Incidental versus intentional encoding in the Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm: Does amnesic patients' implicit false memory depend on conscious activation of the lure?

REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Baayen , R. H. , Piepenbrock , R. and Gulikers , L. 1995 . The CELEX lexical database [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Linguistic Data Consortium. ,
   Google Scholar
• Beauregard , M. , Chertkow , H. , Gold , D. , Karama , S. , Benhamou , J. Babins , L. 1997 . Word priming with brief multiple presentation technique: Preservation in amnesia . Neuropsychologia , 35 : 611 – 621 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brainerd , C. J. and Reyna , V. F. 1998 . When things that were never experienced are easier to “remember” than things that were . Psychological Science , 9 : 484 – 489 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunfaut , E. and d'Ydewalle , G. 1996 . A comparison of implicit memory tasks in Korsakoff and alcoholic patients . Neuropsychologia , 34 : 1143 – 1150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlesimo , G. A. 1994 . Perceptual and conceptual priming in amnesic and alcoholic patients . Neuropsychologia , 32 : 903 – 921 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cermak , L. S. , Verfaellie , M. , Sweeney , M. and Jacoby , L. L. 1992 . Fluency versus conscious recollection in the word completion performance of amnesic patients . Brain and Cognition , 20 : 367 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , N. J. and Eichenbaum , H. 1993 . Memory, amnesia and the hippocampal system , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , N. J. , Poldrack , R. A. and Eichenbaum , H. 1997 . Memory for items and memory for relations in the procedural/declarative memory framework . Memory , 5 : 131 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewhurst , S. A. , Barry , C. and Holmes , S. J. 2005 . Exploring the false recognition of category exemplars: Effects of divided attention and explicit generation . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 17 : 803 – 819 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodd , M. D. and MacLeod , C. M. 2004 . False recognition without intentional learning . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 11 : 137 – 142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• d'Ydewalle , G. and Van Damme , I. 2007 . Memory and the Korsakoff syndrome: Not remembering what is remembered . Neuropsychologia , 45 : 905 – 920 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson , K. A. and Simon , H. A. 1996 . Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gallo , D. A. 2006 . Associative illusions of memory: False memory research in DRM and related tasks , New York : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin , K. A. , Meissner , C. A. and Ericsson , K. A. 2001 . Toward a model of false recall: Experimental manipulation of encoding context and the collection of verbal reports . Memory & Cognition , 29 : 806 – 819 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graf , P. and Mandler , G. 1984 . Activation makes words more accessible, but not necessarily more retrievable . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 23 : 553 – 568 .
   Google Scholar
• Graf , P. and Schacter , D. L. 1985 . Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 11 : 501 – 518 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graf , P. , Squire , L. R. and Mandler , G. 1984 . The information that amnesic patients do not forget . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 10 : 164 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt , R. R. and Einstein , G. O. 1981 . Relational and item-specific information in memory . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 20 : 497 – 514 .
   Google Scholar
• Hunt , R. R. and McDaniel , M. A. 1993 . The enigma of organization and distinctiveness . Journal of Memory and Language , 32 : 421 – 445 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , M. K. and Chalfonte , B. L. 1994 . “ Binding complex memories: The role of reactivation and the hippocampus ” . In Memory systems 1994 , Edited by: Schacter , D. L. and Tulving , E. 311 – 350 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kawasaki , Y. and Yama , H. 2006 . The difference between implicit and explicit associative processes at study in creating false memory in the DRM paradigm . Memory , 14 : 68 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopelman , M. D. 2002 . Disorders of memory . Brain , 125 : 2152 – 2190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lövdén , M. and Johansson , M. 2003 . Are covert verbal responses mediating false implicit memory? . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 10 : 724 – 729 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , E. J. and Bower , G. H. 2004 . The role of rehearsal and generation in false memory creation . Memory , 12 : 748 – 761 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayes , A. R. , MacDonald , C. , Donlan , L. , Pears , J. and Meudell , P. R. 1992 . Amnesics have a disproportionately severe memory deficit for interactive context . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 45A : 265 – 297 .
   Google Scholar
• McBride , D. M. , Coane , J. H. and Raulerson , B. A. III. 2006 . An investigation of false memory in perceptual implicit tasks . Acta Psychologica , 123 : 240 – 260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott , K. B. 1997 . Priming on perceptual implicit memory tests can be achieved through presentation of associates . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 4 : 582 – 586 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott , K. B. and Roediger , H. L. III. 1998 . Attempting to avoid illusory memories: Robust false recognition of associates persists under conditions of explicit warnings and immediate testing . Journal of Memory and Language , 39 : 508 – 520 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKone , E. and Murphy , B. 2000 . Implicit false memory: Effects of modality and multiple study presentations on long-lived semantic priming . Journal of Memory and Language , 43 : 89 – 109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meade , M. L. , Watson , J. M. , Balota , D. A. and Roediger , H. L. III. 2007 . The roles of spreading activation and retrieval mode in producing false recognition in the DRM paradigm . Journal of Memory and Language , 56 : 305 – 320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melo , B. , Winocur , G. and Moscovitch , M. 1999 . False recall and false recognition: An examination of the effects of selective and combined lesions to the medial temporal lobe/diencephalon and frontal lobe structures . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 16 : 343 – 359 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miatton , M. , Wolters , M. , Lannoo , E. and Vingerhoets , G. 2004 . Updated and extended Flemish normative data of commonly used neuropsychological tests . Psychologica Belgica , 44 : 189 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , C. D. , Bransford , J. D. and Franks , J. J. 1977 . Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 16 : 519 – 533 .
   Google Scholar
• Phaf , R. H. , Geurts , H. and Eling , P. A. T. M. 2000 . Word frequency and word stem completion in Korsakoff patients . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 22 : 817 – 829 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson-Klavehn , A. , Gardiner , J. M. and Java , R. I. 1994 . Involuntary conscious memory and the method of opposition . Memory , 2 : 1 – 29 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roediger , H. L. III and McDermott , K. B. 1995 . Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 21 : 803 – 814 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , J. D. , Althoff , R. R. , Whitlow , S. and Cohen , N. J. 2000 . Amnesia is a deficit in relational memory . Psychological Science , 11 : 454 – 461 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schacter , D. L. , Verfaellie , M. and Pradere , D. 1996 . The neuropsychology of memory illusions: False recall and recognition in amnesic patients . Journal of Memory and Language , 35 : 319 – 334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seamon , J. G. , Lee , I. A. , Toner , S. K. , Wheeler , R. H. , Goodkind , M. S. and Birch , A. D. 2002 . Thinking of critical words during study is unnecessary for false memory in the Deese, Roediger, and McDermott procedure . Psychological Science , 13 : 526 – 531 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , R. E. and Hunt , R. R. 1998 . Presentation modality affects false memory . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 5 : 710 – 715 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thapar , A. and McDermott , K. B. 2001 . False recall and false recognition induced by presentation of associated words: Effects of retention interval and level of processing . Memory & Cognition , 29 : 424 – 432 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toglia , M. P. , Neuschatz , J. S. and Goodwin , K. A. 1999 . Recall accuracy and illusory memories: When more is less . Memory , 7 : 233 – 256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tussing , A. A. and Greene , R. L. 1997 . False recognition of associates: How robust is the effect? . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 4 : 572 – 576 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Damme , I. , Dewhurst , S. A. and d'Ydewalle , G. 2009 . Amnesia and the DRM illusion: Story-contexts do not affect false recognition, but personally-relevant content does , Manuscript submitted for publication .
   Google Scholar
• Van Damme , I. and d'Ydewalle , G. 2008 . Elaborative processing in the Korsakoff syndrome: Context versus habit . Brain and Cognition , 67 : 212 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Damme , I. and d'Ydewalle , G. 2009a . Implicit false memory in the DRM paradigm: Effects of amnesia, encoding instructions, and encoding duration . Neuropsychology , 23 : 635 – 648 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Damme , I. and d'Ydewalle , G. 2009b . Memory loss versus memory distortion: The role of encoding and retrieval deficits in Korsakoff patients’ false memories . Memory , 17 : 349 – 366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verfaellie , M. , Page , K. , Orlando , F. and Schacter , D. L. 2005 . Impaired implicit memory for gist information in amnesia . Neuropsychology , 19 : 760 – 769 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verfaellie , M. , Schacter , D. L. and Cook , S. P. 2002 . The effect of retrieval instructions on false recognition: Exploring the nature of the gist memory impairment in amnesia . Neuropsychologia , 40 : 2360 – 2368 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolters , G. and Prinsen , A. 1997 . Full versus divided attention and implicit memory performance . Memory & Cognition , 25 : 764 – 771 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar