. and Rosenberg , N. L. 1988 . White matter dementia: Clinical disorders and implications . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology , 1 : 239 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , J. S. , Priore , R. L. , Jacobs , L. D. , Cookfair , D. L. , Rudick , R. A. Herndon , R. M. 2000 . Neuropsychological effects of interferon ß-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis . Annals of Neurology , 48 : 885 – 892 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer , J. S. , Rudick , R. A. , Cutter , G. R. and Reingold , S. C. 1999 . The multiple sclerosis functional composite measure (MSFC): An integrated approach to MS clinical outcome assessment . Multiple Sclerosis , 5 : 244 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein , M. F. , Folstein , S. E. and McHugh , P. R. 1975 . “Mini-Mental State”: A practical method of grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 12 : 189 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frith , C. D. , Bloxham , C. A. and Carpenter , K. N. 1986 . Impairments in the learning and performance of a new manual skill in patients with Parkinson's disease . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 49 : 661 – 668 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frohman , E. M. , Frohman , T. C. , Zee , D. S. , McColl , R. and Galetta , S. 2005 . The neuro-opthalmology of multiple sclerosis . Lancet Neurology , 4 : 111 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabrieli , J. D. E. , Corkin , S. , Mickel , S. F. and Growdon , J. H. 1993 . Intact acquisition and long-term retention of mirror-tracing skill in Alzheimer's disease and in global amnesia . Behavioral Neuroscience , 107 : 899 – 910 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabrieli , J. D. E. , Singh , J. , Stebbins , G. T. and Goetz , C. G. 1996 . Reduced working memory span in Parkinson's disease: Evidence for the role of a frontostriatal system in working and strategic memory . Neuropsychology , 10 : 322 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabrieli , J. D. , Stebbins , G. T. , Singh , J. , Willingham , D. B. and Goetz , C. G. 1997 . Intact mirror-drawing and impaired rotary-pursuit skill in patients with Huntington's disease: Evidence for dissociable memory systems in skill learning . Neuropsychology , 11 : 272 – 281 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grafman , J. , Rao , S. M. and Litvan , I. 1990 . “ Disorders of memory ” . In Neurobehavioral aspects of multiple sclerosis , Edited by: Rao , S. M. 102 – 117 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Halsband , U. and Freund , H.-J. 1990 . Premotor cortex and conditional motor learning in man . Brain , 113 : 207 – 222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halsband , U. and Passingham , R. E. 1982 . The role of premotor and parietal cortex in the direction of action . Brain Research , 240 : 368 – 372 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayden , M. R. , Martin , W. R. , Stoessl , A. J. , Clark , C. , Hollenberg , S. Adam , M. J. 1986 . Positron emission tomography in the early diagnosis of Huntington's disease . Neurology , 36 : 888 – 894 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heindel , W. C. , Butters , N. and Salmon , D. P. 1988 . Impaired learning of a motor skill in patients with Huntington's disease . Behavioral Neuroscience , 102 : 141 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heindel , W. C. , Salmon , D. P. , Shults , C. W. , Walicke , P. A. and Butters , N. 1989 . Neuropsychological evidence for multiple implicit memory systems: A comparison of Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's disease patients . Journal of Neuroscience , 9 : 582 – 587 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knopman , D. S. and Nissen , M. J. 1987 . Implicit learning in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease . Neurology , 37 : 784 – 788 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knopman , D. and Nissen , M. J. 1991 . Procedural learning is impaired in Huntington's disease: Evidence from the serial reaction time task . Neuropsychologia , 29 : 245 – 254 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer , J. H. , Delis , D. C. , Blusewicz , M. J. , Brandt , J. , Ober , B. A. and Strauss , M. 1988 . Verbal memory errors in Alzheimer's and Huntington's dementias . Developmental Neuropsychology , 4 : 1 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulhmann , T. , Lingfeld , G. , Bitsch , A. , Schuchardt , J. and Brück , W. 2002 . Acute axonal damage in multiple sclerosis is most extensive in early disease stages and decreases over time . Brain , 125 : 2202 – 2212 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lafayette Instrument . 1996 . Autoscoring mirror tracer model #58024A , Lafayette, IN : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Lafayette Instrument . 1998 . Photoelectric rotary pursuit model #30014A , Lafayette, IN : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Lafosse , J. M. , Reed , B. R. , Mungas , D. , Sterling , S. B. , Wahbeh , H. and Jagust , W. J. 1997 . Fluency and memory differences between ischemic vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease . Neuropsychology , 11 : 514 – 522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemiere , J. , Decruyenaere , M. , Evers-Kiebooms , G. , Vandenbussche , E. and Dom , R. 2002 . Longitudinal study evaluating neuropsychological changes in so-called asymptomatic carriers of the Huntington's disease mutation after 1 year . Acta Neurologica Scandinavica , 106 : 131 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling , N. D. and Selby , M. J. 1998 . Assessment of memory in multiple sclerosis patients using the Memory Assessment Scale . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 86 : 987 – 998 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Massman , P. J. , Delis , D. C. , Butters , N. , Levin , B. E. and Salmon , D. P. 1990 . Are all subcortical dementias alike? Verbal learning and memory in Parkinson's and Huntington's disease patients . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 12 : 729 – 744 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss , M. B. , Albert , M. S. , Butters , N. and Payne , M. 1986 . Differential patterns of memory loss among patients with Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome . Archives of Neurology , 43 : 239 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulsen , J. S. , Zhao , H. , Stout , J. C. , Brinkman , R. R. , Guttman , M. Ross , C. A. 2001 . Clinical markers of early disease in persons near onset of Huntington's disease . Neurology , 57 : 658 – 662 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrides , M. 1985 . Deficits on conditional associative-learning tasks after frontal- and temporal-lobe lesions in man . Neuropsychologia , 23 : 601 – 614 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pliskin , N. H. , Hamer , D. P. , Goldstein , D. S. , Towle , V. L. , Reder , A. T. Noronha , A. 1996 . Improved delayed visual reproduction test performance in multiple sclerosis patients receiving interferon ß-1b . Neurology , 47 : 1463 – 1468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poser , C. M. , Paty , D. W. , Scheinberg , L. , McDonald , W. I. , Davis , F. A. Ebers , G. C. 1983 . New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: Guidelines for research protocols . Annals of Neurology , 13 : 227 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozzilli , C. 1991 . SPECT, MRI and cognitive functions in multiple sclerosis . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 54 : 110 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randolph , C. , Tierney , M. C. , Mohr , E. and Chase , T. N. 1998 . The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS): Preliminary clinical validity . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 20 : 310 – 319 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao , S. M. 1986 . Neuropsychology of multiple sclerosis: A critical review . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 8 : 503 – 542 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao , S. M. 1996 . White matter disease and dementia . Brain and Cognition , 32 : 250 – 268 .
   Google Scholar
• Rao , S. M. , Grafman , J. , DiGiulio , D. , Mittenberg , W. , Bernardin , L. Leo , G. L. 1993 . Memory dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: Its relation to working memory, semantic encoding, and implicit learning . Neuropsychology , 7 : 364 – 374 .
   Google Scholar
• Robbins , T. W. , James , M. , Owen , A. M. , Lange , W. W. , Lees , A. J. Leigh , P. N. 1994 . Cognitive deficits in progressive supranuclear palsy, Parkinson's disease, and multiple system atrophy in tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 57 : 79 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage , C. R. 1997 . Neuropsychology of subcortical dementias . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 20 : 911 – 931 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel , S. and Castellan , N. J. 1988 . Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences , 2nd , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A. 1995 . Symbol Digit Modalities Test , Los Angeles : Western Psychological Services .
   Google Scholar
• Spreen , O. and Strauss , E. 1998 . A compendium of neuropsychological tests , 2nd , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Starkstein , S. E. , Brandt , J. , Bylsma , F. , Peyser , C. , Folstein , M. and Folstein , S. E. 1992 . Neuropsychological correlates of brain atrophy in Huntington's disease: A magnetic resonance imaging study . Neuroradiology , 34 : 487 – 489 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suhr , J. A. and Jones , R. D. 1998 . Letter and semantic fluency in Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's dementias . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 13 : 447 – 454 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vonsattel , J. P. and DiFiglia , M. 1998 . Huntington's disease . Journal of Neuropathoogy and Experimental Neurology , 57 : 360 – 384 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitehouse , P. J. 1986 . The concept of cortical and subcortical dementia: Another look . Annals of Neurology , 19 : 1 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willingham , D. B. 1998 . A neuropsychological theory of motor skill learning . Psychological Review , 105 : 558 – 584 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willingham , D. B. , Koroshetz , W. J. and Peterson , E. W. 1996 . Motor skills have diverse neural bases: Spared and impaired learning in Huntington's disease patients . Neuropsychology , 10 : 315 – 321 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willingham , D. B. , Peterson , E. W. , Manning , C. and Brashear , H. R. 1997 . Patients with Alzheimer's disease who cannot perform some motor skills show normal learning of other motor skills . Neuropsychology , 11 : 272 – 281 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson , R. S. , Bacon , L. D. , Fox , J. H. and Kaszniak , A. W. 1983 . Primary memory and secondary memory in dementia of the Alzheimer type . Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology , 5 : 337 – 344 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakzanis , K. K. 2000 . Distinct neurocognitive profiles in multiple sclerosis subtypes . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 15 : 115 – 136 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar