Three trail making tests for use in neuropsychological assessments with brief intertest intervals

REFERENCES

• Anastasi , A. 1988 . Psychological testing , 6th , New York : Macmillan Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Arbuckle , J. L. 2007 . Amos (Version 16) [Computer software] , Chicago : SmallWaters Corp .
   Google Scholar
• Arbuthnott , K. and Frank , J. 2000 . Trail Making Test, Part B as a measure of executive control: Validation using a set-switching paradigm . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 22 : 518 – 528 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson , T. M. and Ryan , J. P. 2008 . The use of variants of the Trail Making Test in serial assessment: A construct validity study . Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment , 26 : 42 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey , C. M. , Echemendia , R. J. and Arnett , P. A. 2006 . The impact of motivation on neuropsychological performance in sports-related mild traumatic brain injury . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 12 : 475 – 484 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barth , J. T. , Broshek , D. K. and Freeman , J. R. 2006 . “ Sports: A new frontier for neuropsychology ” . In Sports neuropsychology: Assessment and management of traumatic train injury , Edited by: Echemendia , R. J. 3 – 16 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Beglinger , L. J. , Gaydos , B. , Tangphao-Daniels , O. , Duff , K. , Kareken , D. A. Crawford , J. 2005 . Practice effects and the use of alternate forms in serial neuropsychological testing . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 20 : 517 – 529 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict , R. B. 2005 . Effects of using same- versus alternate-form memory tests during short-interval repeated assessments in multiple sclerosis . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 11 : 727 – 736 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler , P. M. 1990 . Comparative fit indexes in structural models . Psychological Bulletin , 107 : 238 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne , M. W. and Cudeck , R. 1993 . “ Alternative ways of assessing model fit ” . In Testing structural equation models , Edited by: Bollen , K. A. and Long , J. S. 132 – 162 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Bruggemans , E. F. , de Vijver , V. , Fons , J. R. and Huysmans , H. A. 1997 . Assessment of cognitive deterioration in individual patients following cardiac surgery: Correcting for measurement error and practice effects . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 19 : 543 – 559 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buck , K. K. , Atkinson , T. M. and Ryan , J. P. 2008 . Evidence of practice effects in variants of the Trail Making Test during serial assessment . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 30 : 312 – 318 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne , B. M. 2001 . Structural equation modeling with Amos: Basic concepts, applications, and programming , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Carle , A. C. , Millsap , R. E. and Cole , D. A. 2008 . Measurement bias across gender on the Children's Depression Inventory: Evidence for invariance from two latent variable models . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 68 : 281 – 303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charter , R. A. , Adkins , T. G. , Alekoumbides , A. and Seacat , G. F. 1987 . Reliability of the WAIS, WMS, and Reitan Battery: Raw scores and standardized scores corrected for age and education . International Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology , 9 : 28 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chelune , G. J. , Naugle , R. I. , Luders , H. , Sedlak , J. and Awad , I. A. 1993 . Individual change after epilepsy surgery: Practice effects and base-rate information . Neuropsychology , 7 : 41 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Christodoulou , C. , Melville , P. , Scheri , W. F. , Morgan , T. , MacAllister , W. S. Canfora , D. M. 2005 . Perceived cognitive dysfunction and observed neuropsychological performance: Longitudinal relation in persons with multiple sclerosis . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 11 : 614 – 619 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clare , L. and Wilson , B. A. 2006 . Longitudinal assessment of awareness in early-stage Alzheimer's disease using comparable questionnaire-based and performance-based measures: A prospective one-year follow-up study . Aging & Mental Health , 10 : 156 – 165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , M. E. , Bair , M. J. , Buckenmaier , C. C. , Gironda , R. J. and Walker , R. L. 2007 . Pain and combat injuries in soldiers returning from Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom: Implications for research and practice . Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development , 44 : 179 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delis , D. C. , Kaplan , E. and Kramer , J. H. 2001 . Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System , San Antonio, TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• desRosiers , G. and Kavanagh , D. 1987 . Cognitive assessment in closed head injury: Stability, validity and parallel forms for two neuropsychological measures of recovery . International Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology , 9 : 162 – 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drane , D. L. , Yuspeh , R. L. , Huthwaite , J. S. and Klingler , L. K. 2002 . Demographic characteristics and normative observations for derived-trail making test indices . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, & Behavioral Neurology , 15 : 39 – 43 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fein , E. C. and Day , E. A. 2004 . The PASS theory of intelligence and the acquisition of a complex skill: A criterion-related validation study of the Cognitive Assessment System scores . Personality & Individual Differences , 37 : 1123 – 1136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer , E. , Salthouse , T. A. , McArdle , J. J. , Stewart , W. F. and Schwartz , B. S. 2005 . Multivariate modeling of age and retest in longitudinal studies of cognitive abilities . Psychology and Aging , 20 : 412 – 422 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein , G. , Allen , D. N. and Minshew , N. J. 2008 . The structure of intelligence in children and adults with high functioning autism . Neuropsychology , 22 : 301 – 312 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopinathan , P. M. , Pichan , G. and Sharma , V. M. 1988 . Role of dehydration in heat stress-induced variations in mental performance . Archives of Environmental Health , 43 : 15 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutentag , S. S. , Naglieri , J. A. and Yeates , K. O. 1998 . Performance of children with traumatic brain injury on the Cognitive Assessment System . Assessment , 5 : 263 – 272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey , P. D. , Palmer , B. W. , Heaton , R. K. , Mohamed , S. , Kennedy , J. and Brickman , A. 2005 . Stability of cognitive performance in older patients with schizophrenia: An 8-week test–retest study . American Journal of Psychiatry , 162 : 110 – 117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson , N. S. and Truax , P. 1991 . Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 59 : 12 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keith , J. R. , Cohen , D. J. and Lecci , L. B. 2007 . Why serial assessments of cardiac surgery patients' neurobehavioral performances are misleading . Annals of Thoracic Surgery , 83 : 370 – 373 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelland , D. Z. and Lewis , R. F. 1994 . Evaluation of the reliability and validity of the Repeatable Cognitive-Perceptual-Motor Battery . Clinical Neuropsychologist , 8 : 295 – 308 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilander , L. , Nyman , H. , Boberg , M. and Lithell , H. 2000 . The association between low diastolic blood pressure in middle age and cognitive function in old age. A population-based study . Age and Ageing , 29 : 243 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtz , M. M. , Ragland , J. D. , Moberg , P. J. and Gur , R. C. 2004 . The Penn Conditional Exclusion Test: A new measure of executive-function with alternate forms for repeat administration . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 19 : 191 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , A. J. , Miller , E. N. , Becker , J. T. , Selnes , O. A. and Cohen , B. A. 2004 . Normative data for determining significance of test–retest differences on eight common neuropsychological instruments . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 18 : 373 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , R. F. and Rennick , P. M. 1979 . Manual for the Repeatable Cognitive-Perceptual-Motor Battery , Grosse Pointe Park, MI : Axon Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Lezak , M. D. , Howieson , D. B. , Loring , D. W. , Hannay , H. J. and Fischer , J. S. 2004 . Neuropsychological assessment , 4th , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman , H. R. 2007 . Hydration and cognition: A critical review and recommendations for future research . Journal of the American College of Nutrition , 26 : 555S – 561S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loehlin , J. C. 2004 . Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural equation analysis , 4th , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• LoSasso , G. L. , Rapport , L. J. , Axelrod , B. N. and Reeder , K. P. 1998 . Intermanual and alternate-form equivalence on the trail making tests . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 20 : 107 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maassen , G. H. 2004 . The standard error in the Jacobson and Truax Reliable Change Index: The classical approach to the assessment of reliable change . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 10 : 888 – 893 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McArdle , J. J. 1996 . Current directions in structural factor analysis . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 5 : 11 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCaffrey , R. J. , Duff , K. and Westervelt , H. J. 2000 . Practitioner's guide to evaluating change with neuropsychological assessment instruments , Dordrecht, The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• McCaffrey , R. J. and Westervelt , H. J. 1995 . Issues associated with repeated neuropsychological assessments . Neuropsychology Review , 5 : 203 – 221 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCracken , L. M. and Franzen , M. D. 1992 . Principal-components analysis of the equivalence of alternate forms of the Trail Making Test . Psychological Assessment , 4 : 235 – 238 .
   Google Scholar
• Morris , J. C. , Storandt , M. , Miller , J. P. , McKeel , D. W. , Price , J. L. Rubin , E. H. 2001 . Mild cognitive impairment represents early-stage Alzheimer disease . Archives of Neurology , 58 : 397 – 405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naglieri , J. A. and Das , J. P. 1997 . Cognitive Assessment System interpretive handbook , Itasca, IL : Riverside Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Naglieri , J. A. , Goldstein , S. , Delauder , B. Y. and Schwebach , A. 2005 . Relationships between the WISC-III and the Cognitive Assessment System with Conners' rating scales and continuous performance tests . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 20 : 385 – 401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naglieri , J. A. , Prewett , P. N. and Bardos , A. N. 1989 . An exploratory study of planning, attention, simultaneous and successive cognitive processes . Journal of School Psychology , 27 : 347 – 364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naglieri , J. A. and Rojahn , J. 2004 . Construct validity of the PASS theory and CAS: Correlations with achievement . Journal of Educational Psychology , 96 : 174 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naglieri , J. A. , Salter , C. J. and Edwards , G. H. 2004 . Assessment of children with attention and reading difficulties using the PASS theory and Cognitive Assessment System . Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment , 22 : 93 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partington , J. E. and Leiter , R. G. 1949 . Partington's Pathway Test . The Psychological Service Center Bulletin , 1 : 9 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Putakian , M. 2006 . Repeat mild traumatic brain injury: How to adjust return to play guidelines . Current Sports Medicine Reports , 5 : 15 – 22 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rabin , L. A. , Barr , W. B. and Burton , L. A. 2005 . Assessment practices of clinical neuropsychologists in the United States and Canada: A survey of INS, NAN, and APA Division 40 members . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 20 : 33 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitan , R. 1958 . Validity of the trail making test as an indicator of organic brain damage . Perceptual Motor Skills , 8 : 271 – 276 .
   Google Scholar
• Reitan , R. M. and Wolfson , D. 2004 . The Trail Making Test as an initial screening procedure for neuropsychological impairment in older children . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 19 : 281 – 288 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds , C. R. 2002 . Comprehensive Trail Making Test: Examiner's manual , Austin, TX : PRO-ED .
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , J. P. , Atkinson , T. M. and Dunham , K. T. 2004 . Sports-related and gender differences on neuropsychological measures of frontal lobe functioning . Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine , 14 : 18 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. , Atkinson , T. M. and Berish , D. E. 2003 . Executive functioning as a potential mediator of age-related cognitive decline in normal adults . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 132 : 566 – 594 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. , Berish , D. E. and Siedlecki , K. L. 2004 . Construct validity and age sensitivity of prospective memory . Memory & Cognition , 32 : 1133 – 1148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. , Toth , J. T. , Daniels , K. , Parks , C. , Pak , R. Wolbrette , M. 2000 . Effects of aging on efficiency of task switching in a variant of the Trail Making Test . Neuropsychology , 14 : 102 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siedlecki , K. L. , Honig , L. S. and Stern , Y. 2008 . Exploring the structure of a neuropsychological battery across healthy elders and those with questionable dementia and Alzheimer's disease . Neuropsychology , 22 : 400 – 411 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siedlecki , K. L. , Salthouse , T. A. and Berish , D. E. 2005 . Is there anything special about the aging of source memory? . Psychology and Aging , 20 : 19 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sörbom , D. 1989 . Model modification . Psychometrika , 54 : 371 – 384 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss , O. , Sherman , E. M. S. and Spreen , O. 2006 . A compendium of neuropsychological tests , 3rd , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Vickers , D. and Lee , M. D. 1998 . Never cross the path of a traveling salesman: The neural network generation of Halstead–Reitan trail making tests . Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers , 30 : 423 – 431 .
   Google Scholar
• Vingerhoets , G. , Miatton , M. , Vonck , K. , Seurinck , R. and Boon , P. 2006 . Memory performance during the intracarotid amobarbital procedure and neuropsychological assessment in medial temporal lobe epilepsy: The limits of material specificity . Epilepsy & Behavior , 8 : 422 – 428 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods , S. P. , Childers , M. , Ellis , R. J. , Guaman , S. , Grant , I. and Heaton , R. K. 2006 . A battery approach for measuring neuropsychological change . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 21 : 83 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ylvisaker , M. , Hanks , R. and Johnson-Greene , D. 2002 . Perspectives on rehabilitation of individuals with cognitive impairment after brain injury: Rationale for reconsideration of theoretical paradigms . The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 17 : 191 – 209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar