The influence of working memory load on response inhibition in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or reading disorder

REFERENCES

• Achenbach , T. M. 1991 . Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist: 4–18 and 1991 profile , Burlington, VT : University of Vermont .
   Google Scholar
• Alderson , R. M. , Rapport , M. D. and Kofler , M. J. 2007 . Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and behavioral inhibition: A meta-analytic review of the stop-signal paradigm . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 35 : 745 – 758 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. 1992 . Working memory . Science , 255 : 556 – 559 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banaschewski , T. , Hollis , C. , Oosterlaan , J. , Roeyers , H. , Rubia , K. Willcutt , E. 2005 . Towards an understanding of unique and shared pathways in the psychopathophysiology of AD/HD . Developmental Science , 8 : 132 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley , R. A. 1997 . Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD . Psychological Bulletin , 121 : 65 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berument , S. K. , Rutter , M. , Lord , C. , Pickles , A. and Bailey , A. 1999 . Autism screening questionnaire: Diagnostic validity . British Journal of Psychiatry , 175 : 444 – 451 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best , J. R. and Miller , P. H. 2010 . A developmental perspective on executive function . Child Development , 81 : 1641 – 1660 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beveridge , M. , Jarrold , C. and Pettit , E. 2002 . An experimental approach to executive fingerprinting in young children . Infant and Child Development , 11 : 107 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brocki , K. C. , Randall , K. D. , Bohlin , G. and Kerns , K. A. 2008 . Working memory in school-aged children with ADHD combined type: Are deficits modality specific and are they independent of impaired inhibitory control? . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 30 : 749 – 759 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruin , K. J. and Wijers , A. A. 2002 . Inhibition, response mode, and stimulus probability: A comparative event-related potential study . Clinical Neurophysiology , 113 : 1172 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brus , B. T. and Voeten , M. J. M. 1973 . Een-Minuut-Test , Nijmegen, , The Netherlands : Berkhout . [One-Minute-Test]
   Google Scholar
• Casey , B. J. 2005 . “ Frontostriatal and frontocerebellar circuitry underlying cognitive control ” . In Developing individuality in the human brain , Edited by: Mayr , U. , Awh , E. and Keele , S. W. 141 – 166 . Washington, DC : APA Books .
   Google Scholar
• Casey , B. J. , Galvan , A. and Hare , T. A. 2005 . Changes in cerebral functional organization during cognitive development . Current Opinion in Neurobiology , 15 : 239 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey , B. J. , Trainor , R. J. , Orendi , J. L. , Schubert , A. B. , Nystrom , L. E. Giedd , J. N. 1997 . A developmental functional MRI study of prefrontal activation during performance of a go-no-go task . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 9 : 835 – 847 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos , F. X. , Sonuga-Barke , E. J. S. , Milham , M. P. and Tannock , R. 2006 . Characterizing cognition in ADHD: Beyond executive dysfunction . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 10 : 117 – 123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos , F. X. and Tannock , R. 2002 . Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The search for endophenotypes . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 3 : 617 – 628 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , L. , Blackwell , A. D. , Aron , A. R. , Turner , D. C. , Dowson , J. Robbins , T. W. 2006 . Association between response inhibition and working memory in adult ADHD: A link to right frontal cortex pathology? . Biological Psychiatry , 61 : 1395 – 1401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del'Homme , M. , Kim , T. S. , Loo , S. K. , Yang , M. H. and Smalley , S. L. 2007 . Familial association and frequency of learning disabilities in ADHD sibling pair families . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 35 : 55 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimoska , A. and Johnstone , S. J. 2008 . Effects of varying stop-signal probability on ERPs in the stop-signal task: Do they reflect variations in inhibitory processing or simply novelty effects? . Biological Psychology , 77 : 324 – 336 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engle , R. W. and Kane , M. J. 2004 . “ Executive attention, working memory capacity, and a two-factor theory of cognitive control ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation: Vol.44. Advances in research and theory , Edited by: Ross , B. 145 – 199 . New York, NY : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Faraone , S. V. , Sergeant , J. , Gillberg , C. and Biederman , J. 2003 . The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: Is it an American condition? . World Psychiatry , 2 : 104 – 113 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grégoire , J. 2000 . L’évaluation clinique de l'intelligence de l'enfant , Belgium : Mardaga . [The clinical evaluation of the child's intelligence]. Liège
   Google Scholar
• Hinshaw , S. P. 1992 . Externalizing behaviour problems and academic underachievement in childhood and adolescence: Causal relationships and underlying mechanisms . Psychological Bulletin , 111 : 127 – 155 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollingshead , A. B. and Redlich , F. C. 1958 . Social class and mental illness , New York, NY : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Inquisit 2.0 [Computer software] . 2006 . Seattle, WA : Millisecond software .
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman , A. S. , Kaufman , J. C. , Balgopal , R. and McLean , J. E. 1996 . Comparison of three WISC–III short forms: Weighing psychometric, clinical, and practical factors . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 25 : 97 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kibby , M. Y. , Marks , W. , Morgan , S. and Long , C. J. 2004 . Specific impairment in developmental reading disabilities: A working memory approach . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 37 : 349 – 363 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiefer , M. , Marzinzik , F. , Weisbrod , M. , Scherg , M. and Spitzer , M. 1998 . The time course of brain activations during response inhibition: Evidence from event-related potentials in a go/no go task . Neuroreport , 9 : 765 – 770 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kipp , K. 2005 . A developmental perspective on the measurement of cognitive deficits in ADHD . Biological Psychiatry , 57 : 1256 – 1260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazar , J. W. and Frank , Y. 1998 . Frontal systems dysfunction in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities . The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 10 : 160 – 167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lijffijt , M. , Kenemans , J. L. , Verbaten , M. N. and van Engeland , H. 2005 . A meta-analytic review of stopping performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Deficient inhibitory motor control? . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 114 : 216 – 222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinussen , R. , Hayden , J. , Hogg-Johnson , S. and Tannock , R. 2005 . A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 44 : 377 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinussen , R. and Tannock , R. 2006 . Working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid language learning disorders . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 28 : 1073 – 1094 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattes , J. A. 1980 . The role of frontal lobe dysfunction in childhood hyperkinesis . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 21 : 358 – 369 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNab , F. , Leroux , G. , Strand , F. , Thorell , L. , Bergman , S. and Klingberg , T. 2008 . Common and unique components of inhibition and working memory: An fMRI, within-subjects investigation . Neuropsychologia , 46 : 2668 – 2682 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middleton , F. A. and Strick , P. L. 2001 . Cerebellar projections to the prefrontal cortex of the primate . Journal of Neuroscience , 21 : 700 – 712 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middleton , F. A. and Strick , P. L. 2002 . Basal-ganglia “projections” to the prefrontal cortex of the primate . Cerebral Cortex , 12 : 926 – 935 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake , A. , Friedman , N. P. , Emerson , M. J. , Witzki , A. H. and Howerter , A. 2000 . The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex frontal lobe tasks: A latent variable analysis . Cognitive Psychology , 41 : 49 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg , J. T. , Blaskey , L. G. , Huang-Pollock , C. L. and Rappley , M. D. 2002 . Neuropsychological executive functions and DSM–IV ADHD subtypes . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 41 : 59 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg , J. T. , Hinshaw , S. P. , Carte , E. T. and Treuting , J. J. 1998 . Neuropsychological correlates of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Explainable by comorbid disruptive behavior or reading problems? . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 107 : 468 – 480 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyberg , L. , Brocki , K. , Tillman , C. and Bohlin , G. 2009 . The proposed interaction between working memory and inhibition . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 21 : 84 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmenter , B. A. , Shucard , J. L. , Benedict , R. H. B. and Shucard , D. W. 2006 . Working memory deficits in multiple sclerosis: Comparison between the n-back task and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 12 : 677 – 687 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelham , W. , Gnagy , E. M. , Greenslade , K. E. and Milich , R. 1992 . Teacher ratings of DSM–III–R symptoms for the disruptive behaviour disorders . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 31 : 210 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennington , B. F. , Groisser , D. and Welsh , M. C. 1993 . Contrasting cognitive deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder versus reading disability . Developmental Psychology , 29 : 511 – 523 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennington , B. F. and Ozonoff , S. 1996 . Executive functions and developmental psychopathology . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 37 : 51 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pontius , A. A. 1973 . Dysfunction patterns analogous to frontal lobe system and caudate nucleus syndromes in some groups of minimal brain dysfunction . Journal of the American Medical Women's Association , 26 : 285 – 292 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Purvis , K. L. and Tannock , R. 2000 . Phonological processing, not inhibitory control, differentiates ADHD and reading disability . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 39 : 485 – 494 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramautar , J. , Kok , A. and Ridderinkhof , K. R. 2004 . Effects of stop-signal probability in the stop-signal paradigm: The N2/P3 complex further validated . Brain and Cognition , 56 : 234 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rashid , F. L. , Morris , M. K. and Morris , R. 2001 . Naming and verbal memory skills in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and reading disability . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 57 : 829 – 838 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , R. J. , Hager , L. D. and Heron , C. 1994 . Prefrontal cognitive processes: Working memory and inhibition in the antisaccade task . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 123 : 374 – 393 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , R. J. and Pennington , B. F. 1996 . An interactive framework for examining prefrontal cognitive processes . Developmental Neuropsychology , 12 : 105 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rucklidge , J. J. and Tannock , R. 2002 . Neuropsychological profiles of adolescents with ADHD: Effects of reading difficulties and gender . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 43 : 988 – 1003 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage , R. , Lavers , N. and Pillay , V. 2007 . Working memory and reading difficulties: What we know and what we don't know about the relationship . Educational Psychology Review , 19 : 185 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semrud-Clikeman , M. , Guy , K. , Griffin , J. D. and Hynd , G. W. 2000 . Rapid naming deficits in children and adolescents with reading disabilities and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Brain and Language , 74 : 70 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergeant , J. A. , Geurts , H. and Oosterlaan , J. 2002 . How specific is a deficit of executive functioning for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? . Behavioural Brain Research , 130 : 3 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer , D. , Fisher , P. , Lucas , C. , Dulcan , M. and Schwab-Stone , M. E. 2000 . NIMH Diagnostic Interview for Children Version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnosis . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 39 : 28 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shallice , T. , Marzocchi , G. M. , Coser , S. , Del Savio , M. , Meuter , R. F. and Rumiati , R. I. 2002 . Executive function profile of children with ADHD . Developmental Neuropsychology , 21 : 43 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmonds , D. J. , Pekar , J. J. and Mostofsky , S. H. 2008 . Meta-analysis of go/no-go tasks demonstrating that fMRI activation associated with response inhibition is task-dependent . Neuropsychologia , 46 : 224 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson , H. L. , Ashbaker , M. H. and Lee , C. 1996 . Learning-disabled readers’ working memory as a function of processing demands . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 61 : 242 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson , H. L. , Mink , J. and Bocian , K. M. 1999 . Cognitive processing deficits in poor readers with symptoms of reading disabilities and ADHD: More alike than different? . Journal of Educational Psychology , 91 : 321 – 333 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick , B. G. and Fidell , L. S. 2007 . Using multivariate statistics , 5th , Boston, MA : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Tsujimoto , S. , Kuwajima , M. and Sawaguchi , T. 2007 . Developmental fractionation of working memory and response inhibition during childhood . Experimental Psychology , 54 : 30 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Bos , K. P. , lutje Spelberg , H. C. , Scheepsma , A. J. M. and de Vries , J. R. 1994 . Handleiding de Klepel , Nijmegen, , The Netherlands : Berkhout . [Manual for the Klepel]
   Google Scholar
• van der Schoot , M. , Licht , R. , Horsley , T. M. and Sergeant , J. A. 2000 . Inhibitory deficits in reading disability depend on subtype: Guessers but not spellers . Child Neuropsychology , 6 : 297 – 312 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van De Voorde , S. , Roeyers , H. , Verté , S. and Wiersema , J. R. 2010 . Working memory, response inhibition, and within-subject variability in children with ADHD or reading disorder . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 32 : 366 – 379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verté , S. , Geurts , H. M. , Roeyers , H. , Oosterlaan , J. and Sergeant , J. A. 2006 . The relationship between working memory, inhibition, and response variability in child psychopathology . Journal of Neuroscience Methods , 151 : 5 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1991 . Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children , 3rd , San Antonio, TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Weyandt , L. L. 2005a . Executive function in children, adolescents, and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Introduction to the special issue . Developmental Neuropsychology , 27 : 1 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyandt , L. L. 2005b . “ Neuropsychological performance of adults with ADHD ” . In ADHD: From genes to animal models to patients , Edited by: Gozal , D. and Molfese , D. New York, NY : Humana Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wiersema , J. R. , van der Meere , J. J. and Roeyers , H. 2005 . ERP correlates of impaired error monitoring in children with ADHD . Journal of Neural Transmission , 112 : 1417 – 1430 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcutt , E. G. , Doyle , A. E. , Nigg , J. T. , Faraone , S. V. and Pennington , B. F. 2005 . Validity of the executive function theory of ADHD: A meta-analytic review . Biological Psychiatry , 57 : 1336 – 1346 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcutt , E. G. and Pennington , B. F. 2000 . Comorbidity of reading disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Differences by gender and subtype . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 33 : 179 – 191 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcutt , E. G. , Pennington , B. F. , Boada , R. , Ogline , J. S. , Tunick , R. A. Chhabildas , N. A. 2001 . A comparison of the cognitive deficits in reading disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 110 : 157 – 172 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis , W. G. and Weiler , M. D. 2005 . Neural substrates of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Electroencephalographic and magnetic resonance imaging evidence . Developmental Neuropsychology , 27 : 135 – 182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , K. K. , Anderson , V. and Castiello , U. 2002 . Neuropsychological evaluation of deficits in executive functioning for ADHD children with or without learning disabilities . Developmental Neuropsychology , 22 : 501 – 531 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar