371
Views
34
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Verbal memory impairment in severe closed head injury: The role of encoding and consolidation

, &
Pages 728-736 | Received 06 Aug 2009, Accepted 23 Nov 2009, Published online: 19 Feb 2010

References

  • Abou-Hamden , A. , Blumbergs , P. C. , Scott , G. , Manavis , J. , Wainwright , H. Jones , N. 1997 . Axonal injury in falls . Journal of Neurotrauma , 14 : 699 – 713 .
  • Adams , J. H. , Doyle , D. , Ford , I. , Gennarelli , T. A. , Graham , D. I. and McLellan , D. R. 1989 . Diffuse axonal injury in head injury: Definition, diagnosis, and grading . Histopathology , 15 : 49 – 59 .
  • Adams , J. H. and Jennett , D. I. G. 2001 . The structural basis of moderate disability after traumatic brain injury . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry , 71 : 521 – 524 .
  • Aggleton , A. P. and Brown , M. W. 2006 . Interleaving brain systems for episodic and recognition memory . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 10 : 455 – 463 .
  • Arnett , P. A. , Rao , S. M. , Grafman , J. , Bernardin , L. , Luchetta , T. Binder , J. R. 1997 . Executive functions in multiple sclerosis: An analysis of temporal ordering, semantic encoding, and planning abilities . Neuropsychology , 11 : 535 – 544 .
  • Auerbach , S. H. 1986 . Neuroanatomical correlates of attention and memory in traumatic brain injury: An application of neurobehavioral subtypes . The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 1 : 1 – 12 .
  • Barona , A. , Reynolds , C. R. and Chastain , R. 1984 . A demographically based index of pre-morbid intelligence for the WAIS–R . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 52 : 885 – 887 .
  • Basden , B. H. and Basden , D. R. 1996 . Directed forgetting: Further comparisons of the item and list methods . Memory , 4 : 633 – 653 .
  • Basden , B. H. , Basden , D. R and Gargano , G. J. 1993 . Directed forgetting in implicit and explicit memory tests: A comparison of methods . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 19 : 603 – 616 .
  • Basden , B. H. , Basden , D. R and Wright , M. J. 2003 . Part-list re-exposure and release of retrieval inhibition . Consciousness and Cognition , 12 : 354 – 375 .
  • Bernard , F. , Desgranges , B. , Platel , H. , Baron , J. and Eustache , F. 2001 . Contributions of frontal and medial temporal regions to verbal episodic memory: A PET study . Neuroreport , 12 : 1737 – 1741 .
  • Bigler , E. D. 2001 . Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in traumatic brain injury . The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 16 : 117 – 134 .
  • Blachstein , H. , Vakil , E. and Hoofien , D. 1993 . Impaired learning in patients with closed-head injuries: An analysis of components of the acquisition process . Neuropsychology , 7 : 530 – 535 .
  • Brooks , N. , Campsie , L. , Symington , C. , Beattie , A. and McKinlay , W. 1987 . The effects of severe head injury on patient and relative within seven years of injury . The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 2 : 1 – 13 .
  • Buschke , H. 1973 . Selective reminding for the analysis of memory and learning . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 12 : 543 – 550 .
  • Chu , B. , Millis , S. , Arango-Lasprilla , J. C. , Hanks , R. , Novack , T. and Hart , T. 2007 . Measuring recovery in new learning and memory following traumatic brain injury: A mixed-effects modeling approach . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 29 : 617 – 625 .
  • Curtiss , G. , Vanderploeg , R. D. , Spencer , J. and Salazar , A. M. 2001 . Patterns of verbal learning and memory in traumatic brain injury . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 7 : 574 – 585 .
  • Delis , D. C. , Kramer , J. H. , Kaplan , E. and Ober , E. 1987 . California Verbal Learning Test , San Antonio, TX : Psychological Corporation .
  • DeLuca , J. , Schultheis , M. T. , Madigan , N. K. , Christodoulou , C. and Averill , A. 2000 . Acquisition vs. retrieval deficits in traumatic brain injury: Implications for memory rehabilitation . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 81 : 1327 – 1333 .
  • Duchnick , J. J. , Vanderploeg , R. D. and Curtiss , G. 2002 . Identifying retrieval problems using the California Verbal Learning Test . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 24 : 840 – 851 .
  • Esselman , P. C. and Uomoto , J. M. 1995 . Classification of the spectrum of mild traumatic brain injury . Brain Injury , 9 : 417 – 424 .
  • Fork , M. , Bartels , C. , Ebert , A. D. , Grubich , C. , Synowitz , H. and Wallesch , C. 2005 . Neuropsychological sequelae of diffuse traumatic brain injury . Brain Injury , 19 : 101 – 108 .
  • Forrester , W. E. and King , D. J. 1971 . Effects of semantic and acoustic relatedness on free recall and clustering . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 88 : 16 – 19 .
  • Gongvatana , A. , Woods , S. P. , Taylor , M. J. , Vigil , O. , Grant , I. and the HNRC Group . 2007 . Semantic clustering inefficiency in HIV-associated dementia . The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 19 : 36 – 42 .
  • Greicius , M. D. , Krasnow , B. , Boyett-Anderson , J. M. , Stephan , E. , Schatzberg , A. F. Reiss , A. L. 2003 . Regional analysis of hippocampal activation during memory encoding and retrieval: fMRI study . Hippocampus , 13 : 164 – 174 .
  • Keppel , G. and Wickens , T. D. 2004 . Design and analysis: A researcher's handbook , 4th , 153 – 155 . Upper Saddle River, NJ : Pearson Prentice Hall .
  • King , N. 1997 . Mild head injury: Neuropathology, sequelae, measurement and recovery . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 36 : 161 – 184 .
  • Kraus , M. F. , Susmaras , T. , Caughlin , B. P. , Walker , C. J. , Sweeney , J. A. and Little , D. M. 2007 . White matter integrity and cognition in chronic traumatic brain injury: A diffusion tensor imaging study . Brain , 130 : 2508 – 2519 .
  • Levin , H. and Goldstein , F. C. 1986 . Organization of verbal memory after severe closed-head injury . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 8 : 643 – 656 .
  • Levine , B. , Cabeza , R. , McIntosh , A. R. , Black , S. E. , Grady , C. L. and Stuss , D. T. 2002 . Functional reorganization of memory after traumatic brain injury: A study with H2 15-O positron emission topography . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry , 73 : 173 – 181 .
  • Mateer , C. A. , Sohlberg , M. M. and Crinean , J. 1987 . Focus on clinical research: Perceptions of memory function in individuals with closed-head injury . The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 2 : 74 – 84 .
  • Medana , I. M. and Esiri , M. M. 2003 . Axonal damage: A key predictor of outcome in the human CNS diseases . Brain , 126 : 515 – 530 .
  • Miller , R. R. and Matzel , L. D. 2006 . Retrieval failure versus memory loss in experimental amnesia: Definitions and processes . Learning & Memory , 13 : 491 – 497 .
  • Millis , S. R. , Putnam , S. H. , Adams , K. M. and Ricker , J. H. 1995 . The California Verbal Learning Test in the detection of incomplete effort in neuropsychological evaluation . Psychological Assessment , 7 : 463 – 471 .
  • Nader , K. 2006 . Unraveling the impenetrable nature of amnesia: A new beginning . Learning & Memory , 13 : 489 – 490 .
  • Nakayama , N. , Okumura , A. , Shinoda , J. , Nakashima , T. and Iwama , T. 2006 . Relationship between regional cerebral metabolism and consciousness disturbance in traumatic diffuse brain injury without large focal lesions: An FDG-PET study with statistical parametric mapping analysis . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry , 77 : 856 – 862 .
  • National Institutes of Health . 1999 . NIH consensus development panel on rehabilitation of persons with traumatic brain injury . Journal of the American Medical Association , 282 : 974 – 983 .
  • Nielsen-Bohlman , L. and Knight , R. T. 1994 . Electrophysiological dissociation of rapid memory mechanisms in humans . Neuroreport , 5 : 1517 – 1521 .
  • Nyberg , L. , Cabeza , R. and Tulving , E. 1996 . PET studies of encoding and retrieval: The HERA model . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 3 : 135 – 148 .
  • Nyberg , L. , Forkstam , C. , Petersson , K. M. , Cabeza , R. and Ingvar , M. 2002 . Brain imaging of human memory systems: Between-systems similarities and within-system differences . Cognitive Brain Research , 13 : 281 – 292 .
  • Rao , S. M. 1996 . White matter disease and dementia . Brain & Cognition , 31 : 250 – 268 .
  • Schmitter-Edgecombe , M. , Marks , W. , Wright , M. J. and Ventura , M. 2004 . Retrieval inhibition in directed forgetting following severe closed-head injury . Neuropsychology , 18 : 104 – 114 .
  • Scott , J. C. , Woods , S. P. , Patterson , K. A. , Morgan , E. E. , Heaton , R. K. Grant , I. 2006 . Recency effects in HIV-associated dementia are characterized by deficient encoding . Neuropsychologia , 44 : 1336 – 1343 .
  • Squire , L. R. 2006 . Lost forever or temporarily misplaced? The long debate about the nature of memory impairment . Learning & Memory , 13 : 522 – 529 .
  • Stallings , G. , Boake , C. and Sherer , M. 1995 . Comparison of the California Verbal Learning Test and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test in head-injured patients . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 17 : 706 – 712 .
  • Stricker , J. L. , Brown , G. G. , Wixted , J. , Baldo , J. V. and Delis , D. C. 2002 . New semantic clustering indices for the California Verbal Learning Test–Second Edition: Background, rationale, and formulae . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 8 : 425 – 435 .
  • Takaoka , M. , Tabuse , H. , Kumura , E. , Nakajima , S. , Tsuzuki , T. Nakamura , K. 2002 . Semiquantitative analysis of corpus callosum injury using magnetic resonance imaging indicates clinical severity in patients with diffuse axonal injury . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry , 73 : 289 – 293 .
  • Timmerman , M. E. and Brouwer , W. H. 1999 . Slow information processing after very severe closed head injury: Impaired access to declarative knowledge and intact application and acquisition of procedural knowledge . Neuropsychologia , 37 : 467 – 478 .
  • Tulving , E. and Markowitsch , H. J. 1998 . Episodic and declarative memory: Role of the hippocampus . Hippocampus , 8 : 198 – 204 .
  • Tulving , E. and Osler , S. 1968 . Effectiveness of retrieval cues in memory for words . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 77 : 593 – 601 .
  • Tulving , E. and Thompson , D. M. 1973 . Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory . Psychological Review , 80 : 352 – 373 .
  • Vanderploeg , R. D. , Crowell , T. A. and Curtiss , G. 2001 . Verbal learning and memory deficits in traumatic brain injury: Encoding, consolidation, and retrieval . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 23 : 185 – 195 .
  • Voss , H. U. , Uluç , A. M. , Dyke , J. P. , Watts , R. , Kobylarz , E. J. McCandliss , B. D. 2006 . Possible axonal regrowth in late recovery from the minimally conscious state . Journal of Clinical Investigations , 116 : 2005 – 2011 .
  • Wallesch , C. , Curio , N. , Kutz , S. , Jost , S. , Bartels , C. and Synowitz , H. 2001 . Outcome after mild-to-moderate blunt head injury: Effects of focal lesions and diffuse axonal injury . Brain Injury , 15 : 401 – 412 .
  • Wang , J. Y. , Bakhadirov , K. , Devous , M. D. Sr. , Abdi , H. , McColl , R. Moore , C. 2008 . Diffusion tensor tractography of traumatic diffuse axonal injury . Archives of Neurology , 65 : 619 – 626 .
  • Wechsler , D. 1997 . Wechsler Memory Scale , 3rd , San Antonio, TX : The Psychological Corporation .
  • Wiegner , S. and Donders , J. 1999 . Performance on the California Verbal Learning Test after traumatic brain injury . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 21 : 159 – 170 .
  • Wilde , M. C. , Boake , C. and Sherer , M. 1995 . Do recognition-free recall discrepancies detect retrieval deficits in closed-head injury? An exploratory study with the California Verbal Learning Test . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 17 : 849 – 855 .
  • Williamson , D. J. G. , Scott , J. G. and Adams , R. L. 1996 . “ Traumatic brain injury ” . In Neuropsychology for clinical practice: Etiology, assessment, & treatment of common neurological disorders , Edited by: Adams , R. L. , Parsons , O. A. , Culbertson , J. L. and Nixon , S. J. 9 – 64 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Wilson , J. T. L. , Hadley , D. M. , Wiedmann , K. D. and Teasdale , G. M. 1995 . Neuropsychological consequences of two patterns of brain damage shown by MRI in survivors of severe head injury . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry , 59 : 328 – 331 .
  • Wright , M. J. , Woo , E. , Schmitter-Edgecombe , M. , Hinkin , C. H. , Miller , E. N. and Gooding , A. L. 2009 . The Item-Specific Deficit Approach (ISDA) to evaluating verbal memory dysfunction: Rationale, psychometrics, and application . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 31 : 790 – 802 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.