Measuring neuropsychological change following breast cancer treatment: An analysis of statistical models

REFERENCES

• Ahles , T. A. , Saykin , A. J. , Furstenberg , C. T. , Cole , B. , Mott , L. A. Skalla , K. 2002 . Neuropsychologic impact of standard-dose systemic chemotherapy in long-term survivors of breast cancer and lymphoma . Journal of Clinical Oncology , 20 : 485 – 493 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahles , T. A. , Tope , D. M. , Furstenberg , C. , Hann , D. and Mills , L. 1996 . Psychologic and neuropsychologic impact of autologous bone marrow transplantation . Journal of Clinical Oncology , 14 : 1457 – 1462 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ammons , R. B. and Ammons , C. H. 1962 . The Quick Test (QT): Provisional manual . Psychological Reports. Monograph Supplement , 1 ( -VII ) : 111 – 161 .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson-Hanley , C. , Sherman , M. L. , Riggs , R. , Agocha , V. B. and Compas , B. E. 2003 . Neuropsychological effects of treatments for adults with cancer: A meta- analysis and review of the literature . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 9 : 967 – 982 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender , C. M. , Sereika , S. M. , Berga , S. L. , Vogel , V. G. , Brufsky , A. M. Paraska , K. K. 2006 . Cognitive impairment associated with adjuvant therapy in breast cancer . Psycho-Oncology , 15 : 422 – 430 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brezden , C. B. , Phillips , K. , Abdolell , M. , Bunston , T. and Tannock , I. F. 2000 . Cognitive function in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy . Journal of Clinical Oncology , 18 : 2695 – 2701 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellon , S. A. , Ganz , P. A. , Bower , J. E. , Peterson , L. , Abraham , L. and Greendale , G. A. 2004 . Neurocognitive performance in breast cancer survivors exposed to adjuvant chemotherapy and tamoxifen . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. , 26 : 955 – 969 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellon , S. A. , Silverman , D. H. D. and Ganz , P. A. 2005 . Breast cancer treatment and cognitive functioning: Current status and future challenges in assessment . Breast Cancer Research and Treatment , 92 : 299 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly , E. , Komaroff , A. L. , Bloomingdale , K. , Wilson , S. and Albert , M. S. 2001 . Neuropsychological function in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and depression . Applied Neuropsychology , 8 : 12 – 20 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dick , F. , Semple , S. , Soutar , A. , Osborne , A. , Cherrie , J. W. and Seaton , A. 2004 . Is colour vision impairment associated with cognitive impairment in solvent exposed workers . Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 61 : 76 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan , K. A. , Small , B. J. , Andrykowski , M. A. , Schmitt , F. A. , Munster , P. and Jacobsen , P. B. 2005 . Cognitive functioning after adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy for early-stage breast carcinoma . Cancer , 104 : 2499 – 2507 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faust , D. and Fogel , B. S. 1989 . The development and initial validation of a sensitive bedside cognitive screening test . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 177 : 25 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogel , B. S. 1991 . The High Sensitivity Cognitive Screen . International Psychogeriatrics , 3 : 273 – 288 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freeman , J. R. and Broshek , D. K. 2002 . Assessing cognitive dysfunction in breast cancer: What are the tools? . Clinical Breast Cancer , 3 : 591 – 599 .
   Google Scholar
• Frerichs , R. J. and Tuokko , H. A. 2006 . Reliable change scores and their relation to perceived change in memory: Implications for the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 21 : 109 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frigon , J. Y. and Laurencelle , L. 1993 . An analysis of covariance: A proposed algorithm . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 53 : 1 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottschalk , L. A. , Holcombe , R. F. , Jackson , D. and Bechtel , R. J. 2003 . The effects of anticancer chemotherapeutic drugs on cognitive function and other neuropsychiatric dimensions in breast cancer patients . Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology , 25 : 117 – 122 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaton , R. K. , Temkin , N. , Dikmen , S. , Avitable , N. , Taylor , M. J. Marcotte , T. D. 2001 . Detecting change: A comparison of three neuropsychological methods, using normal and clinical samples . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 16 : 75 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermelink , K. , Untch , M. , Lux , M. P. , Kreienberg , R. , Beck , T. Bauerfeind , I. 2007 . Cognitive function during neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer . Cancer , 109 : 1905 – 1913 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurria , A. and Lachs , M. 2007 . Is cognitive dysfunction a complication of adjuvant chemotherapy in the older patient with breast cancer? . Breast Cancer Research and Treatment , 103 : 259 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isella , V. , Atzeni , L. , Iurlaro , S. , Villa , M. L. , Russo , A. Forapani , E. 2003 . Assessing clinically relevant cognitive decline: Preliminary data on a new method . Neurological Sciences , 24 : 236 – 241 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins , V. , Shilling , V. , Deutsch , G. , Bloomfield , D. , Morris , R. Allan , S. 2006 . A 3-year prospective study of the effects of adjuvant treatments on cognition in women with early stage breast cancer . British Journal of Cancer , 94 : 828 – 834 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson , N. S. , Follette , W. C. and Revenstorf , D. 1984 . Psychotherapy outcome research: Methods for reporting variability and evaluating clinical significance . Behavior Therapy , 15 : 336 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson , N. S. and Truax , P. 1991 . Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 59 : 12 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen , C. E. , Miaskowski , C. , Dodd , M. and Dowling , G. 2005 . Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment in women with breast cancer: A critique of the literature . Oncology Nursing Forum , 32 : 329 – 342 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins , V. , Shilling , V. , Deutsch , G. , Bloomfield , D. , Morris , R. Allan , S. 2006 . A 3-year prospective study of the effects of adjuvant treatments on cognition in women with early stage breast cancer . British Journal of Cancer , 94 : 828 – 834 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins , V. , Shilling , V. , Fallowfield , L. , Howell , A. and Hutton , S. 2004 . Does hormone therapy for the treatment of breast cancer have a detrimental effect on memory and cognition? A pilot study . Psycho-Oncology , 13 : 61 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joyce , E. M. , Hutton , S. B. , Mutsatsa , S. H. and Barnes , T. R. 2005 . Cognitive heterogeneity in first-episode schizophrenia . British Journal of Psychiatry , 187 : 516 – 522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk , R. E. 1968 . Experimental design: Procedures for the behavioral sciences , Belmont, CA : Brooks/Cole Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Kreukels , B. P. , Schagen , S. B. , Ridderinkhof , K. R. , Boogerd , W. , Lamburger , H. L. and van Dam , F. S. 2005 . Electrophysiological correlates of information processing in breast-cancer patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy . Breast Cancer Research and Treatment , 94 : 53 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LoGalbo , A. , Sawrie , S. , Roth , D. L. , Kuzniecky , R. , Knowlton , R. Faught , E. 2005 . Verbal memory outcome in patients with normal preoperative verbal memory and left mesial temporal sclerosis . Epilepsy & Behavior , 6 : 337 – 341 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lezak , M. D. , Howieson , D. B. and Loring , D. W. 2004 . Neuropsychological assessment , 4th , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mar Fan , H. G. , Houede-Tchen , N. , Yi , Q. , Chemerynsky , I. , Downie , F. P. Sabate , K. 2005 . Fatigue, menopausal symptoms, and cognitive function in women after adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: 1 and 2 year follow-up of a prospective controlled study . Journal of Clinical Oncology , 23 : 8025 – 8032 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , R. , Griffith , H. R. , Sawrie , S. , Knowlton , R. and Faught , E. 2006 . Determining empirically based self-reported cognitive change: Development of reliable change indices and standardized regression-based change norms for the multiple abilities self-report questionnaire in an epilepsy sample . Epilepsy & Behavior , 8 : 239 – 245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , R. , Sawrie , S. , Gilliam , F. , Mackey , M. , Faught , E. Knowlton , R. 2002 . Determining reliable cognitive change after epilepsy surgery: Development of reliable change indices and standardized regression-based change norms for the WMS-III and WAIS-III . Epilepsia , 43 : 1551 – 1558 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrea , M. , Barr , W. B. , Guskiewica , K. , Randolph , C. , Marshall , S. W. Cantu , R. 2005 . Standard regression-based methods for measuring recovery after sport-related concussion . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 11 : 58 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNair , D. M. , Lorr , M. and Droppleman , L. F. 1992 . Manual for the Profile of Mood States , San Diego, CA : Educational and Industrial Service .
   Google Scholar
• McSweeney , A. J. , Naugle , R. I. , Chelune , G. J. and Lunders , H. 1993 . “T scores for change”: An illustration of a regression approach to depicting change in clinical neuropsychology . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 7 : 300 – 312 .
   Google Scholar
• National Cancer Institute. (2007). Finding cancer statistics: Cancer stat fact sheets—Cancer of the breast. http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html (Accessed: 19 November 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , H. E. and McKenna , P. 1975 . The use of current reading ability in the assessment of dementia . British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 14 : 259 – 267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olin , J. J. 2001 . Cognitive function after systemic therapy for breast cancer . Oncology , 15 : 613 – 624 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peace , K. A. , Orme , S. M. , Padayatty , S. J. , Godfrey , H. P. D. and Belchetz , P. E. 1998 . Cognitive dysfunction in patients with pituitary tumour who have been treated with transfrontal or transsphenoidal surgery or medication . Clinical Endocrinology , 49 : 391 – 396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Public Health Agency of Canada. (2007). Breast Cancer. Retrieved November 19, 2007, from http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ccdpc-cpcmc/bc-cds/index_e.html
   Google Scholar
• Raymond , P. D. , Hinton-Bayre , A. D. , Radel , M. , Ray , M. J. and Marsh , N. A. 2006 . Assessment of statistical change criteria used to define significant change in neuropsychological test performance following cardiac surgery . European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery , 29 : 82 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawrie , S. M. 2002 . Analysis of cognitive change: A commentary on Keith et al. (2002) . Neuropsychology , 16 : 429 – 431 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawrie , S. M. , Marson , D. C. , Boothe , A. L. and Harrell , L. E. 1999 . A method for assessing clinically relevant individual cognitive change in older adult populations . Journal of Gerontology , 54 ( B ) : 116 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Saykin , A. J. , Ahles , T. A. and McDonald , B. C. 2003 . Mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced cognitive disorders: Neuropsychological, pathophysiological, and neuroimaging perspectives . Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry , 8 : 201 – 216 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schagen , S. B. , Hamburger , H. L. , Muller , M. J. , Boogerd , W. and van Dam , F. S. 2001 . Neurophysiological evaluation of late effects of adjuvant high-dose chemotherapy on cognitive function . Journal of Neuro-Oncology , 51 : 159 – 165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schagen , S. B. , Muller , M. J. , Boogerd , W. , Rosenbrand , R. M. , van Rhijn , D. Rodenhuis , S. 2002 . Late effects of adjuvant chemotherapy on cognitive function: A follow-up study in breast cancer patients . Annals of Oncology , 13 : 1387 – 1397 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schagen , S. B. , van Dam , F. S. , Muller , M. J. , Boogerd , W. , Lindeboom , J. and Bruning , P. F. 1999 . Cognitive deficits after postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for breast carcinoma . Cancer , 85 : 640 – 650 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherwath , A. , Mehnert , A. , Schleimer , B. , Schirmer , L. , Fehlauer , F. Kreienberg , R. 2006 . Neuropsychological function in high-risk breast cancer survivors after stem-cell supported high-dose therapy versus standard-dose chemotherapy: Evaluation of long- term treatment effects . Annals of Oncology , 17 : 415 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilder , C. and Schagen , S. 2007 . Effects of hormonal therapy on cognitive functioning in breast cancer patients: A review of the literature . Minerva Ginecologica , 59 : 387 – 401 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Servaes , P. , Verhagen , C. A. and Bleijenberg , G. 2002 . Relations between fatigue, neuropsychological functioning, and physical activity after treatment for breast carcinoma . Cancer , 95 : 2017 – 2026 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shilling , V. and Jenkins , V. 2007 . Self-reported cognitive problems in women receiving adjuvant therapy for breast cancer . European Journal of Oncology Nursing , 11 : 6 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shilling , V. , Jenkins , V. , Fallowfield , L. and Howell , T. 2003 . The effects of hormone therapy on cognition in breast cancer . Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , 86 : 405 – 412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shilling , V. , Jenkins , V. , Morris , R. , Deutsch , G. and Bloomfield , D. 2005 . The effects of adjuvant chemotherapy on cognition in women with breast cancer—preliminary results of an observational longitudinal study . The Breast , 14 : 142 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shilling , V. , Jenkins , V. and Trapala , I. S. 2006 . The (mis)classification of chemo-fog—methodological inconsistencies in the investigation of cognitive impairment after chemotherapy . Breast Cancer Research and Treatment , 95 : 125 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , A. , Bielajew , C. , Collins , B. , Parkinson , M. and Tomiak , E. 2006 . A meta-analysis of the neuropsychological effects of adjuvant chemotherapy treatment in women treated for breast cancer . Clinical Neuropsychology , 20 : 76 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , A. , Collins , B. , Mackenzie , J. , Tomiak , E. , Verma , S. and Bielajew , C. 2008 . The cognitive effects of adjuvant chemotherapy in early stage breast cancer: A prospective study . Psycho-Oncology , 17 : 122 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick , B. G. and Fidell , L. S. 2006 . Using multivariate statistics , 5th , Boston : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Tchen , N. , Juffs , H. G. , Downie , F. P. , Yi , Q. , Hu , H. Chemerynsky , I. 2003 . Cognitive function, fatigue, and menopausal symptoms in women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer . Journal of Clinical Oncology , 22 : 4175 – 4183 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temkin , N. R. , Heaton , R. K. , Grant , I. and Dikmen , S. S. 1999 . Detecting significant change in neuropsychological test performance: A comparison of four models . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 5 : 357 – 369 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiersky , L. A. , Johnson , S. K. , Lange , G. , Natelson , B. H. and DeLuca , J. 1997 . Neuropsychology of chronic fatigue syndrome: A critical review . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 19 : 560 – 586 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dam , F. S. , Schagen , S. B. , Muller , M. J. , Boogerd , W. , Wall , E. Fortuyn , Droogleever . 1998 . Impairment of cognitive function in women receiving adjuvant treatment for high-risk breast cancer: High-dose versus standard-dose chemotherapy . Journal of the National Cancer Institute , 90 : 210 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vardy , J. , Rourke , S. and Tannock , I. F. 2007 . Evaluation of cognitive function associated with chemotherapy: A review of published studies and recommendations for future research . Journal of Clinical Oncology , 25 : 2455 – 2463 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vardy , J. , Wong , K. , Yi , Q. , Park , A. , Maruff , P. Wagner , L. 2006 . Assessing cognitive function in cancer patients . Supportive Care in Cancer , 14 : 1111 – 1118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wefel , J. S. , Lenzi , R. , Theriault , R. , Buzdar , A. U. , Cruickshank , S. and Meyers , C. A. 2004a . “Chemobrain” in breast carcinoma? A prologue . Cancer , 101 : 466 – 475 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wefel , J. S. , Lenzi , R. , Theriault , R. , Davis , R. N. and Meyers , C. A. 2004b . The cognitive sequelae of standard-dose adjuvant chemotherapy in women with breast carcinoma . Cancer , 100 : 2292 – 2299 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieneke , M. H. and Dienst , E. R. 1995 . Neuropsychological assessment of cognitive functioning following chemotherapy for breast cancer . Psycho-Oncology , 4 : 61 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar