Working memory, response inhibition, and within-subject variability in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or reading disorder

REFERENCES

• Achenbach , T. M. 1991 . Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist: 4–18 and 1991 profile , Burlington, VT : University of Vermont .
   Google Scholar
• Alderson , R. M. , Rapport , M. D. and Kofler , M. J. 2007 . Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and behavioral inhibition: A meta-analytic review of the stop-signal paradigm . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 35 : 745 – 758 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreou , P. , Neale , B. M. , Chen , W. , Christiansen , H. , Gabriels , I. Heise , A. 2007 . Reaction time performance in ADHD: Improvement under fast-incentive condition and familial effects . Psychological Medicine , 37 : 1703 – 1715 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• August , G. J. and Garfinkel , B. D. 1990 . Comorbidity of ADHD and reading disability among clinic-referred children . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 18 : 29 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. 1992 . Working memory . Science , 255 : 556 – 559 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banaschewski , T. and Brandeis , D. 2007 . Annotation: What electrical brain activity tells us about brain function that other techniques cannot tell us—a child psychiatric perspective . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 48 : 415 – 435 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banaschewski , T. , Hollis , C. , Oosterlaan , J. , Roeyers , H. , Rubia , K. Willcutt , E. 2005 . Towards an understanding of unique and shared pathways in the psychopathophysiology of AD/HD . Developmental Science , 8 : 132 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley , R. A. 1997 . Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD . Psychological Bulletin , 121 : 65 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley , R. A. 2005 . Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment , New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Bental , B. and Tirosh , E. 2007 . The relationship between attention, executive functions and reading domain abilities in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and reading disorder: A comparative study . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 48 : 455 – 463 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berument , S. K. , Rutter , M. , Lord , C. , Pickles , A. and Bailey , A. 1999 . Autism screening questionnaire: Diagnostic validity . British Journal of Psychiatry , 175 : 444 – 451 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bidwell , L. C. , Willcutt , E. G. , DeFries , J. C. and Pennington , B. F. 2007 . Testing for neuropsychological endophenotypes in siblings discordant for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Biological Psychiatry , 62 : 991 – 998 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruin , K. J. and Wijers , A. A. 2002 . Inhibition, response mode, and stimulus probability: A comparative event-related potential study . Clinical Neurophysiology , 113 : 1172 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brus , B. T. and Voeten , M. J. M. 1973 . Een-Minuut-Test , Nijmegen, , The Netherlands : Berkhout . [One-Minute-Test]
   Google Scholar
• Burgio-Murphy , A. , Klorman , R. , Shaywitz , S. E. , Fletcher , J. M. , Marchione , K. E. Holahan , J. 2007 . Error-related event-related potentials in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, reading disorder, and math disorder . Biological Psychology , 75 : 75 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos , F. X. , Sonuga-Barke , E. J. S. , Milham , M. P. and Tannock , R. 2006 . Characterizing cognition in ADHD: Beyond executive dysfunction . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 10 : 117 – 123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos , F. X. , Sonuga-Barke , E. J. S. , Scheres , A. , Di Martino , A. , Hyde , C. and Walters , J. R. 2005 . Varieties of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-related intra-individual variability . Biological Psychiatry , 57 : 1416 – 1423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos , F. X. and Tannock , R. 2002 . Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The search for endophenotypes . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 3 : 617 – 628 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denckla , M. B. and Rudel , R. G. 1976 . Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN)—dyslexia differentiated from other learning-disabilities . Neuropsychologia , 14 : 471 – 479 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Depessemier , P. and Andries , C. 2009 . Test voor Gevorderd Lezen en Schrijven , Antwerpen, , Belgium : Garant . [Test for Advanced Reading and Writing]
   Google Scholar
• Dimoska , A. and Johnstone , S. J. 2008 . Effects of varying stop-signal probability on ERPs in the stop-signal task: Do they reflect variations in inhibitory processing or simply novelty effects? . Biological Psychology , 77 : 324 – 336 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas , V. I. 1999 . “ Cognitive control processes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ” . In Handbook of disruptive behavior disorders , Edited by: Quay , H. C. and Hogan , A. E. 105 – 138 . New York : Kluwer Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Dykman , R. A. and Ackerman , P. T. 1991 . Attention deficit disorder and specific reading disability: Separate but often overlapping disorders . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 24 : 96 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraone , S. V. , Sergeant , J. , Gillberg , C. and Biederman , J. 2003 . The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: Is it an American condition? . World Psychiatry , 2 : 104 – 113 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farmer , M. E. and Klein , R. M. 1995 . The evidence for a temporal processing deficit linked to dyslexia: A review . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 2 : 460 – 493 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grégoire , J. 2000 . L’évaluation clinique de l'intelligence de l'enfant [The clinical evaluation of the child's intelligence] , Liège, , Belgium : Mardaga .
   Google Scholar
• Halperin , J. M. and Schulz , K. P. 2006 . Revisiting the role of the prefrontal cortex in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Psychological Bulletin , 132 : 560 – 581 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hervey , A. S. , Epstein , J. N. , Curry , J. F. , Tonev , S. , Arnold , L. E. Conners , C. K. 2006 . Reaction time distribution analysis of neuropsychological performance in an ADHD sample . Child Neuropsychology , 12 : 125 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinshaw , S. P. 1992 . Externalizing behaviour problems and academic underachievement in childhood and adolescence: Causal relationships and underlying mechanisms . Psychological Bulletin , 111 : 127 – 155 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollingshead , A. B. and Redlich , F. C. 1958 . Social class and mental illness , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Jonkman , L. M. , van Melis , J. J. M. , Kemner , C. and Markus , C. R. 2007 . Methylphenidate improves deficient error evaluation in children with ADHD: An event-related brain potential study . Biological Psychology , 76 : 217 – 229 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaiser , S. , Roth , A. , Rentrop , M. , Friederich , H. , Bender , S. and Weisbrod , M. 2008 . Intra-individual reaction time variability in schizophrenia, depression and borderline personality disorder . Brain and Cognition , 66 : 73 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman , A. S. , Kaufman , J. C. , Balgopal , R. and McLean , J. E. 1996 . Comparison of three WISC-III short forms: Weighing psychometric, clinical, and practical factors . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 25 : 97 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kibby , M. Y. , Marks , W. , Morgan , S. and Long , C. J. 2004 . Specific impairment in developmental reading disabilities: A working memory approach . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 37 : 349 – 363 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein , C. , Wendling , K. , Huettner , P. , Ruder , H. and Peper , M. 2006 . Intra-subject variability in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder . Biological Psychiatry , 60 : 1088 – 1097 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klorman , R. , Hazel-Fernandez , L. A. , Shaywitz , S. E. , Fletcher , J. M. , Marchione , K. E. Holahan , J. M. 1999 . Executive functioning deficits in ADHD are independent of oppositional defiant or reading disorder . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 38 : 1148 – 1155 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kort , W. , Schittekatte , M. , van den Bos , K. P. , Vermeir , G. , lutje Spelberg , H. C. Verhaeghe , P. 2005 . Dyslexie Screening Test (DST-NL). Handleiding , London : Harcourt Test Publishers . [Manual for the Dyslexia Screening Test]
   Google Scholar
• Kuntsi , J. , Andreou , P. , Ma , J. , Börger , N. A. and van der Meere , J. J. 2005 . Testing assumptions for endophenotype studies in ADHD: Reliability and validity of tasks in a general population sample . BMC Psychiatry , 5 : 40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazar , J. W. and Frank , Y. 1998 . Frontal systems dysfunction in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities . The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 10 : 160 – 167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leth-Steensen , C. , Elbaz , Z. K. and Douglas , V. I. 2000 . Mean response times, variability, and skew in the responding of ADHD children: A response time distributional approach . Acta Psychologica , 104 : 167 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lijffijt , M. , Kenemans , J. L. , Verbaten , M. N. and van Engeland , H. 2005 . A meta-analytic review of stopping performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Deficient inhibitory motor control? . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 114 : 216 – 222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinussen , R. , Hayden , J. , Hogg-Johnson , S. and Tannock , R. 2005 . A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 44 : 377 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake , A. , Friedman , N. P. , Emerson , M. J. , Witzki , A. H. and Howerter , A. 2000 . The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex frontal lobe tasks: A latent variable analysis . Cognitive Psychology , 41 : 49 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuhaus , G. F. , Carlson , C. D. , Jeng , W. M. M. , Post , Y. and Swank , P. R. 2001 . The reliability and validity of rapid automatized naming scoring software ratings for the determination of pause and articulation component durations . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 61 : 490 – 504 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg , J. T. , Blaskey , L. G. , Huang-Pollock , C. L. and Rappley , M. D. 2002 . Neuropsychological executive functions and DSM-IV ADHD subtypes . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 41 : 59 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg , J. T. , Hinshaw , S. P. , Carte , E. T. and Treuting , J. J. 1998 . Neuropsychological correlates of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Explainable by comorbid disruptive behavior or reading problems? . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 107 : 468 – 480 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg , J. T. , Willcutt , E. G. , Doyle , A. E. and Sonuga-Barke , E. J. S. 2005 . Causal heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Do we need neuropsychologically impaired subtypes? . Biological Psychiatry , 57 : 1224 – 1230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oosterlaan , J. , Logan , G. D. and Sergeant , J. A. 1998 . Response inhibition in AD/HD, CD, comorbid AD/HD+CD, anxious, and control children: A meta-analysis of studies with the stop task . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 39 : 411 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmenter , B. A. , Shucard , J. L. , Benedict , R. H. B. and Shucard , D. W. 2006 . Working memory deficits in multiple sclerosis: Comparison between the n-back task and the paced auditory serial addition test . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 12 : 677 – 687 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelham , W. , Gnagy , E. M. , Greenslade , K. E. and Milich , R. 1992 . Teacher ratings of DSM-III-R symptoms for the disruptive behavior disorders . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 31 : 210 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennington , B. F. 2005 . Towards a new neuropsychological model of ADHD: Subtypes and multiple deficits . Biological Psychiatry , 57 : 1221 – 1223 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pennington , B. F. 2006 . From single to multiple deficit models of developmental disorders . Cognition , 101 : 385 – 413 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennington , B. F. , Groisser , D. and Welsh , M. C. 1993 . Contrasting cognitive deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder versus reading disability . Developmental Psychology , 29 : 511 – 523 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennington , B. F. and Ozonoff , S. 1996 . Executive functions and developmental psychopathology . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 37 : 51 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pontius , A. A. 1973 . Dysfunction patterns analogous to frontal lobe system and caudate nucleus syndromes in some groups of minimal brain dysfunction . Journal of the American Medical Women's Association , 26 : 285 – 292 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Purvis , K. L. and Tannock , R. 1997 . Language abilities in children with ADHD, reading disabilities, and normal controls . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 25 : 133 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purvis , K. L. and Tannock , R. 2000 . Phonological processing, not inhibitory control, differentiates ADHD and reading disability . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 39 : 485 – 494 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramautar , J. , Kok , A. and Ridderinkhof , K. R. 2004 . Effects of stop-signal probability in the stop-signal paradigm: The N2/P3 complex further validated . Brain and Cognition , 56 : 234 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rashid , F. L. , Morris , M. K. and Morris , R. 2001 . Naming and verbal memory skills in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and reading disability . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 57 : 829 – 838 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , R. J. and Pennington , B. F. 1996 . An interactive framework for examining prefrontal cognitive processes . Developmental Neuropsychology , 12 : 105 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rommelse , N. N. J. , Altink , M. E. , de Sonneville , L. M. J. , Buschgens , C. J. M. , Buitelaar , J. Oosterlaan , J. 2007 . Are motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility dead ends in ADHD? . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 35 : 957 – 967 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rommelse , N. N. J. , Altink , M. E. , Oosterlaan , J. , Beem , L. , Buschgens , C. J. M. Buitelaar , J. 2008 . Speed, variability, and timing of motor output in ADHD: Which measures are useful for endophenotypic research? . Behavior Genetics , 38 : 121 – 132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rucklidge , J. J. and Tannock , R. 2002 . Neuropsychological profiles of adolescents with ADHD: Effects of reading difficulties and gender . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 43 : 988 – 1003 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage , R. , Lavers , N. and Pillay , V. 2007 . Working memory and reading difficulties: What we know and what we don't know about the relationship . Educational Psychology Review , 19 : 185 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidman , L. J. , Biederman , J. , Monuteaux , M. C. , Doyle , A. E. and Faraone , S. V. 2001 . Learning disabilities and executive dysfunction in boys with ADHD . Neuropsychology , 15 : 544 – 556 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semrud-Clikeman , M. , Guy , K. , Griffin , J. D. and Hynd , G. W. 2000 . Rapid naming deficits in children and adolescents with reading disabilities and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Brain and Language , 74 : 70 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergeant , J. 2000 . The cognitive-energetic model: An empirical approach to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , 24 : 7 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergeant , J. A. , Geurts , H. and Oosterlaan , J. 2002 . How specific is a deficit of executive functioning for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? . Behavioural Brain Research , 130 : 3 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer , D. , Fisher , P. , Lucas , C. , Dulcan , M. and Schwab-Stone , M. E. 2000 . NIMH Diagnostic Interview for Children Version IV (NIMH DISC–IV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnosis . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 39 : 28 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanahan , M. A. , Pennington , B. F. , Yerys , B. E. , Scott , A. , Boada , R. Willcutt , E. G. 2006 . Processing speed deficits in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and reading disability . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 34 : 585 – 602 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmonds , D. J. , Pekar , J. J. and Mostofsky , S. H. 2008 . Meta-analysis of go/no-go tasks demonstrating that fMRI activation associated with response inhibition is task-dependent . Neuropsychologia , 46 : 224 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snowling , M. , Bishop , D. V. M. and Stothard , S. E. 2000 . Is preschool language impairment a risk factor for dyslexia in adolescence? . The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines , 41 : 587 – 600 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke , E. J. S. 2005 . Causal models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: From common simple deficits to multiple developmental pathways . Biological Psychiatry , 57 : 1231 – 1238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein , J. 2001 . The sensory basis of reading problems . Developmental Neuropsychology , 20 : 509 – 534 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson , H. L. , Ashbaker , M. H. and Lee , C. 1996 . Learning-disabled readers’ working memory as a function of processing demands . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 61 : 242 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson , H. L. , Mink , J. and Bocian , K. M. 1999 . Cognitive processing deficits in poor readers with symptoms of reading disabilities and ADHD: More alike than different? . Journal of Educational Psychology , 91 : 321 – 333 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick , B. G. and Fidell , L. S. 2007 . Using multivariate statistics , 5th , Boston : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Tannock , R. , Martinussen , R. and Frijters , J. 2000 . Naming speed performance and stimulant effects indicate effortful, semantic processing deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 28 : 237 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toplak , M. E. , Dockstader , C. and Tannock , R. 2006 . Temporal information processing in ADHD: Findings to date and new methods . Journal of Neuroscience Methods , 151 : 15 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Bos , K. P. 2003 . Serieel Benoemen en Woorden Lezen , Groningen, , The Netherlands : Rijksuniversiteit Groningen .
   Google Scholar
• van den Bos , K. P. and lutje Spelberg , H. C. 2007 . Continu Benoemen en Woorden Lezen , Amsterdam, , The Netherlands : Boom Testuitgevers . [Continuous Naming and Word Reading]
   Google Scholar
• van den Bos , K. P. , lutje Spelberg , H. C. , Scheepsma , A. J. M. and de Vries , J. R. 1994 . Handleiding de Klepel , Nijmegen, , The Netherlands : Berkhout . [Manual for the Klepel]
   Google Scholar
• van der Meere , J. J. 2005 . “ State regulation and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ” . In Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: From genes to patients , Edited by: Gozal , D. and Molfese , D. L. 162 – 213 . Totowa, NJ : Humana Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1991 . Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children , 3rd , San Antonio, TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Weyandt , L. L. 2005 . Executive function in children, adolescents, and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Introduction to the special issue . Developmental Neuropsychology , 27 : 1 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiersema , J. R. , van der Meere , J. J. and Roeyers , H. 2005 . ERP correlates of impaired error monitoring in children with ADHD . Journal of Neural Transmission , 112 : 1417 – 1430 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcutt , E. G. , Doyle , A. E. , Nigg , J. T. , Faraone , S. V. and Pennington , B. F. 2005a . Validity of the executive function theory of ADHD: A meta-analytic review . Biological Psychiatry , 57 : 1336 – 1346 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcutt , E. G. , Pennington , B. F. , Boada , R. , Ogline , J. S. , Tunick , R. A. Chhabildas , N. A. 2001 . A comparison of the cognitive deficits in reading disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 110 : 157 – 172 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcutt , E. G. , Pennington , B. F. , Olson , R. K. , Chhabildas , N. and Hulslander , J. 2005b . Neuropsychological analyses of comorbidity between reading disability and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: In search of the common deficit . Developmental Neuropsychology , 27 : 35 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , B. R. , Strauss , E. H. , Hultsch , D. F. , Hunter , M. A. and Tannock , R. 2007 . Reaction time performance in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Evidence of inconsistency in the fast and slow portions of the RT distribution . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 29 : 277 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , B. A. , Bowen , R. W. and Zecker , S. G. 2000 . Nonlinguistic perceptual deficits associated with reading and language disorders . Current Opinion in Neurobiology , 10 : 482 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , K. K. , Anderson , V. and Castiello , U. 2002 . Neuropsychological evaluation of deficits in executive functioning for ADHD children with or without learning disabilities . Developmental Neuropsychology , 22 : 501 – 531 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar