A meta-analytic review of the emotional symptoms associated with mild traumatic brain injury

REFERENCES

• *Alfano , D. , Asmundson , G. , Larsen , D. and Allerdings , M. 2000 . Post-traumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury . Brain and Cognition , 44 : 90 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axelrod , B. N. , Fox , D. D. , Lees-Haley , P. R. , Earnest , K. and Dolezal-Wood , S. 1998 . Application of the Postconcussive Syndrome Questionnaire with medical and psychiatric outpatients . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 13 ( 6 ) : 543 – 548 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , A. 1997 . Beck Anxiety Inventory , New York : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , A. , Ward , C. , Mendelson , M. , Mock , J. and Erbaugh , J. 1961 . An inventory for measuring depression . Archives of General Psychiatry , 4 : 561 – 571 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Bell , B. D. , Primeau , M. , Sweet , J. J. and Lofland , K. R. 1999 . Neuropsychological functioning in migraine headache, nonheadache chronic pain, and mild traumatic brain injury patients . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 14 ( 4 ) : 389 – 399 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergner , M. , Bobbitt , R. , Carter , W. and Gilson , B. 1981 . The Sickness Impact Profile: Development and final revision of a health status measure . Medical Care , 19 : 787 – 805 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder , L. M. and Rohling , M. L. 1996 . Money matters: A meta-analytic review of the effects of financial incentives on recovery after closed-head injury . American Journal of Psychiatry , 153 : 7 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder , L. M. , Rohling , M. L. and Larrabee , J. 1997 . A review of mild head trauma: Part I. Meta-analytic review of neuropsychological studies . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 19 ( 3 ) : 421 – 431 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake , D. D. , Weathers , F. W. , Nagy , L. M. , Kaloupek , D. G. , Gusman , F. D. Charney , D. S. 1995 . The development of a clinician-administered PTSD scale . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 8 : 75 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Bohnen , N. , Jolles , J. , Twijnstra , A. , Mellink , R. and Sulon , J. 1992a . Coping styles, cortisol reactivity, and performance in a vigilance task of patients with persistent postconcussive symptoms after a mild head injury . International Journal of Neuroscience , 64 ( 1–4 ) : 97 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Bohnen , N. , Jolles , J. , Twijnstra , A. , Mellink , R. and Wijnen , G. 1995 . Late neurobehavioural symptoms after mild head injury . Brain Injury , 9 : 27 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohnen , N. , Twijnstra , A. and Jolles , J. 1992b . Post-traumatic and emotional symptoms in different subgroups of patients with mild head injury . Brain Injury , 6 ( 6 ) : 481 – 487 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bohnen , N. , Van Zutphen , W. , Twijnstra , A. , Wijnen , G. , Bongers , J. and Jolles , J. 1994 . Late outcome of mild head injury: Results from a controlled postal survey . Brain Injury , 8 : 701 – 708 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll , L. J. , Cassidy , J. D. , Holm , L. , Kraus , J. and Coronado , V. G. 2004a . Methodological issues and research recommendations for mild traumatic brain injury: The WHO collaborating centre task force on mild traumatic brain injury . Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine , 43 ( Suppl ) : 113 – 125 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll , L. J. , Cassidy , J. D. , Peloso , P. M. , Borg , J. , von Holst , H. Holm , L. 2004b . Prognosis for mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the WHO collaborating centre task force on mild traumatic brain injury . Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine , 43 ( Suppl ) : 84 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy , J. D. , Carroll , L. J. , Peloso , P. M. , Borg , J. , von Holst , H. Holm , L. 2004 . Incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury . Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine , 43 ( Suppl. ) : 28 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1992 . A power primer . Psychological Bulletin , 112 : 155 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deb , S. , Lyons , I. and Koutzoukis , C. 1998 . Neuropsychiatric sequelae one year after a minor head injury . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 65 ( 6 ) : 899 – 902 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derogatis , L. 1983 . Symptom Checklist-90: Administration, scoring, and procedures manual II , Towson, MD : Clinical Psychometric Research .
   Google Scholar
• Derogatis , L. 1994 . SCL-90-R: Administration, scoring, and procedures manual , 3rd , Minneapolis, MN : National Computer Systems .
   Google Scholar
• Dikmen , S. , Machamer , J. and Temkin , N. 2001 . Mild head injury: Facts and artifacts . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 23 ( 6 ) : 729 – 738 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dikmen , S. , McLean , A. and Temkin , N. 1986 . Neuropsychological and psychosocial consequences of minor head injury . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry , 49 ( 11 ) : 1227 – 1232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Dinan , T. and Mobayed , M. 1992 . Treatment resistance of depression after head injury: A preliminary study of amitriptyline response . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 85 ( 4 ) : 292 – 294 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fann , J. R. , Katon , W. J. , Uomoto , J. M. and Esselman , P. 1995 . Psychiatric disorders and functional disability in outpatients with traumatic brain injuries . American Journal of Psychiatry , 152 : 1493 – 1499 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinstein , A. , Ouchterlony , D. , Somerville , J. and Jardine , A. 2001 . The effects of litigation on symptom expression: A prospective study following mild traumatic brain injury . Medicine, Science and the Law , 41 ( 2 ) : 116 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenton , G. , McClelland , R. , Montgomery , A. , MacFlynn , G. and Rutherford , W. 1997 . The postconcussional syndrome: Social antecedents and psychological sequelae . British Journal of Psychiatry , 162 : 493 – 497 .
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson , R. J. , Mittenberg , W. , Barone , D. F. and Schneider , B. 1999 . Postconcussion syndrome following sports-related head injury: Expectation as etiology . Neuropsychology , 13 ( 4 ) : 582 – 589 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , D. D. , Lees-Haley , P. R. , Earnest , K. and Dolezal-Wood , S. 1995 . Base rates of postconcussive symptoms in health maintenance organization patients and controls . Neuropsychology , 9 : 606 – 611 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Friedland , J. F. and Dawson , D. R. 2001 . Function after motor vehicle accidents: A prospective study of mild head injury and posttraumatic stress . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 189 ( 7 ) : 426 – 434 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass , G. , McGaw , B. and Smith , M. L. 1981 . Meta-analysis in social research , Beverley Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg , D. P. 1972 . The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire , London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goodyear , B. 1998 . Neuropsychological evaluation of mild traumatic brain injury: Detection of malingering and other functional disorders . The Forensic Examiner , 7 ( 11–12 ) : 32 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Gouvier , W. D. , Cubic , B. , Jones , G. , Brantley , P. and Cutlip , Q. 1992 . Postconcussion symptoms and daily stress in normal and head-injured college populations . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 7 ( 3 ) : 193 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouvier , W. D. , Uddo-Crane , M. and Brown , L. M. 1988 . Base rates of post concussional symptoms . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 3 ( 3 ) : 273 – 278 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greiffenstein , M. F. and Baker , J. W. 2001 . Comparison of premorbid and post-injury MMPI-2 profiles in late postconcussion claimants . Clinical Neuropsychology , 15 : 162 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunstad , J. and Suhr , J. A. 2001 . “Expectation as etiology” versus “the good old days”: Postconcussion syndrome symptom reporting in athletes, headache sufferers, and depressed individuals . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 7 ( 3 ) : 323 – 333 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunstad , J. and Suhr , J. A. 2002 . Perception of illness: Nonspecificity of postconcussion syndrome symptom expectation . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 8 : 37 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunstad , J. and Suhr , J. A. 2004 . Cognitive factors in postconcussion syndrome symptom report . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 19 ( 3 ) : 391 – 405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton , M. A. 1960 . A rating scale for depression . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 23 : 56 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanks , R. A. , Temkin , N. , Machamer , J. and Dikmen , S. S. 1999 . Emotional and behavioral adjustment after traumatic brain injury . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 80 ( 9 ) : 991 – 997 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey , A. G. and Bryant , R. A. 1998 . Predictors of acute stress following mild traumatic brain injury . Brain Injury , 12 ( 2 ) : 147 – 154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedges , L. V. and Olkin , I. 1985 . Statistical methods for meta-analysis , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Helps , Y. , Henley , G. and Harrison , J. E. 2008 . Hospital separations due to traumatic brain injury, Australia 2004–05 , Adelaide, , Australia : Australian Institute of Health and Welfare .
   Google Scholar
• Hillier , S. L. , Hiller , J. E. and Metzer , J. 1997 . Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in South Australia . Brain Injury , 11 ( 9 ) : 649 – 659 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holm , L. , Cassidy , J. D. , Carroll , L. J. and Borg , J. 2005 . Summary of the WHO Collaborating Centre for Neurotrauma Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury . Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine , 37 ( 3 ) : 137 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz , M. , Wilner , N. and Alvarez , W. 1979 . Impact of event scale: A measure of subjective stress . Psychosomatic Medicine , 41 ( 3 ) : 209 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson , G. L. 2006 . Misdiagnosis of the persistent postconcussion syndrome in patients with depression . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 21 ( 4 ) : 303 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson , G. L. and Lange , R. T. 2003 . Examination of “postconcussion-like” symptoms in a healthy sample . Applied Neuropsychology , 10 ( 3 ) : 137 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson , G. L. and McCracken , L. M. 1997 . “Postconcussive” symptoms in persons with chronic pain . Brain Injury , 11 ( 11 ) : 783 – 790 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karzmark , P. , Hall , K. and Englander , J. 1995 . Late-onset post-concussion symptoms after mild brain injury: The role of premorbid, injury-related, environmental, and personality factors . Brain Injury , 9 : 21 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay , T. , Harrington , D. E. , Adams , R. E. , Anderson , T. W. , Berrol , S. Cicerone , K. 1993 . Definition of mild traumatic brain injury: Report from the Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Committee of the Head Injury Interdisciplinary Special Interest Group of the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 8 ( 3 ) : 86 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Kendall , E. and Terry , D. J. 1996 . Psychosocial adjustment following closed head injury: A model for understanding individual differences and predicting outcome . Neuropsychological Rehabilitation , 6 ( 2 ) : 101 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landre , N. , Poppe , C. J. , Davis , N. , Schmaus , B. and Hobbs , S. E. 2006 . Cognitive functioning and postconcussive symptoms in trauma patients with and without mild TBI . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 21 ( 4 ) : 255 – 273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lees-Haley , P. R. and Brown , R. S. 1993 . Neuropsychological complaint base rates of 170 personal injury claimants . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 8 ( 3 ) : 203 – 209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lees-Haley , P. R. , Fox , D. D. and Courtney , J. C. 2001 . A comparison of complaints by mild brain injury claimants and other claimants describing subjective experiences immediately following their injury . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 16 ( 7 ) : 689 – 695 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littell , J. H. , Corcoran , J. and Pillai , V. 2008 . Systematic reviews and meta-analysis , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Malec , J. F. 1997 . Mild traumatic brain injury . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 78 ( 3 ) : 334 – 335 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Mathias , J. L. and Coats , J. L. 1999 . Emotional and cognitive sequelae to mild traumatic brain injury . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 21 ( 2 ) : 200 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCaffrey , R. J. , Bauer , L. , Palav , A. A. and O'Bryant , S. E. 2006 . Practitioner's guide to symptom base rates in the general population , New York : Springer Science and Business Media .
   Google Scholar
• McNair , D. , Lorr , M. and Droppleman , L. 1981 . Manual for the Profile of Mood States , San Diego, CA : Educational and Industrial Service .
   Google Scholar
• Meares , S. , Shores , E. A. , Taylor , A. J. , Batchelor , J. , Bryant , R. A. Baguley , I. J. 2008 . Mild traumatic brain injury does not predict acute postconcussion syndrome . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 79 ( 3 ) : 300 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mickeviciene , D. , Schrader , H. , Obelieniene , D. , Surkiene , D. , Kunickas , R. Stovner , L. J. 2004 . A controlled prospective inception cohort study on the post-concussion syndrome outside the medicolegal context . European Journal of Neurology , 11 ( 6 ) : 411 – 419 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , W. G. 1986 . “ The neuropsychology of head injuries ” . In The neuropsychology handbook: Behavioural and clinical perspectives , Edited by: Wedding , D. , MacNeill Horton , A. Jr. and Webster , J. 347 – 375 . New York : Springer Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Mittenberg , W. , DiGiulio , D. V. , Perrin , S. and Bass , A. E. 1992 . Symptoms following mild head injury: Expectation as aetiology . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 55 ( 3 ) : 200 – 204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollica , R. , Caspi-Yavin , Y. , Bollini , P. , Truong , T. , Tor , S. and Lavelle , J. 1992 . The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: Validation as a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder in Indochinese refugees . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders , 180 ( 2 ) : 111 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , L. , Satz , P. and D'Elia , L. 1994 . The Neurobehavioral Behavior and Affect Profile , Polo Alto, CA : Mind Garden Press .
   Google Scholar
• *Paniak , C. , Phillips , K. , Toller-Lobe , G. , Durand , A. and Nagy , J. 1999 . Sensitivity of three recent questionnaires to mild traumatic brain injury—related effects . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 14 ( 3 ) : 211 – 219 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pertab , J. L. , James , K. M. and Bigler , E. D. 2009 . Limitations of mild traumatic brain injury meta-analyses . Brain Injury , 23 ( 6 ) : 498 – 508 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponsford , J. , Willmott , C. , Rothwell , A. , Cameron , P. , Kelly , A. Nelms , R. 2000 . Factors influencing outcome following mild traumatic brain injury in adults . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 5 : 568 – 579 .
   Google Scholar
• Radanov , B. P. , Dvorak , J. and Valach , L. 1992 . Cognitive deficits in patients after soft tissue injury of the cervical spine . Spine , 17 ( 2 ) : 127 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff , L. S. 1977 . The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population . Applied Psychological Measurement , 1 : 385 – 401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Raskin , S. A. 1997 . The relationship between sexual abuse and mild traumatic brain injury . Brain Injury , 11 ( 8 ) : 587 – 603 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson , E. , Rath , B. , Fournet , G. , Zelhart , P. and Estes , R. 1994 . Assessment of mild brain trauma: A preliminary study of the influence of premorbid factors . Clinical Neuropsychology , 8 : 69 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , R. 1979 . The “file drawer problem” and tolerance for null results . Psychological Bulletin , 86 ( 3 ) : 638 – 641 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , R. 1991a . Meta-analysis: A review . Psychosomatic Medicine , 53 : 247 – 271 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , R. 1991b . Meta-analytic procedures for social research , Newbury Park, CA : Sage Publications . Rev.ed.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , R. and Rosnow , R. L. 1984 . Essentials of behavioral research: Methods and data analysis , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , L. M. and Warden , D. L. 2003 . Post concussion syndrome . International Review of Psychiatry , 15 ( 4 ) : 310 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Saran , A. 1988 . Antidepressants not effective in headache associated with minor closed head injury . International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine , 18 : 75 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawchyn , J. M. , Brulot , M. M. and Strauss , E. 2000 . Note on the use of the Postconcussion Syndrome Checklist . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 15 : 1 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreurs , P. J. , Van de Willige , G. , Tellegen , B. and Brosschot , J. F. 1987 . De Utrechtse Coping Lijst: UCL [Utrecht Coping List: UCL] , Lisse, , The Netherlands : Swets and Zeitlinger .
   Google Scholar
• Slavin , R. E. 1986 . Best-evidence synthesis: An alternative to meta-analytic and traditional reviews . Educational Researcher , 15 ( 5 ) : 5 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith-Seemiller , L. , Fow , N. R. , Kant , R. and Franzen , M. D. 2003 . Presence of post-concussion syndrome symptoms in patients with chronic pain vs. mild traumatic brain injury . Brain Injury , 17 ( 3 ) : 199 – 206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tate , R. , McDonald , S. and Lulham , J. M. 1998 . Incidence of hospital-treated traumatic brain injury in an Australian community . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health , 22 ( 4 ) : 419 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Trahan , D. E. , Ross , C. E. and Trahan , S. L. 2001 . Relationships among postconcussional-type symptoms, depression, and anxiety in neurologically normal young adults and victims of mild brain injury . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 16 ( 5 ) : 435 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsanadis , J. , Montoya , E. , Hanks , R. A. , Millis , S. R. , Fichtenberg , N. L. and Axelrod , B. N. 2008 . Brain injury severity, litigation status, and self-report of postconcussive symptoms . Clinical Neuropsychologist , 22 ( 6 ) : 1080 – 1092 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Naalt , J. , van Zomeren , A. H. , Sluiter , W. J. and Minderhound , J. M. 1999 . One year outcome in mild to moderate head injury: The predictive value of acute injury characteristics related to complaints and return to work . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 66 ( 2 ) : 207 – 213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , Y. , Chan , R. C. and Deng , Y. 2006 . Examination of postconcussion-like symptoms in healthy university students: Relationships to subjective and objective neuropsychological function performance . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 21 ( 4 ) : 339 – 347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware , J. E. , Snow , K. K. , Kosinski , M. and Gandek , B. 1992 . SF-36 Health Survey: Manual and interpretation guide , Boston : The Health Institute . New England Medical Centre
   Google Scholar
• *Westcott , M. C. and Alfano , D. P. 2005 . The Symptom Checklist-90-Revised and mild traumatic brain injury . Brain Injury , 19 ( 14 ) : 1261 – 1267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf , F. M. 1986 . Meta-analysis: Quantitative methods for research synthesis , Beverley Hills, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Wong , J. L. , Regennitter , R. P. and Barrios , F. 1994 . Base rate and simulated symptoms of mild head injury among normals . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 9 ( 5 ) : 411 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakzanis , K. K. 2001 . Statistics to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth: Formulae, illustrative numerical examples, and heuristic interpretation of effect size analyses for neuropsychological researchers . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 16 : 653 – 667 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zung , W. W. 1965 . A self-rating depression scale . Archives of General Psychiatry , 12 : 63 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar