Correlates of persistent postconcussional disorder: DSM-IV criteria versus ICD-10

REFERENCES

• Aitken , R. C. B. 1969 . Measurement of feelings using the visual analogue scale . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine , 62 : 989 – 996 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alexander , M. P. 1992 . Neuropsychiatric correlates of persistent postconcussive syndrome . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 7 : 60 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Alexander , M. P. 1995 . Mild traumatic brain injury: Pathophysiology, natural history, and clinical management . Neurology , 45 : 1253 – 1260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Axelrod , B. N. , Fox , D. D. , Lees-Haley , P. R. , Earnest , K. and Dolezal-Wood , S. 1998 . Application of the Postconcussive Syndrome Questionnaire with medical and psychiatric outpatients . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 13 : 543 – 548 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , S. P. , O'Neill , B. , Haddon , W. Jr. and Long , W. B. 1974 . The injury severity score: A method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care . Journal of Trauma , 14 : 187 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazarian , J. J. , Wong , T. , Harris , M. , Leahey , N. , Mookerjee , S. and Dombovy , M. 1999 . Epidemiology and predictors of post-concussive syndrome after minor head injury in an emergency population . Brain Injury , 13 : 173 – 189 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder , L. M. 1986 . Persisting symptoms after mild head injury: A review of the postconcussive syndrome . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 8 : 323 – 346 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder , L. M. and Rohling , M. L. 1996 . Money matters: A meta-analytic review of the effects of financial incentives on recovery after closed-head injury . American Journal of Psychiatry , 153 : 7 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard , E. B. , Hickling , E. J. , Taylor , A. E. , Buckley , T. C. , Loos , W. R. and Walsh , J. 1998 . Effects of litigation settlements on posttraumatic stress symptoms in motor vehicle accident victims . Journal of Trauma Stress , 11 : 337 – 354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard , E. B. , Jones-Alexander , J. , Buckley , T. C. and Forneris , C. A. 1996 . Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL) . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 34 : 669 – 673 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boake , C. , McCauley , S. R. , Levin , H. S. , Contant , C. F. , Song , J. X. Brown , S. A. 2004 . Limited agreement between criteria-based diagnoses of postconcussional syndrome . Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 16 : 493 – 499 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boake , C. , McCauley , S. R. , Levin , H. S. , Pedroza , C. , Contant , C. F. Song , J. X. 2005 . Diagnostic criteria for postconcussional syndrome after mild to moderate traumatic brain injury . Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 17 : 350 – 356 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohnen , N. and Jolles , J. 1992 . Neurobehavioral aspects of postconcussive symptoms after mild head injury . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 180 : 683 – 692 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohnen , N. , Jolles , J. , Twijnstra , A. , Mellink , R. and Sulon , J. 1992 . Coping styles, cortisol reactivity, and performance in a vigilance task of patients with persistent postconcussive symptoms after a mild head injury . International Journal of Neuroscience , 64 : 97 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein , R. A. , Miller , H. B. and van Schoor , T. 1988 . Emotional adjustment in compensated head injury patients . Neurosurgery , 23 : 622 – 627 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buschke , H. 1973 . Selective reminding for analysis of memory and learning . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 12 : 543 – 550 .
   Google Scholar
• Buschke , H. and Fuld , P. A. 1974 . Evaluating storage, retention, and retrieval in disordered memory and learning . Neurology , 24 : 1019 – 1025 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campo , P. and Morales , M. 2004 . Normative data and reliability for a Spanish version of the verbal Selective Reminding Test . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 19 : 421 – 435 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campo , P. , Morales , M. and Juan-Malpartida , M. 2000 . Development of two Spanish versions of the verbal selective reminding test . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 22 : 279 – 285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campo , P. , Morales , M. and Martinez-Castillo , E. 2003 . Discrimination of normal from demented elderly on a Spanish version of the verbal Selective Reminding Test . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 25 : 991 – 999 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll , L. J. , Cassidy , J. D. , Peloso , P. M. , Borg , J. , von Holst , H. Holm , L. 2004 . Prognosis for mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury . Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine , 36 ( Suppl. 43 ) : 84 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy , J. D. , Carroll , L. , Côté , P. , Holm , L. and Nygren , A. 2004 . Mild traumatic brain injury after traffic collisions: A population-based inception cohort study . Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine , 36 ( Suppl. 43 ) : 15 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Cattelani , R. , Gugliotta , M. , Maravita , A. and Mazzuchi , A. 1996 . Post-concussive syndrome: Paraclinical signs, subjective symptoms, cognitive functions, and MMPI profiles . Brain Injury , 10 : 187 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan , R. C. 2001 . Base rate of post-concussion symptoms among normal people and its neuropsychological correlates . Clinical Rehabilitation , 15 : 266 – 273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicerone , K. D. and Azulay , J. 2002 . Diagnostic utility of attention measures in postconcussion syndrome . Clinical Neuropsychology , 16 : 280 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicerone , K. D. and Kalmar , K. 1995 . Persistent postconcussion syndrome: The structure of subjective complaints after mild traumatic brain injury . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 10 ( 3 ) : 1 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicerone , K. D. and Kalmar , K. 1997 . Does premorbid depression influence post-concussive symptoms and neuropsychological functioning? . Brain Injury , 11 ( 9 ) : 643 – 648 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , 2nd , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Committee on Injury Scaling . 1990 . Abbreviated Injury Scale , Des Plaines, IL : Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine .
   Google Scholar
• Denker , P. G. and Perry , G. F. 1954 . Postconcussion syndrome in compensation and litigation; analysis of 95 cases with electroencephalographic correlation . Neurology , 4 : 912 – 918 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dikmen , S. , Temkin , N. R. and Armsden , G. 1989 . “ Neuropsychological recovery: Relationship to psychosocial functioning and postconcussional complaints ” . In Mild head injury , Edited by: Levin , H. S. , Eisenberg , H. M. and Benton , A. L. 229 – 241 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , R. W. 1992 . The postconcussion syndrome and the sequelae of mild head injury . Neurologic Clinics , 10 : 815 – 847 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evered , L. , Ruff , R. , Baldo , J. and Isomura , A. 2003 . Emotional risk factors and postconcussional disorder . Assessment , 10 : 420 – 427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fann , J. R. , Katon , W. J. , Uomoto , J. M. and Esselman , P. C. 1995 . Psychiatric disorders and functional disability in outpatients with traumatic brain injuries . American Journal of Psychiatry , 152 : 1493 – 1499 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fee , C. R. and Rutherford , W. H. 1988 . A study of the effect of legal settlement on post-concussion symptoms . Archives of Emergency Medicine , 5 : 12 – 17 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fenton , G. 1996 . The postconcussional syndrome reappraised . Clinical Electroencephalography , 27 : 174 – 182 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fenton , G. , McClelland , R. , Montgomery , A. , MacFlynn , G. and Rutherford , W. 1993 . The postconcussional syndrome: Social antecedents and psychological sequelae . British Journal of Psychiatry , 162 : 493 – 497 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari , R. , Constantoyannis , C. and Papadakis , N. 2001 . Cross-sectional study of symptom expectation following minor head injury in Canada and Greece . Clinical Neurology & Neurosurgery , 103 : 254 – 259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First , M. B. , Gibbon , M. , Spitzer , R. L. and Williams , J. B. W. 1996 . Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Non-patient Edition (SCID-I/NP) , New York : New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research .
   Google Scholar
• Gasquoine , P. G. 1997 . Postconcussion symptoms . Neuropsychology Review , 7 : 77 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasquoine , P. G. 2000 . Postconcussional symptoms in chronic back pain . Applied Neuropsychology , 7 : 83 – 89 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gouvier , W. D. , Uddo-Crane , M. and Brown , L. M. 1988 . Base rates of post-concussional symptoms . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 3 : 273 – 278 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gunstad , J. and Suhr , J. A. 2001 . “Expectation as etiology” versus “the good old days”: Postconcussion syndrome symptom reporting in athletes, headache sufferers, and depressed individuals . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 7 : 323 – 333 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guskiewicz , K. M. , Marshall , S. W. , Broglio , S. P. , Cantu , R. C. and Kirkendall , D. T. 2002 . No evidence of impaired neurocognitive performance in collegiate soccer players . American Journal of Sports Medicine , 30 : 157 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna-Pladdy , B. , Berry , Z. M. , Bennett , T. , Phillips , H. L. and Gouvier , W. D. 2001 . Stress as a diagnostic challenge for postconcussive symptoms: Sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury or physiological stress response . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 15 : 289 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugenholtz , H. , Stuss , D. T. , Stethem , L. L. and Richard , M. T. 1988 . How long does it take to recover from a mild concussion? . Neurosurgery , 22 : 853 – 858 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson , G. L. 2005 . Outcome from mild traumatic brain injury . Current Opinion in Psychiatry , 18 : 301 – 317 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson , G. L. 2006 . Misdiagnosis of the persistent postconcussion syndrome in patients with depression . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 21 : 303 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson , G. L. and Gaetz , M. 2001 . Analysis of circadian heart patterns in persistent postconcussion syndrome research . Journal of Cognitive Rehabilitation , 19 : 18 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Iverson , G. L. and Lange , R. T. 2003 . Examination of “postconcussion-like” symptoms in a healthy sample . Applied Neuropsychology , 10 : 137 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson , G. L. , Lovell , M. R. and Smith , S. S. 2000 . Does brief loss of consciousness affect cognitive functioning after mild head injury? . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 15 : 643 – 648 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson , R. R. 1995 . The post-concussional syndrome: Physiogenesis, psychogenesis and malingering. An integrative model . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 39 : 675 – 693 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karzmark , P. , Hall , K. and Englander , J. 1995 . Late-onset post-concussion symptoms after mild brain injury: The role of premorbid, injury-related, environmental, and personality factors . Brain Injury , 9 : 21 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashluba , S. , Casey , J. E. and Paniak , C. 2006 . Evaluating the utility of ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for postconcussion syndrome following mild traumatic brain injury . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 12 : 111 – 118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay , T. , Newman , B. , Cavallo , M. , Ezrachi , O. and Resnick , M. 1992 . Toward a neuropsychological model of functional disability after mild traumatic brain injury . Neuropsychology , 6 : 371 – 384 .
   Google Scholar
• King , N. S. 1996 . Emotional, neuropsychological, and organic factors: Their use in the prediction of persisting postconcussion symptoms after moderate and mild head injuries . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 61 : 75 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , N. S. , Crawford , S. , Wenden , F. J. , Caldwell , F. E. and Wade , D. T. 1999 . Early prediction of persisting post-concussion symptoms following mild and moderate head injuries . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 38 : 15 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , N. S. , Crawford , S. , Wenden , F. J. , Moss , N. E. and Wade , D. T. 1995 . The Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire: A measure of symptoms commonly experienced after head injury and its reliability . Journal of Neurology , 242 : 587 – 592 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraus , J. , Schaffer , K. , Ayers , K. , Stenehjem , J. , Shen , H. and Afifi , A. A. 2005 . Physical complaints, medical service use, and social and employment changes following mild traumatic brain injury: A 6-month longitudinal study . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 20 : 239 – 256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushner , D. 1998 . Mild traumatic brain injury: Toward understanding manifestations and treatment . Archives of Internal Medicine , 158 : 1617 – 1624 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larrabee , G. J. , Trahan , D. E. and Levin , H. S. 2000 . Normative data for a six-trial administration of the verbal selective reminding test . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 14 : 110 – 118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lees-Haley , P. R. and Brown , R. S. 1993 . Neuropsychological complaint base rates of 170 personal injury claimants. Year of Publication 1993 . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 8 : 203 – 209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letsch , E. A. 2003 . Persistent postconcussion symptom complex: Patterns of psychological functioning . Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B , 63 ( 8-B ) : 3925
   Google Scholar
• Levin , H. S. , Boake , C. , Song , J. X. , McCauley , S. R. , Contant , C. F. Diaz-Marchan , P. 2001 . Validity and sensitivity to change of the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale in mild to moderate traumatic brain injury . Journal of Neurotrauma , 18 : 575 – 584 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin , H. S. , High , W. M. , Goethe , K. E. , Sisson , R. A. , Overall , J. E. Rhoades , H. M. 1987a . The neurobehavioural rating scale: Assessment of the behavioural sequelae of head injury by the clinician . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 50 : 183 – 193 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin , H. S. , Mattis , S. , Ruff , R. M. , Eisenberg , H. M. , Marshall , L. F. Tabaddor , K. 1987b . Neurobehavioral outcome following minor head injury: A three-center study . Journal of Neurosurgery , 66 : 234 – 243 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lezak , M. D. , Howieson , D. B. and Loring , D. W. 2004 . Neuropsychological assessment , 4th , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lidvall , H. F. , Jonsson , C. O. , Linderoth , B. and Norlin , B. 1970 . Aetiology of the post-concussional syndrome . Acta Neurologica Scandinavica , 46 ( Suppl ) : 43 – 283 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lidvall , H. F. , Linderoth , B. and Norlin , B. 1974 . Causes of the post-concussional syndrome . Acta Neurologica Scandinavica , 56 ( Suppl ) : 3 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Lowdon , I. M. , Briggs , M. and Cockin , J. 1989 . Post-concussional symptoms following minor head injury . Injury , 20 : 193 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luis , C. A. , Vanderploeg , R. D. and Curtiss , G. 2003 . Predictors of postconcussion symptom complex in community dwelling male veterans . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 9 : 1001 – 1015 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazaux , J. M. , Masson , F. , Levin , H. S. , Alaoui , P. , Maurette , P. and Barat , M. 1997 . Long-term neuropsychological outcome and loss of social autonomy after traumatic brain injury . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 78 : 1316 – 1320 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCauley , S. R. , Boake , C. , Levin , H. S. , Contant , C. F. and Song , J. X. 2001a . Postconcussional disorder following mild to moderate traumatic brain injury: Anxiety, depression, and social support as risk factors and comorbidities . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 23 : 792 – 808 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCauley , S. R. , Boake , C. , Pedroza , C. , Brown , S. A. , Levin , H. S. Goodman , H. S. 2005 . Postconcussional disorder: Are the DSM-IV criteria an improvement over the ICD-10? . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 193 : 540 – 550 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCauley , S. R. , Levin , H. S. , Vanier , M. , Mazaux , J. M. , Boake , C. Goldfader , P. R. 2001b . The neurobehavioural rating scale-revised: Sensitivity and validity in closed head injury assessment . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 71 : 643 – 651 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClelland , R. J. , Fenton , G. W. and Rutherford , W. 1994 . The postconcussional syndrome revisited . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine , 87 : 508 – 510 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrea , M. , Guskiewicz , K. M. , Marshall , S. W. , Barr , W. , Randolph , C. Cantu , R. C. 2003 . Acute effects and recovery time following concussion in collegiate football players: The NCAA Concussion Study . The Journal of the American Medical Association , 290 : 2556 – 2563 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrory , P. R. , Ariens , T. and Berkovic , S. F. 2000 . The nature and duration of acute concussive symptoms in Australian football . Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine , 10 : 235 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinlay , W. W. , Brooks , D. N. and Bond , M. R. 1983 . Post-concussional symptoms, financial compensation and outcome of severe blunt head injury . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 46 : 1084 – 1091 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean , A. , Temkin , N. R. , Dikmen , S. and Wyler , A. R. 1983 . The behavioral sequelae of head injury . Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology , 5 : 361 – 376 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers , J. E. and Meyers , K. R. 1995 . Rey complex figure test and recognition trial (manual) , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , L. J. and Donders , J. 2001 . Subjective symptomatology after traumatic head injury . Brain Injury , 15 : 297 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millis , S. R. 1994 . Assessment of motivation and memory with the Recognition Memory Test after financially compensable mild head injury . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 50 : 601 – 605 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittenberg , W. , DiGiulio , D. V. , Perrin , S. and Bass , A. E. 1992 . Symptoms following mild head injury: Expectation as aetiology . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 55 : 200 – 204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittenberg , W. and Strauman , S. 2000 . Diagnosis of mild head injury and the postconcussion syndrome . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 15 : 783 – 791 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mureriwa , J. 1990 . Head injury and compensation: A preliminary investigation of the postconcussional syndrome in Harare . The Central African Journal of Medicine , 36 : 315 – 318 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Osterrieth , P. A. 1944 . Le test de copie d'une figure complex: Contribution a l'etude de la perception et de la memoire [Test of copying a complex figure: Contribution to the study of perception and memory] . Archives de Psychologie , 30 : 286 – 356 .
   Google Scholar
• Paniak , C. , Reynolds , S. , Phillips , K. , Toller-Lobe , G. , Melnyk , A. and Nagy , J. 2002a . Patient complaints within 1 month of mild traumatic brain injury: A controlled study . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 17 : 319 – 334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paniak , C. , Reynolds , S. , Toller-Lobe , G. , Melnyk , A. , Nagy , J. and Schmidt , D. 2002b . A longitudinal study of the relationship between financial compensation and symptoms after treated mild traumatic brain injury . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 24 : 187 – 193 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker , R. S. 1996 . The spectrum of emotional distress and personality changes after minor head injury incurred in a motor vehicle accident . Brain Injury , 10 : 287 – 302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelco , L. , Sawyer , M. , Duffield , G. , Prior , M. and Kinsella , G. 1992 . Premorbid emotional and behavioural adjustment in children with mild head injuries . Brain Injury , 6 : 29 – 37 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ponsford , J. , Willmont , C. , Rothwell , A. , Cameron , P. , Kelly , A.-M. Nelms , R. 2000 . Factors influencing outcome following mild traumatic brain injury in adults . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 6 : 568 – 579 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radanov , B. P. , di Stefano , G. , Schnidrig , A. and Ballinari , P. 1991 . Role of psychosocial stress in recovery from common whiplash . Lancet , 338 ( 8769 ) : 712 – 715 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff , L. S. 1977 . The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population . Applied Psychological Measurement , 1 : 385 – 401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rey , A. 1941 . L'examen psychologique dans le cas d'encephalopathie traumatique [Psychological examination in the case of traumatic brain injury] . Archives de Psychologie , 28 : 286 – 340 .
   Google Scholar
• Rintala , D. H. , Novy , D. M. , Garza , H. M. , Young , M. E. , High , W. M. J. and Chiou-Tan , F. Y. 2002 . Psychometric properties of a Spanish-language version of the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ) . Rehabilitation Psychology , 47 : 144 – 164 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson , E. , Rath , B. , Fournet , G. , Zelhart , P. and Estes , R. 1994 . Assessment of mild brain trauma: A preliminary study of the influence of premorbid factors . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 8 : 69 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Ruff , R. 2005 . Two decades of advances in understanding of mild traumatic brain injury . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 20 : 5 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruff , R. M. , Camenzuli , L. and Mueller , J. 1996 . Miserable minority: Emotional risk factors that influence the outcome of a mild traumatic brain injury . Brain Injury , 10 : 551 – 565 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruff , R. M. , Crouch , J. A. , Tröster , A. I. , Marshall , L. F. , Buchsbaum , M. S. Lottenberg , S. 1994 . Selected cases of poor outcome following a minor brain trauma: Comparing neuropsychological and positron emission tomography assessment . Brain Injury , 8 : 297 – 308 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , R. W. 1971 . The traumatic amnesias , London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rutherford , W. H. , Merrett , J. D. and McDonald , J. R. 1979 . Symptoms at one year following concussion from mild head injuries . Injury , 10 : 225 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarason , I. G. , Sarason , B. R. , Shearin , E. N. and Pierce , G. R. 1987 . A brief measure of social support: Practical and theoretical implications . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 4 : 497 – 510 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAS . 2003 . Statistical Analysis Software for Windows (Version 9.1) [Computer software] , Cary, NC : SAS Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Schoenhuber , R. and Gentilini , M. 1988 . Anxiety and depression after mild head injury: A case control study . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 51 : 722 – 724 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheskin , D. J. 2000 . Handbook of parametric and nonparametric statistical procedures , 2nd , New York : Chapman & Hall/CRC .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A. 1982 . Symbol-Digit Modalities Test (manual) , Los Angeles : Western Psychological Services .
   Google Scholar
• Soury , S. , Mazaux , J. M. , Lambert , J. , De Seze , M. , Joseph , P. A. Lozes-Boudillon , S. 2005 . The neurobehavioral rating scale-revised: Assessment of concurrent validity . Annales de Réadaptation et de Médecine Physique , 48 : 61 – 70 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sterr , A. , Herron , K. , Hayward , C. and Montaldi , D. 2006 . Are mild head injuries as mild as we think? Neurobehavioral concomitants of chronic post-concussion syndrome . BMC Neurology , 6 : 7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stogner , B. L. 2000 . Prediction of postconcussional syndrome from personality and health psychology variables . Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B , 61 ( 1-B ) : 550
   Google Scholar
• Strauss , E. , Sherman , E. M. S. and Spreen , O. 2006 . A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary , 3rd , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Suhr , J. A. and Gunstad , J. 2002 . Postconcussive symptom report: The relative influence of head injury and depression . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 24 : 981 – 993 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale , G. and Jennett , B. 1974 . Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: A practical scale . Lancet , 2 : 81 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornhill , S. , Teasdale , G. M. , Murray , G. D. , McEwen , J. , Roy , C. W. and Penny , K. I. 2000 . Disability in young people and adults one year after head injury: Prospective cohort study . British Medical Journal , 320 ( 7250 ) : 1631 – 1635 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trahan , D. E. , Ross , C. E. and Trahan , S. L. 2001 . Relationships among postconcussional-type symptoms, depression, and anxiety in neurologically normal young adults and victims of mild brain injury . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 16 : 435 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Naalt , J. , van Zomeren , A. H. , Sluiter , W. J. and Minderhoud , J. M. 1999 . One year outcome in mild to moderate head injury: The predictive value of acute injury characteristics related to complaints and return to work . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 66 : 207 – 213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanier , M. , Mazaux , J. M. , Lambert , J. , Dassa , C. and Levin , H. S. 2000 . Assessment of neuropsychologic impairments after head injury: Interrater reliability and factorial and criterion validity of the Neurobehavioral Rating Scale–Revised . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 81 : 796 – 806 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware , J. E. , Kosinski , M. and Keller , S. D. 1994 . SF-36 Physical and Mental Health Summary Scales: A user's manual , Boston : New England Medical Center, Health Assessments Lab .
   Google Scholar
• Ware , J. E. , Snow , K. K. , Kosinski , M. and Gandek , B. 1993 . SF-36 Health Survey: Manual and interpretation guide , Boston : New England Medical Center, The Health Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Willer , B. , Rosenthal , M. , Kreutzer , J. S. , Gordon , W. A. and Rempel , R. 1993 . Assessment of community integration following rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 8 : 75 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , J. T. , Pettigrew , L. E. and Teasdale , G. M. 1998 . Structured interviews for the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale: Guidelines for their use . Journal of Neurotrauma , 8 : 573 – 585 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , J. T. L. , Pettigrew , L. E. L. and Teasdale , G. M. 2000 . Emotional and cognitive consequences of head injury in relation to the Glasgow outcome scale . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry , 69 : 204 – 209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong , J. L. , Regennitter , R. P. and Barrios , F. 1994 . Base rate and simulated symptoms of mild head injury among normals . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 9 : 411 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , R. L. 2004 . Understanding the “miserable minority”: A diathesis-stress paradigm for post-concussional syndrome . Brain Injury , 18 : 1135 – 1153 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 1992 . The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines , Geneva, Switzerland : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 1993 . The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research , Geneva, Switzerland : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar
• Youngjohn , J. R. , Burrows , L. and Erdal , K. 1995 . Brain damage or compensation neurosis? The controversial post-concussion syndrome . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 9 : 112 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar