Fitness to drive in multiple sclerosis: Awareness of deficit moderates risk

REFERENCES

• Anstey , K. J. , Wood , J. , Lord , S. and Walker , J. G. 2005 . Cognitive, sensory, and physical factors enabling driving safety in older adults . Clinical Psychology Review , 25 : 45 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthur , W. Jr. , Tubre , T. , Day , E. A. , Sheehan , M. K. , Sanchez-Ku , M. L. Paul , D. 2001 . Motor vehicle crash involvement and moving violations: Convergence of self-report and archival data . Human Factors , 43 : 1 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball , K. , Owsley , C. , Stalvey , B. , Roenker , D. , Sloane , M. and Graves , M. 1998 . Driving performance and functional impairment in older adults . Accident Analysis & Prevention , 30 : 313 – 322 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , R. M. and Kenny , D. A. 1986 . The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1173 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty , P. and Gange , J. 1977 . Neuropsychological aspects of multiple sclerosis . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 164 : 42 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty , W. , Hames , K. , Blanco , C. , Paul , R. and Wilbanks , S. 1995 . Verbal abstraction deficit in multiple sclerosis . Neuropsychology , 9 : 198 – 205 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict , R. , Fischer , J. S. , Archibald , C. J. , Arnett , P. A. , Beatty , W. W. Bobholz , J. 2002 . Minimal neuropsychological assessment of MS patients: A consensus approach . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 16 : 381 – 397 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict , R. , Schretlen , D. , Groniner , L. and Brandt , J. 1998 . Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised: Normative data and analysis of inter-form and test–retest reliability . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 12 : 43 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton , A. , Hamsher , K. , de , S. , Rey , G. and Sivan , A. 1994 . Multilingual Aphasia Examination , 3rd , Iowa City, IA : AJA Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Benton , A. , Varney , N. and Hannay , H. J. 1978 . Visuospatial judgment. A clinical test . Archives of Neurology , 35 : 364 – 367 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle , E. , Clark , C. , Klonoff , H. , Paty , D. and Oger , J. 1991 . Empirical support for psychological profiles observed in multiple sclerosis . Archives of Neurology , 48 : 1150 – 1154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brassington , J. and Marsh , N. 1998 . Neuropsychological aspects of MS . Neuropsychology Review , 8 : 43 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer , W. H. and Ponds , R. W. H. M. 1994 . Driving competence in older persons . Disability and Rehabilitation: An International, Multidisciplinary Journal , 16 ( 3 ) : 149 – 161 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brouwer , W. H. and Withaar , F. 1997 . Fitness to drive after traumatic brain injury . Neuropsychological Rehabilitation , 7 : 177 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryer , R. , Rapport , L. J. and Hanks , R. A. 2005 . “ Determining fitness to drive: Neuropsychological and psychological considerations ” . In Driver rehabilitation: Principles and practice , Edited by: Pellerito , J. Jr. 165 – 184 . St Louis, MO : Elsevier Mosby .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , M. K. , Bush , T. L. and Hale , W. E. 1993 . Medical conditions associated with driving cessation in community-dwelling, ambulatory elders . Journal of Gerontology , 48 : S230 – S234 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carone , D. A. , Benedict , R. H. , Munschauer , F. E. III , Fishman , I. and Weinstock-Guttman , B. 2005 . Interpreting patient/informant discrepancies of reported cognitive symptoms in MS . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 11 : 574 – 583 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chipchase , S. , Lincoln , N. and Radford , K. 2003 . A survey of the effects of fatigue on driving in people with multiple sclerosis . Disability and Rehabilitation , 25 : 712 – 721 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman , R. , Rapport , L. , Ergh , T. , Hanks , R. , Ricker , J. and Millis , S. 2002 . Predictors of driving outcome after traumatic brain injury . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 83 : 1415 – 1422 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daigneault , G. , Joly , P. and Frigon , J. 2002 . Executive functions in evaluation of accident risk in older drivers . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 24 : 221 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisk , G. D. , Owsley , C. and Mennemeier , M. 2002 . Vision, attention, and self-reported driving behaviors in community-dwelling stroke survivors . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 83 : 469 – 477 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisk , G. D. , Owsley , C. and Pulley , L. V. 1997 . Driving after stroke: Driving exposure, advice, and evaluations . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 78 : 1338 – 1345 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillen , R. , Tennen , H. , Afflect , G. and Steinpreis , R. 1998 . Distress, depressive symptoms, and depressive disorder among caregivers of patients with brain injury . Journal of Head Trauma and Rehabilitation , 13 : 31 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodyear , K. and Roseveare , C. 2003 . Driving restrictions after stroke: Doctors' awareness of DVLA guidelines and advice given to patients . Clinical Medicine , 3 : 86 – 87 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grant , I. , McDonald , W. and Trimble , M. 1989 . “ Neuropsychological impairment in early multiple sclerosis ” . In Mental disorders and cognitive deficits in multiple sclerosis , Edited by: Jensen , K. , Knudsen , L. , Stenager , E. and Grant , I. 17 – 26 . London : John Libbey .
   Google Scholar
• Gronwall , D. 1977 . Paced auditory serial addition task: A measure of recovery from concussion . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 44 : 367 – 373 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heikkilä , V. M. , Korpelainen , J. , Turkka , J. , Kallanranta , T. and Summala , H. 1999 . Clinical evaluation of the driving ability in stroke patients . Acta Neurologica Scandinavica , 99 : 349 – 355 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hohol , M. , Guttman , C. , Oray , J. , Mackin , G. , Kikinis , R. Khoury , S. 1997 . Serial neuropsychological assessment and magnetic resonance imaging analysis in multiple sclerosis . Archives in Neurology , 54 : 1018 – 1025 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hopewell , C. A. 2002 . Driving assessment issues for practicing clinicians . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 17 : 48 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt , L. A. , Morris , J. C. , Edwards , D. and Wilson , B. S. 1993 . Driving performance in persons with mild senile dementia of the Alzheimer type . Journal of the American Geriatric Society , 41 : 747 – 753 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenealy , P. , Beaumont , J. , Lintern , T. and Murrell , R. 2000 . Autobiographical memory, depression and quality of life in multiple sclerosis . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 22 : 125 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenealy , P. , Beaumont , J. , Lintern , T. and Murrell , R. 2002 . Autobiographical memory in advanced multiple sclerosis: Assessment of episodic and personal semantic memory across three time spans . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 8 : 855 – 860 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knecht , J. 1977 . The multiple sclerosis patient as a driver . Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift/Journal Suisse de Medecine , 107 : 373 – 368 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knight , R. , Devereux , R. and Godfrey , H. 1997 . Psychosocial consequences of caring for a spouse with multiple sclerosis . Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology , 19 : 7 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotterba , S. , Orth , M. , Eren , E. , Fangerau , T. and Sindern , E. 2003 . Assessment of driving performance in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis by a driving simulator . European Neurology , 50 : 160 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtzke , J. 1983 . Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: An expanded disability status scale (EDSS) . Neurology , 33 : 1444 – 1452 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lings , S. 1991 . Assessing driving capability: A method for individual testing: The significance of paraparesis inferior studied in a controlled environment . Applied Ergonomics , 22 : 75 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lings , S. 2002 . Driving accident frequency increased in patients with multiple sclerosis . Acta Neurologica Scandinavica , 105 : 169 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lublin , F. D. and Reingold , S. C. 1996 . Defining the clinical course of MS: Results of an international survey . Neurology , 46 : 907 – 911 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundqvist , A. , Gerdle , B. and Ronnberg , J. 2000 . Neuropsychological aspects of driving after a stroke—in simulator and on the road . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 14 : 135 – 150 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyman , J. , McGwin , G. and Sims , R. 2001 . Factors related to driving difficulty and habits in older drivers . Accident Analysis & Prevention , 33 : 413 – 421 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackenzie , C. and Paton , G. 2003 . Resumption of driving with aphasia following stroke . Aphasiology , 17 : 107 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcotte , T. , Heaton , R. , Reicks , C. , Gonzalez , R. , Grant , I. and HNRC Group . 2000 . HIV-related neuropsychological impairment and automobile driving . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 6 : 233
   Google Scholar
• Marie , R. M. and Defer , G. L. 2001 . Memory and executive functions in multiple sclerosis: Preliminary findings with a cognitive battery . Revue Neurologique , 157 : 402 – 408 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marottoli , R. A. , Ostfeld , A. M. , Merrill , S. S. , Perlman , G. D. , Foley , D. T. and Cooney , L. M. Jr. 1993 . Driving cessation and changes in mileage driven among elderly individuals . Journal of Gerontology , 48 : S255 – S260 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mazer , B. , Korner-Bitensky , N. and Sofer , S. 1998 . Predicting ability to drive after stroke . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 79 : 743 – 750 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald , W. I. , Compston , A. , Edan , G. , Goodkin , D. , Hartung , H. P. Lublin , F. D. 2001 . Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: Guidelines from the International Panel on the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis . Annals of Neurology , 50 : 121 – 127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nouri , F. and Lincoln , N. 1992 . Validation of cognitive assessment: Predicting driving performance after stroke . Clinical Rehabilitation , 6 : 275 – 281 .
   Google Scholar
• Ownsworth , T. L. and Fleming , J. 2005 . The relative importance of metacognitive skills, emotional status and executive functioning in psychosocial adjustment following acquired brain injury . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 20 : 315 – 332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owsley , C. and McGwin , G. 2003 . Association between visual attention and mobility in older adults . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 52 : 1901 – 1906 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owsley , C. , Stalvey , B. , Wells , J. and Sloane , M. E. 1999 . Older drivers and cataract: Driving habits and crash risk . Journals of Gerontology: Series A: Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences , 54 ( A ) : M203 – M211 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paul , R. , Blanco , C. , Hames , K. and Beatty , W. 1997 . Autobiographical memory in multiple sclerosis . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 3 : 246 – 251 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prigatano , G. , Altman , I. and O'Brien , K. 1990 . Behavioral limitations that brain injured patients tend to underestimate . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 4 : 163 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Prigatano , G. and Fordyce , D. 1986 . “ Cognitive dysfunction and psychosocial adjustment after brain injury ” . In Neuropsychological rehabilitation after brain injury , Edited by: Prigatano , G. P. , Fordyce , D. J. , Zeiner , H. K. , Rouceche , J. R. , Pepping , M. and Woods , B.C. 96 – 118 . Baltimore, MD : Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Provinciali , L. , Ceravolo , M. , Bartolini , M. , Logullo , F. and Danni , M. 1999 . A multidimensional assessment of multiple sclerosis: Relationships between disability domains . Acta Neurologica Scandinavica , 100 : 156 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao , S. M. , Cognitive Function Study Group and National Multiple Sclerosis Society . 1990 . A manual for the brief, repeatable battery of neuropsychological tests in multiple sclerosis , New York : National Multiple Sclerosis Society .
   Google Scholar
• Rao , S. , Hammeke , T. , McQuillen , M. , Khatri , B. and Lloyd , D. 1984 . Memory disturbance in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis . Archives of Neurology , 41 : 625 – 631 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao , S. , Leo , G. , Ellington , L. , Nauertz , T. , Bernardin , L. and Unverzagt , F. 1991 . Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. II. Impact on employment and social functioning . Neurology , 41 : 692 – 696 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapport , L. J. , Hanks , R. A. and Coleman Bryer , R. D. 2006 . Barriers to driving and community integration after traumatic brain injury . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 21 : 34 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapport , L. J. , Webster , J. S. , Flemming , K. L. , Lindberg , J. W. , Brees , J. E. Godlewski , M. C. 1993 . Predictors of falls among right-hemisphere stroke patients in the rehabilitation setting . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 74 : 621 – 626 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regard , M. 1981 . Cognitive rigidity and flexibility: A neuropsychological study , British Columbia, , Canada : Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Victoria .
   Google Scholar
• Reitan , R. and Wolfson , D. 1988 . The Halstead Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery , Tucson, AZ : Neuropsychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ron , M. , Callanan , M. and Werrington , E. 1991 . Cognitive abnormalities in multiple sclerosis: A psychometric and MRI study . Psychological Medicine , 21 : 59 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , K. A. , Rapport , L. J. , Sherman , T. E. , Hanks , R. A. , Lisak , R. and Khan , O. 2007 . Predictors of subjective well-being among individuals with multiple sclerosis . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 21 : 239 – 262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schanke , A. K. , Grimsmo , J. and Sundet , K. 1995 . Multiple sclerosis and prerequisites for driver's license: A retrospective study of 33 patients with multiple sclerosis assessed at Sunnaas hospital . Tidsskr Nor Laaegeforen , 115 : 1349 – 1352 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schanke , A. K. and Sundet , K. 2000 . Comprehensive driving assessment: Neuropsychological testing and on-road evaluation of brain injured patients . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology , 41 : 113 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultheis , M. , Garay , E. and DeLuca , J. 2001 . The influence of cognitive impairment on driving performance in multiple sclerosis . Neurology , 56 : 1089 – 1094 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultheis , M. , Garay , E. , Millis , S. and DeLuca , J. 2002 . Motor vehicle crashes and violations among drivers with multiple sclerosis . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 83 : 1175 – 1178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultheis , M. , Matheis , R. , Nead , R. and DeLuca , J. 2002 . Driving behaviors following brain injury: Self-report and motor vehicle records . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 17 ( 1 ) : 38 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , C. A. , Rapport , L. J. , Griffen , J. A. , Coleman Bryer , R. , McKay , C. Hanks , R. A. 2007 . Self-assessment of driving ability and the decision to resume driving following stroke . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 13 ( S1 ) : 58
   Google Scholar
• Shawaryn , M. A. , Schultheis , M. T. , Garay , E. and DeLuca , J. 2002 . Assessing functional status: Exploring the relationship between the multiple sclerosis functional composite and driving . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 83 : 1123 – 1129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherer , M. , Bergloff , P. , Boake , C. , High , W. and Levin , E. 1998a . The Awareness Questionnaire: Factor structure and internal consistency . Brain Injury , 12 : 63 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherer , M. , Bergloff , P. , Levin , E. , High , W. M. Jr. , Oden , K. E. and Nick , T. G. 1998b . Impaired awareness and employment outcome after traumatic brain injury . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 13 : 52 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman , T. E. , Rapport , L. J. and Ryan , K. A. 2007 . Awareness of deficit in multiple sclerosis . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 12 : 1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A. 1991 . Symbol Digit Modalities Test , Los Angeles : Western Psychological Services .
   Google Scholar
• Sperling , R. , Guttmann , C. , Hohol , M. , Warfield , S. , Jakab , M. Parente , M. 2001 . Regional magnetic resonance imaging lesion burden and cognitive function in multiple sclerosis . Archives of Neurology , 58 : 115 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spreen , O. and Strauss , E. 1991 . A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick , B. and Fidell , L. 2007 . Using multivariate statistics , 5th , Boston : Pearson Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Van Zomeren , A. , Brouwer , W. and Minderhoud , J. 1987 . Acquired brain damage and driving: A review . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 68 : 697 – 705 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar