1,323
Views
82
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Age-related slowing in cognitive processing speed is associated with myelin integrity in a very healthy elderly sample

, , , , , & show all
Pages 1059-1068 | Received 23 Dec 2010, Accepted 13 May 2011, Published online: 26 Aug 2011

REFERENCES

  • Amieva , H. , Rouch-Leroyer , I. , Letenneur , L. , Dartigues , J. F. and Fabrigoule , C. 2004 . Cognitive slowing and learning of target detection skills in pre-demented subjects . Brain and Cognition , 54 ( 3 ) : 212 – 214 .
  • Archibald , C. J. and Fisk , J. D. 2000 . Information processing efficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 22 : 686 – 701 .
  • Bartzokis , G. 2004 . Age-related myelin breakdown: A developmental model of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease . Neurobiology of Aging , 25 ( 1 ) : 5 – 18 .
  • Bartzokis , G. 2005 . Brain myelination in prevalent neuropsychiatric developmental disorders: Primary and comorbid addiction . Adolescent Psychiatry , 29 : 55 – 96 .
  • Bartzokis , G. 2011 . Alzheimer's disease as homeostatic responses to age-related myelin breakdown . Neurobiology of Aging , 32 ( 8 ) : 1341 – 1371 .
  • Bartzokis , G. , Beckson , M. , Lu , P. H. , Nuechterlein , K. H. , Edwards , N. and Mintz , J. 2001 . Age-related changes in frontal and temporal lobe volumes in men: A magnetic resonance imaging study . Archives of General Psychiatry , 58 : 461 – 465 .
  • Bartzokis , G. , Cummings , J. L. , Sultzer , D. , Henderson , V. W. , Nuechterlein , K. H. and Mintz , J. 2003 . White matter structural integrity in healthy aging adults and patients with Alzheimer disease: A magnetic resonance imaging study . Archives of Neurology , 60 ( 3 ) : 393 – 398 .
  • Bartzokis , G. , Lu , P. H. , Geschwind , D. , Tingus , K. , Huang , D. Mendez , M. F. 2007 . Apolipoprotein E affects both myelin breakdown and cognition: Implications for age-related trajectories of decline into dementia . Biological Psychiatry , 62 ( 12 ) : 1380 – 1387 .
  • Bartzokis , G. , Lu , P. H. , Tingus , K. , Mendez , M. F. , Richard , A. , Peters , D. G. , Oluwadara , B. , Barrall , K. , Finn , J. P. , Villablanca , P. , Thompson , P. M. and Mintz , J. 2010 . Lifespan trajectory of myelin integrity and maximum motor speed . Neurobiology of Aging , 31 : 1554 – 1562 .
  • Bartzokis , G. , Mintz , J. , Sultzer , D. , Marx , P. , Herzberg , J. S. Phelan , C. K. 1994 . In vivo MR evaluation of age-related increases in brain iron . AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology , 15 : 1129 – 1138 .
  • Bartzokis , G. , Sultzer , D. , Lu , P. H. , Nuechterlein , K. H. , Mintz , J. and Cummings , J. 2004 . Heterogeneous age-related breakdown of white matter structural integrity: Implications for cortical “disconnection” in aging and Alzheimer's disease . Neurobiology of Aging , 25 ( 7 ) : 843 – 851 .
  • Basser , P. J. and Pierpaoli , C. 1996 . Microstructural and physiological features of tissues elucidated by quantitative-diffusion-tensor MRI . Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Series B , 111 ( 3 ) : 209 – 219 .
  • Benes , F. M. , Turtle , M. , Khan , Y. and Farol , P. 1994 . Myelination of a key relay zone in the hippocampal formation occurs in the human brain during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood . Archives of General Psychiatry , 51 : 477 – 484 .
  • Braak , H. and Braak , E. 1991 . Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes . Acta Neuropathologica , 82 ( 4 ) : 239 – 259 .
  • Braak , H. and Braak , E. 1999 . “ Temporal sequence of Alzheimer's disease-related pathology ” . In Cerebral cortex: Neurodegenerative and age-related changes in structure and function of cerebral cortex , Edited by: Jones , E. and Peters , A. Vol. 14 , 475 – 512 . New York, NY : Plenum Press .
  • Bucur , B. , Madden , D. J. , Spaniol , J. , Provenzale , J. M. , Cabeza , R. White , L. E. 2008 . Age-related slowing of memory retrieval: Contributions of perceptual speed and cerebral white matter integrity . Neurobiology of Aging , 29 ( 7 ) : 1070 – 1079 .
  • Charlton , R. A. , Barrick , T. R. , McIntyre , D. J. , Shen , Y. , O'Sullivan , M. Howe , F. A. 2006 . White matter damage on diffusion tensor imaging correlates with age-related cognitive decline . Neurology , 66 ( 2 ) : 217 – 222 .
  • Chia , L. S. , Thompson , J. E. and Moscarello , M. A. 1983 . Changes in lipid phase behaviour in human myelin during maturation and aging . FEBS , 157 ( 1 ) : 155 – 158 .
  • Cohen , J. A. , Fisher , R. S. , Brigell , M. G. , Peyster , R. G. and Sze , G. 2000 . The potential for vigabatrin-induced intramyelinic edema in humans . Epilepsia , 41 ( 2 ) : 148 – 157 .
  • Deary , I. J. , Bastin , M. E. , Pattie , A. , Clayden , J. D. , Whalley , L. J. Starr , J. M. 2006 . White matter integrity and cognition in childhood and old age . Neurology , 66 ( 4 ) : 505 – 512 .
  • Dempster , F. N. 1992 . The rise and fall of the inhibitory mechanism: Toward a unified theory of cognitive development and aging . Developmental Review , 12 : 45 – 75 .
  • Diamond , B. J. , Johnson , S. K. , Kaufman , M. and Graves , L. 2008 . Relationships between information processing, depression, fatigue, and cognition in multiple sclerosis . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 23 : 189 – 199 .
  • Dyakin , V. V. , Chen , Y. , Branch , C. A. , Veeranna, Yuan , A. Rao , M. 2010 . The contributions of myelin and axonal caliber to transverse relaxation time in shiverer and neurofilament-deficient mouse models . NeuroImage , 51 ( 3 ) : 1098 – 1105 .
  • Fazekas , F. , Schmidt , R. and Scheltens , P. 1998 . Pathophysiologic mechanisms in the development of age-related white matter changes of the brain . Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders , 9 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 2 – 5 .
  • Felts , P. A. , Baker , T. A. and Smith , K. J. 1997 . Conduction in segmentally demyelinated mammalian central axons . Journal of Neuroscience , 17 ( 19 ) : 7267 – 7277 .
  • Ferrie , J. C. , Barantin , L. , Saliba , E. , Akoka , S. , Tranquart , F. Sirinelli , D. 1999 . MR assessment of the brain maturation during the perinatal period: Quantitative T2 MR study in premature newborns . Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 17 ( 9 ) : 1275 – 1288 .
  • Flechsig , P. 1901 . Developmental (myelogenetic) localisation of the cerebral cortex in the human subject . Lancet , 158 : 1027 – 1029 .
  • Fuster , J. M. 1999 . Synopsis of function and dysfunction of the frontal lobe . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum , 395 : 51 – 57 .
  • Ge , Y. , Grossman , R. I. , Babb , J. S. , Rabin , M. L. , Mannon , L. J. and Kolson , D. L. 2002 . Age-related total gray matter and white matter changes in normal adult brain. Part I: Volumetric MR imaging analysis . AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology , 23 ( 8 ) : 1327 – 1333 .
  • Gottsdanker , R. 1982 . Age and simple reaction time . Journal of Gerontology , 37 ( 3 ) : 342 – 348 .
  • Greenwood , P. M. 2000 . The frontal aging hypothesis evaluated . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 6 : 705 – 726 .
  • Grieve , S. M. , Williams , L. M. , Paul , R. H. , Clark , C. R. and Gordon , E. 2007 . Cognitive aging, executive function, and fractional anisotropy: A diffusion tensor MR imaging study . AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology , 28 ( 2 ) : 226 – 235 .
  • Hedden , T. , Lautenschlager , G. and Park , D. C. 2005 . Contributions of processing ability and knowledge to verbal memory tasks across the adult life-span . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 58A ( 1 ) : 169 – 190 .
  • House , M. J. , St Pierre , T. G. , Foster , J. K. , Martins , R. N. and Clarnette , R. 2006 . Quantitative MR imaging R2 relaxometry in elderly participants reporting memory loss . AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology , 27 ( 2 ) : 430 – 439 .
  • Hsu , J.-L. , Van Hecke , W. , Bai , C.-H. , Lee , C.-H. , Tsai , Y.-F. Chiu , H.-C. 2010 . Microstructural white matter changes in normal aging: A diffusion tensor imaging study with higher-order polynomial regression models . NeuroImage , 49 : 32 – 43 .
  • Jackson , G. D. , Williams , S. R. , Weller , R. O. , van Bruggen , N. , Preece , N. E. Williams , S. C. 1994 . Vigabatrin-induced lesions in the rat brain demonstrated by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging . Epilepsy Research , 18 ( 1 ) : 57 – 66 .
  • Jernigan , T. L. and Gamst , A. C. 2005 . Changes in volume with age-consistency and interpretation of observed effects . Neurobiology of Aging , 26 ( 9 ) : 1271 – 1274 .
  • Kail , R. 1998 . Speed of information processing in patients with multiple sclerosis . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 20 : 98 – 106 .
  • Kemper , T. 1994 . “ Neuroanatomical and neuropathological changes during aging and dementia ” . In Clinical neurology of aging , 2nd , Edited by: Albert , M. and Knoefel , J. 3 – 67 . New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
  • Kennedy , K. M. and Raz , N. 2009 . Aging white matter and cognition: Differential effects of regional variations in diffusion properties on memory, executive functions, and speed . Neuropsychologia , 47 ( 3 ) : 916 – 927 .
  • Kraemer , H. C. , Yesavage , J. A. , Taylor , J. L. and Kupfer , D. 2000 . How can we learn about developmental processes from cross-sectional studies, or can we? . American Journal of Psychiatry , 157 ( 2 ) : 163 – 171 .
  • Lamantia , A. S. and Rakic , P. 1990 . Cytological and quantitative characteristics of four cerebral commissures in the rhesus monkey . Journal of Comparative Neurology , 291 ( 4 ) : 520 – 537 .
  • Lengenfelder , J. , Bryant , D. , Diamond , B. J. , Kalmar , J. H. , Moore , N. B. and DeLuca , J. 2006 . Processing speed interacts with working memory efficiency in multiple sclerosis . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 21 : 229 – 238 .
  • Levitt , T. , Fugelsang , J. and Crossley , M. 2006 . Processing speed, attentional capacity, and age-related memory change . Experimental Aging Research , 32 ( 3 ) : 263 – 295 .
  • Litvan , I. , Grafman , J. , Vendrell , P. and Martinez , J. M. 1988 . Slowed information processing in multiple sclerosis . Archives of Neurology , 34 : 281 – 285 .
  • Lutz , K. , Koeneke , S. , Wustenberg , T. and Jancke , L. 2005 . Asymmetry of cortical activation during maximum and convenient tapping speed . Neuroscience Letters , 373 ( 1 ) : 61 – 66 .
  • Madden , D. J. , Spaniol , J. , Costello , M. C. , Bucur , B. , White , L. E. Cabeza , R. 2009 . Cerebral white matter integrity mediates adult age differences in cognitive performance . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 21 ( 2 ) : 289 – 302 .
  • Madden , D. J. , Whiting , W. L. , Huettel , S. A. , White , L. E. , MacFall , J. R. and Provenzale , J. M. 2004 . Diffusion tensor imaging of adult age differences in cerebral white matter: Relation to response time . NeuroImage , 21 ( 3 ) : 1174 – 1181 .
  • Marner , L. , Nyengaard , J. R. , Tang , Y. and Pakkenberg , B. 2003 . Marked loss of myelinated nerve fibers in the human brain with age . Journal of Comparative Neurology , 462 ( 2 ) : 144 – 152 .
  • Mesulam , M. 2000 . Brain, mind, and the evolution of connectivity . Brain and Cognition , 42 ( 1 ) : 4 – 6 .
  • Meyer , A. 1981 . Paul Flechsig's system of myelogenetic cortical localization in the light of recent research in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. Part I . Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , 8 ( 1 ) : 1 – 6 .
  • Miot-Noirault , E. , Barantin , L. , Akoka , S. and Le Pape , A. 1997 . T2 relaxation time as a marker of brain myelination: Experimental MR study in two neonatal animal models . Journal of Neuroscience Methods , 72 : 5 – 14 .
  • Neema , M. , Stankiewicz , J. , Arora , A. , Dandamudi , V. S. , Batt , C. E. Guss , Z. D. 2007 . T1- and T2-based MRI measures of diffuse gray matter and white matter damage in patients with multiple sclerosis . Journal of Neuroimaging , 17 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 16S – 21S .
  • Nielsen , K. and Peters , A. 2000 . The effects of aging on the frequency of nerve fibers in rhesus monkey striate cortex . Neurobiology of Aging , 21 ( 5 ) : 621 – 628 .
  • Oldendorf , W. H. and Oldendorf , W. Jr. 1988 . Basics of magnetic resonance imaging , Boston, MA : Martinus Nijhof Publishing .
  • O'Sullivan , M. , Jones , D. K. , Summers , P. E. , Morris , R. G. , Williams , S. C. R. and Markus , H. S. 2001 . Evidence for cortical “disconnection” as a mechanism of age-related cognitive decline . Neurology , 57 : 632 – 638 .
  • Pakkenberg , B. , Pelvig , D. , Marner , L. , Bundgaard , M. J. , Gundersen , H. J. G. Nyengaard , J. R. 2003 . Aging and the human neocortex . Experimental Gerontology , 38 : 95 – 99 .
  • Pandya , D. N. and Seltzer , B. 1986 . “ The topography of commissural fibers ” . In Two hemispheres—one brain: Functions of the corpus callosum , Edited by: Lapore , F. and Jasper , H. H. 47 – 73 . New York, NY : Alan R. Liss, Inc .
  • Paus , T. , Collins , D. L. , Evans , A. C. , Leonard , G. , Pike , B. and Zjidenbos , A. 2001 . Maturation of white matter in the human brain: A review of magnetic resonance studies . Brain Research Bulletin , 54 ( 3 ) : 255 – 256 .
  • Peters , A. , Moss , M. B. and Sethares , C. 2000 . Effects of aging on myelinated nerve fibers in monkey primary visual cortex . Journal of Comparative Neurology , 419 ( 3 ) : 364 – 376 .
  • Peters , A. , Rosene , D. L. , Moss , M. B. , Kemper , T. L. , Abraham , C. R. Tigges , J. 1996 . Neurobiological bases of age-related cognitive decline in the rhesus monkey . Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology , 55 ( 8 ) : 861 – 874 .
  • Peters , A. and Sethares , C. 2002 . Aging and the myelinated fibers in prefrontal cortex and corpus callosum of the monkey . Journal of Comparative Neurology , 442 ( 3 ) : 277 – 291 .
  • Peters , A. and Sethares , C. 2003 . Is there remyelination during aging of the primate central nervous system? . Journal of Comparative Neurology , 460 ( 2 ) : 238 – 254 .
  • Peters , A. and Sethares , C. 2004 . Oligodendrocytes, their progenitors and other neuroglial cells in the aging primate cerebral cortex . Cerebral Cortex , 14 : 995 – 1007 .
  • Peters , A. , Sethares , C. and Killiany , R. J. 2001 . Effects of age on the thickness of myelin sheaths in monkey primary visual cortex . Journal of Comparative Neurology , 435 ( 2 ) : 241 – 248 .
  • Peyster , R. G. , Sussman , N. M. , Hershey , B. L. , Heydorn , W. E. , Meyerson , L. R. Yarrington , J. T. 1995 . Use of ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging to detect onset of vigabatrin-induced intramyelinic edema in canine brain . Epilepsia , 36 ( 1 ) : 93 – 100 .
  • Pierpaoli , C. and Basser , P. J. 1996 . Toward a quantitative assessment of diffusion anisotropy . Magnetic Resonance in Medicine , 36 : 893 – 906 .
  • Qiao , M. , Malisza , K. L. , Del Bigio , M. R. , Kozlowski , P. , Seshia , S. S. and Tuor , U. I. 2000 . Effect of long-term vigabatrin administration on the immature rat brain . Epilepsia , 41 ( 6 ) : 655 – 665 .
  • Rabbitt , P. , Scott , M. , Lunn , M. , Thacker , N. , Lowe , C. Pendleton , N. 2007 . White matter lesions account for all age-related declines in speed but not in intelligence . Neuropsychology , 21 ( 3 ) : 363 – 370 .
  • Raber , J. , Huang , Y. and Ashford , J. W. 2004 . ApoE genotype accounts for the vast majority of AD risk and AD pathology . Neurobiology of Aging , 25 ( 5 ) : 641 – 650 .
  • Reitan , R. and Wolfson , D. 1985 . The Halstead–Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery , Tucson, AZ : Neuropsychology Press .
  • Sala , S. , Agosta , F. , Pagani , E. , Copetti , M. , Comi , G. and Filippi , M. in press . Microstructural changes and atrophy in brain white matter tracts with aging . Neurobiology of Aging , doi: doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.04.027
  • Salat , D. H. , Tuch , D. S. , Greve , D. N. , van der Kouwe , A. J. , Hevelone , N. D. Zaleta , A. K. 2005 . Age-related alterations in white matter microstructure measured by diffusion tensor imaging . Neurobiology of Aging , 26 ( 8 ) : 1215 – 1227 .
  • Salthouse , T. A. 1995 . Selective influences of age and speed on associative memory . American Journal of Psychology , 108 ( 3 ) : 381 – 396 .
  • Salthouse , T. A. 1996 . The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition . Psychological Review , 103 ( 3 ) : 403 – 428 .
  • Salthouse , T. A. 2000 . Aging and measures of processing speed . Biological Psychology , 54 ( 1–3 ) : 35 – 54 .
  • Salthouse , T. A. 2005 . Relations between cognitive abilities and measures of executive functioning . Neuropsychology , 19 ( 4 ) : 532 – 545 .
  • Salthouse , T. A. 2009 . When does age-related cognitive decline begin? . Neurobiology of Aging , 30 ( 4 ) : 507 – 514 .
  • Salthouse , T. A. and Coon , V. E. 1993 . Influence of task-specific processing speed on age differences in memory . Journal of Gerontology , 48 ( 5 ) : P245 – P255 .
  • Salthouse , T. A. and Ferrer-Caja , E. 2003 . What needs to be explained to account for age-related effects on multiple cognitive variables? . Psychology and Aging , 18 ( 1 ) : 91 – 110 .
  • Schaie , K. W. 2005 . What can we learn from longitudinal studies of adult development? . Research in Human Development , 2 ( 3 ) : 133 – 158 .
  • Sinha , K. , Karimi-Abdolrezaee , S. , Velumian , A. A. and Fehlings , M. G. 2006 . Functional changes in genetically dysmyelinated spinal cord axons of shiverer mice: Role of juxtaparanodal Kv1 family K+ channels . Journal of Neurophysiology , 95 ( 3 ) : 1683 – 1695 .
  • Sloane , J. A. , Hinman , J. D. , Lubonia , M. , Hollander , W. and Abraham , C. R. 2003 . Age-dependent myelin degeneration and proteolysis of oligodendrocyte proteins is associated with the activation of calpain-1 in the rhesus monkey . Journal of Neurochemistry , 84 ( 1 ) : 157 – 168 .
  • Song , S. K. , Sun , S. W. , Ju , W. K. , Lin , S. J. , Cross , A. H. and Neufeld , A. H. 2003 . Diffusion tensor imaging detects and differentiates axon and myelin degeneration in mouse optic nerve after retinal ischemia . NeuroImage , 20 ( 3 ) : 1714 – 1722 .
  • Song , S. K. , Yoshino , J. , Le , T. Q. , Lin , S. J. , Sun , S. W. Cross , A. H. 2005 . Demyelination increases radial diffusivity in corpus callosum of mouse brain . NeuroImage , 26 ( 1 ) : 132 – 140 .
  • Srinivasan , R. 1999 . Spatial structure of the human alpha rhythm: Global correlation in adults and local correlation in children . Clinical Neurophysiology , 110 ( 8 ) : 1351 – 1362 .
  • Sullivan , E. V. , Adalsteinsson , E. , Hedehus , M. , Ju , C. , Moseley , M. Lim , K. O. 2001 . Equivalent disruption of regional white matter microstructure in ageing healthy men and women . Neuroreport , 12 ( 1 ) : 99 – 104 .
  • Sun , S. W. , Liang , H. F. , Trinkaus , K. , Cross , A. H. , Armstrong , R. C. and Song , S. K. 2006 . Noninvasive detection of cuprizone induced axonal damage and demyelination in the mouse corpus callosum . Magnetic Resonance in Medicine , 55 ( 2 ) : 302 – 308 .
  • Takao , M. , Koto , A. , Tanahashi , N. , Fukuuchi , Y. , Takagi , M. and Morinaga , S. 1999 . Pathologic findings of silent hyperintense white matter lesions on MRI . Journal of the Neurological Sciences , 167 : 127 – 131 .
  • Tang , Y. , Nyengaard , J. R. , Pakkenberg , B. and Gundersen , H. J. 1997 . Age-induced white matter changes in the human brain: A stereological investigation . Neurobiology of Aging , 18 : 609 – 615 .
  • Tombaugh , T. N. 2004 . Trail Making Test A and B: Normative data stratified by age and education . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 19 ( 2 ) : 203 – 214 .
  • Tuch , D. S. , Salat , D. H. , Wisco , J. J. , Zaleta , A. K. , Hevelone , N. D. and Rosas , H. D. 2005 . Choice reaction time performance correlates with diffusion anisotropy in white matter pathways supporting visuospatial attention . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 102 ( 34 ) : 12212 – 12217 .
  • Turken , A. , Whitfield-Gabrieli , S. , Bammer , R. , Baldo , J. V. , Dronkers , N. F. and Gabrieli , J. D. 2008 . Cognitive processing speed and the structure of white matter pathways: Convergent evidence from normal variation and lesion studies . NeuroImage , 42 ( 2 ) : 1032 – 1044 .
  • Vermathen , P. , Robert-Tissot , L. , Pietz , J. , Lutz , T. , Boesch , C. and Kreis , R. 2007 . Characterization of white matter alterations in phenylketonuria by magnetic resonance relaxometry and diffusion tensor imaging . Magnetic Resonance in Medicine , 58 : 1145 – 1156 .
  • Vernooij , M. W. , Ikram , M. A. , Vrooman , H. A. , Wielopolski , P. A. , Krestin , G. P. Hofman , A. 2009 . White matter microstructural integrity and cognitive function in a general elderly population . Archives of General Psychiatry , 66 ( 5 ) : 545 – 553 .
  • Walhovd , K. B. , Fjell , A. M. , Reinvang , I. , Lundervold , A. , Dale , A. M. Eilertsen , D. E. 2005 . Effects of age on volumes of cortex, white matter and subcortical structures . Neurobiology of Aging , 26 ( 9 ) : 1261 – 1270 .
  • Waxman , S. G. 1977 . Conduction in myelinated, unmyelinated, and demyelinated fibers . Archives of Neurology , 34 ( 10 ) : 585 – 589 .
  • Wechsler , D. 1981 . Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised , San Antonio, TX : Psychological Corporation .
  • Weiss , K. L. , Schroeder , C. E. , Kastin , S. J. , Gibson , J. P. , Yarrington , J. T. Heydorn , W. E. 1994 . MRI monitoring of vigabatrin-induced intramyelinic edema in dogs . Neurology , 44 ( 10 ) : 1944 – 1949 .
  • Wilkinson , R. and Allison , S. 1989 . Age and simple reaction time: Decade difference for 5,325 subjects . Journal of Gerontology. Psychological Sciences , 44 : 29 – 35 .
  • Yakovlev , P. I. and Lecours , A. R. 1967 . Regional development of the brain in early life , Boston, MA : Blackwell Scientific Publications .
  • Zhan , L. , Leow , A. D. , Zhu , S. , Baryshev , M. , Toga , A. W. McMahon , K. L. 2009 . A novel measure of fractional anisotropy based on the tensor distribution function . Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention , 12 ( 1 ) : 845 – 852 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.