Neuropsychological sex differences associated with age of initiated use among young adult cannabis users

References

• Battisti, R. A., Roodenrys, S., Johnstone, S. J., Pesa, N., Hermens, D. F., & Solowij, N. (2010). Chronic cannabis users show altered neurophysiological functioning on Stroop task conflict resolution. Psychopharmacology, 212(4), 613–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bava, S., & Tapert, S. F. (2010). Adolescent brain development and the risk for alcohol and other drug problems. Neuropsychology Review, 20(4), 398–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechara, A. (2007). Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Bechara, A., Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., & Anderson, S. W. (1994). Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition, 50(1–3), 7–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory II manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1990). Manual for the Beck Anxiety Inventory. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Benedict, R. H. B., Schretlen, D., Groninger, L., & Brandt, J. (1998). Hopkins Verbal Learning Test Revised: Normative data and analysis of inter-form and test-retest reliability. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12(1), 43–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolla, K. I., Eldreth, D. A., Matochik, J. A., & Cadet, J. L. (2004). Sex-related differences in a gambling task and its neurological correlates. Cerebral Cortex, 14(11), 1226–1232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos, F. X., Sonuga-Barke, E. J., Milham, M. P., & Tannock, R. (2006). Characterizing cognition in ADHD: Beyond executive dysfunction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(3), 117–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crane, N. A., Schuster, R. M., Fusar-Poli, P., & Gonzalez, R. (2013). Effects of cannabis on neurocognitive functioning: Recent advances, neurodevelopmental influences, and sex differences. Neuropsychology Review, 23(2), 117–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crane, N. A., Schuster, R. M., & Gonzalez, R. (2013). Preliminary evidence for a sex-specific relationship between amount of cannabis use and neurocognitive performance in young adult cannabis users. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 19(9), 1009–1015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrenreich, H., Rinn, T., Kunert, H. J., Moeller, M. R., Poser, W., Schilling, L., … Hoehe, M. R. (1999). Specific attentional dysfunction in adults following early start of cannabis use. Psychopharmacology, 142(3), 295–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fattore, L., Spano, M. S., Altea, S., Angius, F., Fadda, P., & Fratta, W. (2007). Cannabinoid self-administration in rats: Sex differences and the influence of ovarian function. British Journal of Pharmacology, 152(5), 795–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. (2002). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Patient Edition (SCID-I/P). New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research.
   Google Scholar
• Fontes, M. A., Bolla, K. I., Cunha, P. J., Almeida, P. P., Jungerman, F., Laranjeira, R. R., … Lacerda, A. L. (2011). Cannabis use before age 15 and subsequent executive functioning. British Journal of Psychiatry, 198(6), 442–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gfroerer, J. C., & Epstein, J. F. (1999). Marijuana initiates and their impact on future drug abuse treatment need. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 54(3), 229–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., … Rapoport, J. L. (1999). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study. Nature Neuroscience, 2(10), 861–863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies, G. E., & McArthur, S. (2010). Estrogen actions in the brain and the basis for differential action in men and women: A case for sex-specific medicines. Pharmacological Reviews, 62(2), 155–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez, R., Rippeth, J. D., Carey, C. L., Heaton, R. K., Moore, D. J., Schweinsburg, B. C., … Grant, I. (2004). Neurocognitive performance of methamphetamine users discordant for history of marijuana exposure. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 76(2), 181–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez, R., Schuster, R. M., Mermelstein, R. J., Vassileva, J., Martin, E. M., & Diviak, K. R. (2012). Performance of young adult cannabis users on neurocognitive measures of impulsive behavior and their relationship to symptoms of cannabis use disorders. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 34(9), 962–976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber, S. A., Sagar, K. A., Dahlgren, M. K., Racine, M., & Lukas, S. E. (2012). Age of onset of marijuana use and executive function. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 26(3), 496–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guxens, M., Nebot, M., & Ariza, C. (2007). Age and sex differences in factors associated with the onset of cannabis use: A cohort study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 88(2–3), 234–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guxens, M., Nebot, M., Ariza, C., & Ochoa, D. (2007). Factors associated with the onset of cannabis use: A systematic review of cohort studies. Gaceta Sanitaria, 21(3), 252–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobson, C. W., Scott, S., & Rubia, K. (2011). Investigation of cool and hot executive function in ODD/CD independently of ADHD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(10), 1035–1043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper, S. R., Woolley, D., & De Bellis, M. D. (2014). Intellectual, neurocognitive, and academic achievement in abstinent adolescents with cannabis use disorder. Psychopharmacology, 231(8), 1467–1477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwood, L. J., Fergusson, D. M., Hayatbakhsh, M. R., Najman, J. M., Coffey, C., Patton, G. C., … Hutchinson, D. M. (2010). Cannabis use and educational achievement: Findings from three Australasian cohort studies. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 110(3), 247–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Miech, R. A., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2014). Monitoring the Future national results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings, 2013. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.
   Google Scholar
• Kalant, H. (2004). Adverse effects of cannabis on health: An update of the literature since 1996. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 28(5), 849–863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer, J. H., Delis, D. C., & Daniel, M. (1988). Sex-differences in verbal-learning. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(6), 907–915.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenroot, R. K., Gogtay, N., Greenstein, D. K., Wells, E. M., Wallace, G. L., Clasen, L. S., … Giedd, J. N. (2007). Sexual dimorphism of brain developmental trajectories during childhood and adolescence. NeuroImage, 36(4), 1065–1073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lisdahl, K. M., Gilbart, E. R., Wright, N. E., & Shollenbarger, S. (2013). Dare to delay? The impacts of adolescent alcohol and marijuana use onset on cognition, brain structure, and function. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, 53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lisdahl, K. M., & Price, J. S. (2012). Increased marijuana use and gender predict poorer cognitive functioning in adolescents and emerging adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 18(4), 678–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackie, K. (2005). Distribution of cannabinoid receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 168, 299–325.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meier, M. H., Caspi, A., Ambler, A., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Keefe, R. S., … Moffitt, T. E. (2012). Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(40), E2657–E2664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overman, W. H., Frassrand, K., Ansel, S., Trawalter, S., Bies, B., & Redmond, A. (2004). Performance on the IOWA card task by adolescents and adults. Neuropsychologia, 42(13), 1838–1851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., & Barratt, E. S. (1995). Factor structure of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51(6), 768–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, W., Mastekaasa, A., & Wichstrom, L. (2001). Conduct problems and early cannabis initiation: A longitudinal study of gender differences. Addiction, 96(3), 415–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piomelli, D. (2003). The molecular logic of endocannabinoid signalling. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4(11), 873–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, H. G., Jr., Gruber, A. J., Hudson, J. I., Cohane, G., Huestis, M. A., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2003). Early-onset cannabis use and cognitive deficits: What is the nature of the association? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 69(3), 303–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, H. G., Jr., Gruber, A. J., Hudson, J. I., Huestis, M. A., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2001). Neuropsychological performance in long-term cannabis users. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(10), 909–915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reavis, R., & Overman, W. H. (2001). Adult sex differences on a decision-making task previously shown to depend on the orbital prefrontal cortex. Behavioral Neuroscience, 115(1), 196–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rippeth, J. D., Heaton, R. K., Carey, C. L., Marcotte, T. D., Moore, D. J., Gonzalez, R., … Grant, I. (2004). Methamphetamine dependence increases risk of neuropsychological impairment in HIV infected persons. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 10(1), 1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schepis, T. S., Desai, R. A., Cavallo, D. A., Smith, A. E., McFetridge, A., Liss, T. B., … Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2011). Gender differences in adolescent marijuana use and associated psychosocial characteristics. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 5(1), 65–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skogli, E. W., Andersen, P. N., Hovik, K. T., & Oie, M. (in press). Development of hot and cold executive function in boys and girls with ADHD: A 2-year longitudinal study. Journal of Attention Disorders.
   Google Scholar
• Solowij, N., Jones, K. A., Rozman, M. E., Davis, S. M., Ciarrochi, J., Heaven, P. C., … Yucel, M. (2011). Verbal learning and memory in adolescent cannabis users, alcohol users and non-users. Psychopharmacology, 216(1), 131–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solowij, N., Jones, K. A., Rozman, M. E., Davis, S. M., Ciarrochi, J., Heaven, P. C., … Yucel, M. (2012). Reflection impulsivity in adolescent cannabis users: A comparison with alcohol-using and non-substance-using adolescents. Psychopharmacology, 219(2), 575–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solowij, N., Stephens, R. S., Roffman, R. A., Babor, T., Kadden, R., Miller, M., … Vendetti, J. (2002). Cognitive functioning of long-term heavy cannabis users seeking treatment. JAMA, 287(9), 1123–1131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens, R. S., Roffman, R. A., & Curtin, L. (2000). Comparison of extended versus brief treatments for marijuana use. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 898–908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toplak, M. E., Jain, U., & Tannock, R. (2005). Executive and motivational prcoesses in adolescents with attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder (ADHD). Behavioral and Brain Functions, 1(1), Article 8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) and Center for Mental Health Services. (2013). Results from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of national findings, NSDUH Series H-46, HHS Publication No. SMA 13-4795. Retrieved from http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUHnationalfindingresults2012/NSDUHresults2012.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Viveros, M. P., Llorente, R., Suarez, J., Llorente-Berzal, A., Lopez-Gallardo, M., & de Fonseca, F. R. (2012). The endocannabinoid system in critical neurodevelopmental periods: Sex differences and neuropsychiatric implications. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 26(1), 164–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, M. F., Wender, P. H., & Reimherr, F. W. (1993). The Wender Utah Rating Scale: An aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(6), 885–890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (2001). Wechsler Test of Adult Reading. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar