Longer term improvement in neurocognitive functioning and affective distress among methamphetamine users who achieve stable abstinence

REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th , Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Association .
   Google Scholar
• Army Individual Test Battery . 1944 . Manual of directions and scoring , Washington, DC : War Department, Adjutant General's Office .
   Google Scholar
• Baberg , H. T. , Nelesen , R. A. and Dimsdale , J. E. 1996 . Amphetamine use: Return of an old scourge in a consultation psychiatry setting . American Journal of Psychiatry, , 153 : 789 – 793 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball , S. A. , Carroll , K. M. and Rounsaville , B. J. 1994 . Sensation seeking, substance abuse, and psychopathology in treatment-seeking and community cocaine abusers . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, , 62 : 1053 – 1057 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. and Steer , R. A. 1987 . BDI: Beck Depression Inventory: Manual , San Antonio, TX : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Benedict , R. H. 1997 . Brief Visuospatial Memory Test–Revised , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Benedict , R. H. , Schretlen , D. , Groninger , L. and Brandt , J. 1998 . Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised: Normative data and analysis of inter-form and test–retest reliability . The Clinical Neuropsychologist, , 12 : 43 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton , A. L. , Hamsher , K. and Sivan , A. B. 1994 . Multilingual Aphasia Examination , Iowa City, IA : AJA Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Brandt , J. and Benedict , R. H. B. 2001 . Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, Revised. Professional manual , Lutz, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Carey , C. L. , Woods , S. P. , Gonzalez , R. , Conover , E. , Marcotte , T. Grant , I. 2004 . Predictive validity of global deficit scores in detecting neuropsychological impairment in HIV infection . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26 , : 307 – 319 .
   Google Scholar
• Chang , L. , Alicata , D. , Ernst , T. and Volkow , N. D. 2007 . Structural and metabolic brain changes in the striatum associated with methamphetamine abuse . Addiction, , 102 : 16 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , L. , Ernst , T. , Speck , O. , Patel , H. , DeSilva , M. Leonido-Yee , M. 2002 . Perfusion MRI and computerized cognitive test abnormalities in abstinent methamphetamine users . Psychiatry Research, , 114 : 65 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherner , M. , Suarez , P. , Casey , C. , Deiss , R. , Letendre , S. Marcotte , T. in press . Methamphetamine use parameters do not predict neuropsychological impairment in currently abstinent dependent adults . Drug and Alcohol Dependence ,
   Google Scholar
• Chou , Y. H. , Huang , W. S. , Su , T. P. , Lu , R. B. , Wan , F. J. and Fu , Y. K. 2007 . Dopamine transporters and cognitive function in methamphetamine abuser after a short abstinence: A SPECT study . European Neuropsychopharmacology , 17 : 46 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicerone , K. D. , Dahlberg , C. , Malec , J. F. , Langenbahn , D. M. , Felicetti , T. Kneipp , S. 2005 . Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: Updated review of the literature from 1998 through 2002 . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, , 86 : 943 – 950 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , 2nd , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Cretzmeyer , M. , Sarrazin , M. V. , Huber , D. L. , Block , R. I. and Hall , J. A. 2003 . Treatment of methamphetamine abuse: Research findings and clinical directions . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, , 24 : 267 – 277 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diehr , M. C. , Heaton , R. K. , Miller , W. and Grant , I. 1998 . The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT): Norms for age, education, and ethnicity . Assessment, , 5 : 375 – 387 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst , T. , Chang , L. , Leonedo-Yee , M. and Speck , O. 2000 . Evidence for long-term neurotoxicity associated with methamphetamine abuse: A 1H MRS study . Neurology, , 54 : 1344 – 1349 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First , M. B. , Spitzer , R. L. , Gibbon , M. and Williams , J. B. 1996 . Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders , Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gladsjo , J. A. , Schuman , C. C. , Evans , J. D. , Peavy , G. M. , Miller , S. W. and Heaton , R. K. 1999 . Norms for letter and category fluency: Demographic corrections for age, education, and ethnicity . Assessment, , 6 : 147 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden , C. J. 1978 . Stroop Color and Word Test , Chicago : Stoelting .
   Google Scholar
• Golden , C. J. and Freshwater , S. M. 2002 . Stroop Color and Word Test , Chicago : Stoelting .
   Google Scholar
• Grant , I. 1987 . Alcohol and the brain: Neuropsychological correlates . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, , 55 : 310 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant , I. , Reed , R. and Adams , K. M. 1987 . Diagnosis of intermediate-duration and subacute organic mental disorders in abstinent alcoholics . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, , 48 : 319 – 323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaton , R. K. , Grant , I. and Matthews , C. G. 1991 . Comprehensive norms for an expanded Halstead Reitan Battery: Demographic corrections, research findings, and clinical applications , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Heaton , R. K. , Kirson , D. , Velin , R. A. , Grant , I. and the HNRC Group . 1994 . “ The utility of clinical ratings for detecting cognitive change in HIV infection ” . In Neuropsychology of HIV infection , Edited by: Grant , I. and Martin , A . 188 – 206 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heaton , R. K. , Taylor , M. J. and Manly , J. J. 2002 . “ Demographic effects and use of demographically corrected norms with the WAIS–III and WMS–III ” . In Clinical interpretation of the WAIS–III and WMS–III , Edited by: Tulsky , D. S. , Heaton , R. K. , Chelune , G. , Ivnik , R. , Bornstein , R. A. , Prifitera , A. and Ledbetter , M. San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hillhouse , M. P. , Marinelly-Casey , P. , Gonzales , R. , Ang , A. and Rawson , R. A. 2007 . Predicting in-treatment performance and post-treatment outcomes in methamphetamine users . Addiction, , 102 : 84 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman , W. F. , Moore , M. , Templin , R. , McFarland , B. , Hitzemann , R. J. and Mitchell , S. H. 2006 . Neuropsychological function and delay discounting in methamphetamine-dependent individuals . Psychopharmacology, , 188 : 162 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johanson , C. E. , Frey , K. A. , Lundahl , L. H. , Keenan , P. , Lockhart , N. Roll , J. 2006 . Cognitive function and nigrostriatal markers in abstinent methamphetamine abusers . Psychopharmacology, , 185 : 327 – 338 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalechstein , A. D. , Newton , T. F. and Green , M. 2003 . Methamphetamine dependence is associated with neurocognitive impairment in the initial phases of abstinence . Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, , 15 : 215 – 220 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalechstein , A. D. , Newton , T. F. , Longshore , D. , Anglin , M. D. , van Gorp , W. G. and Gawin , F. H. 2000 . Psychiatric comorbidity of methamphetamine dependence in a forensic sample . Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, , 12 : 480 – 484 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kløve , H. 1963 . “ Clinical neuropsychology ” . In The medical clinics of North America , Edited by: Forster , F. M. New York : Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• Kongs , S. K. , Thompson , L. L. , Iverson , G. L. and Heaton , R. K. 2000 . Wisconsin Card Sorting Test–64 card computerized version , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• London , E. D. , Simon , S. L. , Berman , S. M. , Mandelkern , M. A. , Lichtman , A. M. Bramen , J. 2004 . Mood disturbances and regional cerebral metabolic abnormalities in recently abstinent methamphetamine abusers . Archives of General Psychiatry, 61 , : 73 – 84 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCann , U. D. , Kuwabara , H. , Kumar , A. , Palermo , M. , Abbet , R. Brasic , J. 2008 . Persistent cognitive and dopamine transporter deficits in abstinent methamphetamine users . Synapse, , 62 : 91 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann , U. D. , Wong , D. F. , Yokoi , F. , Villemagne , V. , Dannals , R. F. and Ricaurte , G. A. 1998 . Reduced striatal dopamine transporter density in abstinent methamphetamine and methcathinone users: Evidence from positron emission tomography studies with [11C]WIN-35,428 . Journal of Neuroscience, , 18 : 8417 – 8422 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNair , D. M. , Lorr , M. and Droppleman , L. F. 1981 . Manual for the Profile of Mood States , San Diego, CA : Educational and Industrial Testing Service .
   Google Scholar
• Newton , T. F. , Kalechstein , A. D. , Duran , S. , Vansluis , N. and Ling , W. 2004 . Methamphetamine abstinence syndrome: Preliminary findings . American Journal on Addictions, , 13 : 248 – 255 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordahl , T. E. , Salo , R. , Natsuaki , Y. , Galloway , G. P. , Waters , C. Moore , C. D. 2005 . Methamphetamine users in sustained abstinence: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study . Archives of General Psychiatry, , 62 : 444 – 452 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordahl , T. E. , Salo , R. , Possin , K. , Gibson , D. R. , Flynn , N. Leamon , M. 2002 . Low N-acetyl aspartate and high choline in the anterior cingulum of recently abstinent methamphetamine dependent subjects: A preliminary proton MRS study. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy . Psychiatry Research, , 116 : 43 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen , E. R. 1977 . Intracranial hemorrhage and amphetamine usage. Review of the effects of amphetamines on the central nervous system . Angiology, , 28 : 464 – 471 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peck , J. A. , Reback , C. J. , Yang , X. , Rotheram , E. and Shoptaw , S. 2005 . Sustained reductions in drug use and depression symptoms from treatment for drug abuse in methamphetamine-dependent gay and bisexual men . Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, , 82 : 100 – 108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corporation , Psychological . 1997 . Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Third Edition (WAIS–III) , San Antonio, TX : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Rawson , R. A. , Huber , A. , Brethen , P. , Obert , J. , Gulati , V. Shoptaw , S. 2002 . Status of methamphetamine users 2–5 years after outpatient treatment . Journal of Addictive Diseases, , 21 : 107 – 119 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitan , R. M. and Wolfson , D. 1985 . The Halstead–Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and clinical interpretation , Tucson, AZ : Neuropsychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reitan , R. M. and Wolfson , D. 1993 . The Halstead–Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and clinical interpretation , 2nd , Tucson, AZ : Neuropsychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rippeth , J. D. , Heaton , R. K. , Carey , C. L. , Marcotte , T. D. , Moore , D. J. Gonzalez , R. 2004 . Methamphetamine dependence increases risk of neuropsychological impairment in HIV infected persons . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, , 10 : 1 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins , L. N. , Helzer , J. E. , Croughan , J. and Ratcliff , K. S. 1981 . National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: Its history, characteristics, and validity . Archives of General Psychiatry, , 38 : 381 – 389 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rourke , S. B. and Grant , I. 1995 . Neuropsychological deficits in male alcoholics: Part II. Using clinical ratings to delineate the effects of interim drinking and length of abstinence on the prevalence of deficits . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, , 1 : 328
   Google Scholar
• Rourke , S. B. and Grant , I. 2009 . “ The neurobehavioral consequences of alcoholism ” . In Neuropsychological assessment of neuropsychiatric and neuromedical disorders , 3rd , Edited by: Grant , I. and Adams , K. M. 398 – 454 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sadek , J. R. , Vigil , O. , Grant , I. and Heaton , R. K. 2007 . The impact of neuropsychological functioning and depressed mood on functional complaints in HIV-1 infection and methamphetamine dependence . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, , 29 : 266 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , J. C. , Woods , S. P. , Matt , G. E. , Meyer , R. A. , Heaton , R. K. Atkinson , J. H. 2007 . Neurocognitive effects of methamphetamine: A critical review and meta-analysis . Neuropsychological Review, , 17 : 275 – 297 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekine , Y. , Iyo , M. , Ouchi , Y. , Matsunaga , T. , Tsukada , H. Okada , H. 2001 . Methamphetamine-related psychiatric symptoms and reduced brain dopamine transporters studied with PET . American Journal of Psychiatry, , 158 : 1206 – 1214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekine , Y. , Ouchi , Y. , Takei , N. , Yoshikawa , E. , Nakamura , K. Futatsubashi , M. 2006 . Brain serotonin transporter density and aggression in abstinent methamphetamine abusers . Archives of General Psychiatry, , 63 : 90 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon , S. L. , Dacey , J. , Glynn , S. , Rawson , R. and Ling , W. 2004 . The effect of relapse on cognition in abstinent methamphetamine abusers . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, , 27 : 59 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) . 2007 . Results from the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National findings , Rockville, MD : Author .
   Google Scholar
• US Department of Health and Human Services . 1999 . Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General – Executive Summary , Rockville, MD : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services .
   Google Scholar
• Volkow , N. D. , Chang , L. , Wang , G. J. , Fowler , J. S. , Franceschi , D. Sedler , M. 2001a . Loss of dopamine transporters in methamphetamine abusers recovers with protracted abstinence . Journal of Neuroscience, , 21 : 9414 – 9418 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow , N. D. , Chang , L. , Wang , G. J. , Fowler , J. S. , Leonido-Yee , M. Franceschi , D. 2001b . Association of dopamine transporter reduction with psychomotor impairment in methamphetamine abusers . American Journal of Psychiatry, , 158 : 377 – 382 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , G. J. , Volkow , N. D. , Chang , L. , Miller , E. , Sedler , M. Hitzemann , R. 2004 . Partial recovery of brain metabolism in methamphetamine abusers after protracted abstinence . American Journal of Psychiatry, , 161 : 242 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , G. S. 1993 . Wide Range Achievement Test administration manual , 3rd , Wilmington, DE : Wide Range .
   Google Scholar
• Zweben , J. E. , Cohen , J. B. , Christian , D. , Galloway , G. P. , Salinardi , M. Parent , D. 2004 . Psychiatric symptoms in methamphetamine users . American Journal on Addictions, , 13 : 181 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar