REFERENCES
- Benedict , R. 1997 . Brief Visuospatial Memory Test–Revised , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
- Brandt , J. and Benedict , R. 2001 . Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised , Lutz, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
- Byrd , D. A. , Sanchez , D. and Manly , J. J. 2005 . Neuropsychological test performance among Caribbean-born and U.S.-born African American elderly: The role of age, education and reading level . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 27 ( 8 ) : 1056 – 1069 .
- Cherner , M. , Suarez , P. , Lazzaretto , D. , Fortuny , L. A. , Mindt , M. R. Dawes , S. 2007 . Demographically corrected norms for the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test–Revised and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised in monolingual Spanish speakers from the U.S.–Mexico border region . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 22 ( 3 ) : 343 – 353 .
- Delis , D. C. , Kramer , J. H. , Kaplan , E. and Ober , B. A. 1987 . California Verbal Learning Test–Manual , San Antonio, TX : The Psychological Corporation .
- Diehr , M. C. , Cherner , M. , Wolfson , T. J. , Miller , S. W. , Grant , I. and Heaton , R. K. 2003 . The 50 and 100-item short forms of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT): Demographically corrected norms and comparisons with the full PASAT in normal and clinical samples . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 25 ( 4 ) : 571 – 585 .
- Diehr , M. C. , Heaton , R. K. , Miller , W. and Grant , I. 1998 . The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT): Norms for age, education, and ethnicity . Assessment , 5 ( 4 ) : 375 – 387 .
- Dotson , V. M. , Kitner- , Triolo , M. , Evans , M. K. and Zonderman , A. B. 2008 . Literacy-based normative data for low socioeconomic status African Americans . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 22 ( 6 ) : 989 – 1017 .
- Gasquoine , P. G. 2009 . Race-norming of neuropsychological tests . Neuropsychology Review , 19 ( 2 ) : 250 – 262 .
- Gladsjo , J. A. , Schuman , C. C. , Evans , J. D. , Peavy , G. M. , Miller , S. W. and Heaton , R. K. 1999 . Norms for letter and category fluency: Demographic corrections for age, education, and ethnicity . Assessment , 6 ( 2 ) : 147 – 178 .
- Golden , C. J. 1978 . Stroop Color and Word Test: A manual for clinical and experimental uses , Chicago, IL : Stoelting .
- Golden , C. J. and Freshwater , S. M. 2002 . Stroop Color and Word Test: A manual for clinical and experimental uses , Lutz, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
- Heaton , R. K. , Chelune , G. J. , Talley , J. L. , Kay , G. G. and Curtiss , G. 1993 . Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manual , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
- Heaton , R. K. , Miller , S. W. , Taylor , M. J. and Grant , I. 2004 . Revised comprehensive norms for an Expanded Halstead Reitan Battery: Demographically adjusted neuropsychological norms for African American and Caucasian adults , Lutz, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
- Heaton , R. K. , Ryan , L. and Grant , I. 2009 . “ Demographic influences and use of demographically corrected norms in neuropsychologial assessment ” . In Neuropsychological assessment of neuropsychiatric and neuromedical disorders , Edited by: Grant , I. and Adams , K. M. 127 – 155 . New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
- Heaton , R. K. , Taylor , M. J. and Manly , J. J. 2003 . “ Demographic effects and use of demographically corrected norms for the WAIS–III and WMS–III ” . In Clinical interpretation of the WAIS–III and WMS–III (practical resources for the mental health professional) , Edited by: Tulsky , D. , Saklofske , D. , Chlune , G. , Heaton , R. , Ivnik , R. , Bornstein , R. , Prifitera , A. and Ledbetter , M. 183 – 210 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
- Hedges , L. V. and Olkin , I. 1985 . Statistical methods for meta-analysis , Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
- Kongs , S. K. , Thompson , L. L. , Iverson , G. L. and Heaton , R. K. 1993 . Wisconsin Card Sorting Test–64 card version professional manual , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
- Manly , J. J. , Byrd , D. A. , Touradji , P. and Stern , Y. 2004 . Acculturation, reading level, and neuropsychological test performance among African American elders . Applied Neuropsychology , 11 ( 1 ) : 37 – 46 .
- Manly , J. J. and Echemendia , R. J. 2007 . Race-specific norms: Using the model of hypertension to understand issues of race, culture, and education in neuropsychology . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 22 ( 3 ) : 319 – 325 .
- Manly , J. J. , Jacobs , D. M. , Sano , M. , Bell , K. , Merchant , C. A. Small , S. A. 1999 . Effect of literacy on neuropsychological test performance in nondemented, education-matched elders . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 5 ( 3 ) : 191 – 202 .
- Manly , J. J. , Jacobs , D. M. , Touradji , P. , Small , S. A. and Stern , Y. 2002 . Reading level attenuates differences in neuropsychological test performance between African American and White elders . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 8 ( 3 ) : 341 – 348 .
- Manly , J. J. , Miller , S. W. , Heaton , R. K. , Byrd , D. , Reilly , J. Velasquez , R. J. 1998 . The effect of African-American acculturation on neuropsychological test performance in normal and HIV-positive individuals [The HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC) Group] . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 4 ( 3 ) : 291 – 302 .
- Manly , J. J. , Schupf , N. , Tang , M. X. and Stern , Y. 2005 . Cognitive decline and literacy among ethnically diverse elders . Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology , 18 ( 4 ) : 213 – 217 .
- Mays , V. M. , Cochran , S. D. and Barnes , N. W. 2007 . Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans . Annual Review of Psychology , 58 : 201 – 225 .
- Morgan , A. A. , Marsiske , M. and Whitfield , K. E. 2008 . Characterizing and explaining differences in cognitive test performance between African American and European American older adults . Experimental Aging Research , 34 ( 1 ) : 80 – 100 .
- Norman , M. A. , Evan , J. D. , Miller , S. W. and Heaton , R. K. 2000 . Demographically corrected norms for the California Verbal Learning Test . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 22 ( 1 ) : 80 – 94 .
- Psychological Corporation . 1999 . WAIS–III/WMS–III/WIAT–II scoring assistant , San Antonio, TX : Author .
- Rilling , L. M. , Lucas , J. A. , Ivnik , R. J. , Smith , G. E. , Willis , F. B. Ferman , T. J. 2005 . Mayo's Older African American Normative Studies: Norms for the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 19 ( 2 ) : 229 – 242 .
- Royston , P. and Altman , G. G. 1994 . Regression using fractional polynomials of continuous covariates: Parsimonious parametric modeling . Applied Statistics , 43 : 429 – 467 .
- Steele , C. M. and Aronson , J. 1995 . Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 ( 5 ) : 797 – 811 .
- Taylor , M. J. and Heaton , R. K. 2001 . Sensitivity and specificity of WAIS–III/WMS–III demographically corrected factor scores in neuropsychological assessment . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 7 ( 7 ) : 867 – 874 .