Differential contributions of depression, apathy, and anxiety to neuropsychological performance in Parkinson’s disease versus essential tremor

References

• Aarsland, D., Andersen, K., Larsen, J. P., & Lolk, A. (2003). Prevalence and characteristics of dementia in Parkinson disease: An 8-year prospective study. Archives of Neurology, 60(3), 387–392. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.60.3.387
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alexander, G. E., DeLong, M. R., & Strick, P. L. (1986). Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 9(1), 357–381. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assogna, F., Cravello, L., Orfei, M. D., Cellupica, N., Caltagirone, C., & Spalletta, G. (2016). Alexithymia in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review of the literature. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 28, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.03.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley, A. (2013). Working memory and emotion: Ruminations on a theory of depression. Review of General Psychology, 17(1), 20–27. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the beck depression inventory-II. Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Bermejo-Pareja, F., Louis, E. D., & Benito-León, J. (2007). Risk of incident dementia in essential tremor: A population-based study. Movement Disorders, 22(11), 1573–1580. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björklund, A., & Dunnett, S. B. (2007). Dopamine neuron systems in the brain: An update. Trends in Neurosciences, 30(5), 194–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohnen, N. I., & Albin, R. L. (2011). The cholinergic system and Parkinson disease. Behavioural Brain Research, 221(2), 564–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonelli, R. M., & Cummings, J. L. (2007). Frontal-subcortical circuitry and behavior. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 9(2), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2007.9.2/rbonelli
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Braak, H., Braak, E., Yilmazer, D., de Vos, R. A. I., Jansen, E. N. H., Bohl, J., & Jellinger, K. (1994). Amygdala pathology in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neuropathologica, 88(6), 493–500. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00296485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt, J., & Benedict, R. H. B. (2001). Hopkins verbal learning test—revised, professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Broen, M. P. G., Narayen, N. E., Kuijf, M. L., Dissanayaka, N. N. W., & Leentjens, A. F. G. (2016). Prevalence of anxiety in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Movement Disorders, 31(8), 1125–1133. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brok, M. G. H. E. D., Dalen, J., van, W., Gool, W., van, A., Charante, E., van, P. M., Bie, R. M. A. D., & Richard, E. (2015). Apathy in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Movement Disorders, 30(6), 759–769. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butterfield, L. C., Cimino, C. R., Oelke, L. E., Hauser, R. A., & Sanchez-Ramos, J. (2010). The independent influence of apathy and depression on cognitive functioning in Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychology, 24(6), 721–730. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butterfield, L. C., Cimino, C. R., Salazar, R., Sanchez-Ramos, J., Bowers, D., & Okun, M. S. (2017). The Parkinson’s active living (PAL) program: A behavioral intervention targeting apathy in parkinson’s disease. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 30(1), 11–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891988716673467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandran, V., Pal, P. K., Reddy, J. Y. C., Thennarasu, K., Yadav, R., & Shivashankar, N. (2012). Non-motor features in essential tremor. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 125(5), 332–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2011.01573.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chepenik, L. G., Cornew, L. A., & Farah, M. J. (2007). The influence of sad mood on cognition. Emotion, 7(4), 802–811. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, K., Rohl, B., Morgan, S., Huey, E. D., Louis, E. D., & Cosentino, S. (2017). Mild cognitive impairment subtypes in a cohort of elderly essential tremor cases. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 23(5), 390–399. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617717000170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronin-Golomb, A. (2013). Emergence of nonmotor symptoms as the focus of research and treatment of Parkinson’s disease: Introduction to the special section on nonmotor dysfunctions in Parkinson’s disease. Behavioral Neuroscience, 127(2), 135–138. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, T., Hwang, J. J., & Poston, K. L. (2019). Episodic recognition memory and the hippocampus in Parkinson’s disease: A review. Cortex, 113, 191–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018.11.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lau, L. M., & Breteler, M. M. (2006). Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. The Lancet Neurology, 5(6), 525–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70471-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drui, G., Carnicella, S., Carcenac, C., Favier, M., Bertrand, A., Boulet, S., & Savasta, M. (2014). Loss of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons accounts for the motivational and affective deficits in Parkinson’s disease. Molecular Psychiatry, 19(3), 358–367. Article 3. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2013.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dujardin, K., Sockeel, P., Delliaux, M., Destée, A., & Defebvre, L. (2009). Apathy may herald cognitive decline and dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 24(16), 2391–2397. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehgoetz Martens, K. A., Silveira, C. R. A., Intzandt, B. N., & Almeida, Q. J. (2018). State anxiety predicts cognitive performance in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychology, 32(8), 950–957. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7(2), 336–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabbrini, G., Berardelli, I., Falla, M., Moretti, G., Pasquini, M., Altieri, M., Defazio, G., Biondi, M., & Berardelli, A. (2012). Psychiatric disorders in patients with essential tremor. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 18(8), 971–973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.05.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahn, S., & Elton, R., Members of the UPDRS Development Committee. (1987). Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale. S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden, D. Calne, & N. HolsteinEds. Recent developments in Parkinson’s disease. Macmillian Healthcare Information. Vol. 2. 153–163.
   Google Scholar
• Fahn, S., Tolosa, E., & Conceppcion, M. (1993). Clinical rating scale for tremor. In J. Jankovic & E. Tolosa (Eds.), Parkinson’s disease and movement disorders (pp. 271–280). Williams and Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Foster, P. S., Drago, V., Yung, R. C., Skidmore, F. M., Skoblar, B., Shenal, B. V., Rhodes, R. D., & Heilman, K. M. (2010). Anxiety affects working memory only in left hemibody onset Parkinson disease patients. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 23(1), 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNN.0b013e3181cc8be9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasparini, M., Bonifati, V., Fabrizio, E., Fabbrini, G., Brusa, L., Lenzi, G. L., & Meco, G. (2001). Frontal lobe dysfunction in essential tremor. Journal of Neurology, 248(5), 399–402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004150170181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden, C. J. (1978). Stroop color and word test: A manual for clinical and experimental uses. Stoelting Company.
   Google Scholar
• Halliday, G. M., Leverenz, J. B., Schneider, J. S., & Adler, C. H. (2014). The neurobiological basis of cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 29(5), 634–650. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.25857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartlage, S., Alloy, L. B., Vázquez, C., & Dykman, B. (1993). Automatic and effortful processing in depression. Psychological Bulletin, 113(2), 247–278. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.113.2.247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaton, R. K., Miller, S. W., Taylor, M. J., & Grant, I. (2004). Revised comprehensive norms for an expanded Halstead-Reitan battery: Demographically adjusted neuropsychological norms for African American and caucasian adults. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Higginson, C. I., Wheelock, V. L., Levine, D., King, D. S., Pappas, C. T. E., & Sigvardt, K. A. (2008). Cognitive deficits in essential tremor consistent with frontal subcortical dysfunction. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30(7), 760–765. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390701754738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobson, P., & Meara, J. (2004). Risk and incidence of dementia in a cohort of older subjects with Parkinson’s disease in the United Kingdom. Movement Disorders, 19(9), 1043–1049. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.20216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobson, P., & Meara, J. (2015). Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease and its progression onto dementia: A 16-year outcome evaluation of the Denbighshire cohort. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 30(10), 1048–1055. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huey, E. D., Cosentino, S., Chapman, S., Azar, M., Rohl, B., Collins, K., Morgan, S., Liu, X., & Louis, E. D. (2018). Self-report depressive symptoms are dissociated from tremor severity in essential tremor. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 50, 87–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.02.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janvin, C. C., Larsen, J. P., Aarsland, D., & Hugdahl, K. (2006). Subtypes of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Progression to dementia. Movement Disorders, 21(9), 1343–1349. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.20974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, J. D., Mangal, P., Lafo, J., Okun, M. S., & Bowers, D. (2016). Mood Differences Among Parkinson’s disease patients with mild cognitive impairment. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 28(3), 211–216. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.15090221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurica, P. J., Leitten, C. L., & Mattis, S. (2001). DRS-2: Dementia rating scale-2: Professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Kenney, L., Rohl, B., Lopez, F. V., Lafo, J. A., Jacobson, C., Okun, M. S., Foote, K. D., & Bowers, D. (2020). The UF Deep Brain stimulation cognitive rating scale (DBS-CRS): Clinical decision making, validity, and outcomes. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 14, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.578216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khatri, D. K., Choudhary, M., Sood, A., & Singh, S. B. (2020). Anxiety: An ignored aspect of Parkinson’s disease lacking attention. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 131, 110776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J.-S., Song, I.-U., Shim, Y.-S., Park, J.-W., Yoo, J.-Y., Kim, Y.-I., & Lee, K.-S. (2009). Cognitive impairment in essential tremor without dementia. Journal of Clinical Neurology, 5(2), 81–84. https://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2009.5.2.81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsch-Darrow, L., Fernandez, H. F., Marsiske, M., Okun, M. S., & Bowers, D. (2006). Dissociating apathy and depression in Parkinson disease. Neurology, 67(1), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000230572.07791.22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsch-Darrow, L., Marsiske, M., Okun, M. S., Bauer, R., & Bowers, D. (2011). Apathy and depression: Separate factors in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17(6), 1058–1066. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617711001068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, R. G., Waal‐Manning, H. J., & Spears, G. F. (1983). Some norms and reliability data for the state-trait anxiety inventory and the zung self-rating depression scale. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 22(4), 245–249. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1983.tb00610.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lafo, J. A., Jones, J. D., Okun, M. S., Bauer, R. M., Price, C. C., & Bowers, D. (2015). Memory similarities between essential tremor and parkinson’s disease: A final common pathway? The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 29(7), 985–1001. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2015.1118553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, B. E., & Katzen, H. L. (2005). Early Cognitive changes and nondementing behavioral abnormalities in Parkinson’s disease. In. Behavioral Neurology Of Movement Disorders (Advances In Neurology) (2nd), 96. 84–94. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, S. J. G., Dove, A., Robbins, T. W., Barker, R. A., & Owen, A. M. (2003). Cognitive Impairments in Early Parkinson’s Disease Are Accompanied by Reductions in Activity in Frontostriatal Neural Circuitry. Journal of Neuroscience, 23(15), 6351–6356. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-15-06351.2003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombardi, W. J., Woolston, D. J., Roberts, J. W., & Gross, R. E. (2001). Cognitive deficits in patients with essential tremor. Neurology, 57(5), 785–790. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.57.5.785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louis, E. D. (2016). Non-motor symptoms in essential tremor: A review of the current data and state of the field. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 22, S115–S118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.08.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louis, E. D., & Ferreira, J. J. (2010). How common is the most common adult movement disorder? Update on the worldwide prevalence of essential tremor. Movement Disorders, 25(5), 534–541. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louis, E. D., Huey, E. D., Gerbin, M., & Viner, A. S. (2012). Apathy in essential tremor, dystonia, and Parkinson’s disease: A comparison with normal controls. Movement Disorders, 27(3), 432–434. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.24049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louis, E. D., & McCreary, M. (2021). How Common is Essential Tremor? Update on the Worldwide Prevalence of Essential Tremor. Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements, 11(28). https://doi.org/10.5334/tohm.632
   Google Scholar
• Lundervold, D. A., Ament, P. A., & Holt, P. (2013). Social Anxiety, Tremor Severity, and Tremor Disability: A Search for Clinically Relevant Measures. Psychiatry Journal, 2013, e257459. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/257459
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marin, R. S. (1991). Apathy: A neuropsychiatric syndrome. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 3(3), 243–254. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.3.3.243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, A., Zimmermann, R., Gschwandtner, U., Hatz, F., Bousleiman, H., Schwarz, N., & Fuhr, P. (2015). Apathy in Parkinson’s disease is related to executive function, gender and age but not to depression. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 6, 350. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2014.00350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middleton, F. A., & Strick, P. L. (2000). Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: Motor and cognitive circuits. Brain Research Reviews, 31(2), 236–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0173(99)00040-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller, K. M., Okun, M. S., Fernandez, H. F., Jacobson, C. E., Rodriguez, R. L., & Bowers, D. (2007). Depression symptoms in movement disorders: Comparing Parkinson’s disease, dystonia, and essential tremor. Movement Disorders, 22(5), 666–672. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muslimović, D., Post, B., Speelman, J. D., Haan, R. J. D., & Schmand, B. (2009). Cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease: A prospective longitudinal study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15(3), 426–437. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617709090614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J. L., & Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A Brief Screening Tool For Mild Cognitive Impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen, A. M., James, M., Leigh, P. N., Summers, B. A., Marsden, C. D., Quinn, N. P., Lange, K. W., & Robbins, T. W. (1992). Fronto-striatal cognitive deficits at different stages of Parkinson’s disease. Brain, 115(6), 1727–1751. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/115.6.1727
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pagonabarraga, J., Kulisevsky, J., Strafella, A. P., & Krack, P. (2015). Apathy in Parkinson’s disease: Clinical features, neural substrates, diagnosis, and treatment. The Lancet Neurology, 14(5), 518–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00019-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, K. F., Larsen, J. P., Tysnes, O.-B., & Alves, G. (2017). Natural course of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease: A 5-year population-based study. Neurology, 88(8), 767–774. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000003634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pessoa, L. (2008). On the relationship between emotion and cognition. . Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 9, 148–158. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pluck, G. C., & Brown, R. G. (2002). Apathy in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 73(6), 636–642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.73.6.636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puertas-Martín, V., Villarejo-Galende, A., Fernández-Guinea, S., Romero, J. P., Louis, E. D., & Benito-León, J. (2016). A Comparison Study of Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric Features of Essential Tremor and Parkinson’s Disease. Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements, 6. https://doi.org/10.7916/D86H4HRN
   Google Scholar
• Radler, K. H., Zdrodowska, M. A., Dowd, H., Cersonsky, T. E. K., Huey, E. D., Cosentino, S., & Louis, E. D. (2020). Rate of progression from mild cognitive impairment to dementia in an essential tremor cohort: A prospective, longitudinal study. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 74, 38–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.04.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rana, A. Q., Ahmed, U. S., Chaudry, Z. M., & Vasan, S. (2015). Parkinson’s disease: A review of non-motor symptoms. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 15(5), 549–562. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.2015.1038244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratajska, A. M., Lopez, F. V., Kenney, L., Jacobson, C., Foote, K. D., Okun, M. S., & Bowers, D. (2022). Cognitive subtypes in individuals with essential tremor seeking deep brain stimulation. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 36(7), 1705–1727. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2021.1882578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reijnders, J. S. A. M., Ehrt, U., Weber, W. E. J., Aarsland, D., & Leentjens, A. F. G. (2008). A systematic review of prevalence studies of depression in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 23(2), 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitan, R. M. (1992). Trail Making Test: Manual for Administration and Scoring.
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds, G. O., Hanna, K. K., Neargarder, S., & Cronin-Golomb, A. (2017). The Relation of Anxiety and Cognition in Parkinson’s Disease. Neuropsychology, 31(6), 596–604. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, G. O., Saint-Hilaire, M., Thomas, C. A., Barlow, D. H., & Cronin-Golomb, A. (2020). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety in Parkinson’s Disease. Behavior Modification, 44(4), 552–579. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445519838828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Oroz, M. C., Jahanshahi, M., Krack, P., Litvan, I., Macias, R., Bezard, E., & Obeso, J. A. (2009). Initial clinical manifestations of Parkinson’s disease: Features and pathophysiological mechanisms. The Lancet Neurology, 8(12), 1128–1139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70293-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Şahin, H. A., Terzi, M., Uçak, S., Yapıcı, O., Başoğlu, T., & Onar, M. (2006). Frontal Functions in Young Patients With Essential Tremor: A Case Comparison Study. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 18(1), 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.18.1.64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez‐Ferro, Á., Benito‐León, J., Louis, E. D., Contador, I., Hernández‐Gallego, J., Puertas‐Martín, V., & Bermejo‐Pareja, F. (2017). Cognition in non-demented Parkinson’s disease vs essential tremor: A population-based study. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 136(5), 393–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.12752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santangelo, G., Vitale, C., Picillo, M., Cuoco, S., Moccia, M., Pezzella, D., Erro, R., Longo, K., Vicidomini, C., Pellecchia, M. T., Amboni, M., Brunetti, A., Salvatore, M., Barone, P., & Pappatà, S. (2015). Apathy and striatal dopamine transporter levels in de-novo, untreated Parkinson’s disease patients. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 21(5), 489–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.02.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmahmann, J. D., & Sherman, J. C. (1998). The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. Brain, 121(4), 561–579. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/121.4.561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, B. M., Eisinger, R. S., Burns, M. R., Lopes, J., Okun, M. S., Gunduz, A., & Bowers, D. (2020). Co-occurrence of apathy and impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease. Neurology, 95(20), e2769–e2780. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000010965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sengul, Y., Sengul, H. S., Gokcal, E., Ustun, I., Ozturk, A., Yilmaz, O., Yildiz, G. B., & Louis, E. D. (2020). Alexithymia is a non motor symptom of essential tremor regardless of the presence of depression and anxiety. Neurological Research, 42(11), 946–951. https://doi.org/10.1080/01616412.2020.1792702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sengul, Y., Sengul, H. S., Yucekaya, S. K., Yucel, S., Bakim, B., Pazarcı, N. K., & Özdemir, G. (2015). Cognitive functions, fatigue, depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances: Assessment of nonmotor features in young patients with essential tremor. Acta Neurologica Belgica, 115(3), 281–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13760-014-0396-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinoff, G., & Badarny, S. (2014). Mild Cognitive Impairment, Dementia, and Affective Disorders in Essential Tremor: A Prospective Study. Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements, 4. https://doi.org/10.7916/D85B00KN
   Google Scholar
• Smeltere, L., Kuzņecovs, V., & Erts, R. (2017). Depression and social phobia in essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease. Brain and Behavior, 7(9), e00781. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberger, C. D., & Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults: Manual, Instrument and Scoring Guide. Mind Garden, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Starkstein, S. E. , Mayberg, H. S., Preziosi, T.J., Andrezejewski, P., Leiguarda, R., & Robinson, R. G. (1992). Reliability, validity, and clinical correlates of apathy in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 134. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.4.2.134
   Google Scholar
• Starkstein, S. E., Merello, M., Jorge, R., Brockman, S., Bruce, D., & Power, B. (2009). The syndromal validity and nosological position of apathy in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders, 24(8), 1211–1216. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenoven, I. V., Aarsland, D., Hurtig, H., Chen‐Plotkin, A., Duda, J. E., Rick, J., Chahine, L. M., Dahodwala, N., Trojanowski, J. Q., Roalf, D. R., Moberg, P. J., & Weintraub, D. (2014). Conversion between Mini-Mental State Examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Dementia Rating Scale-2 scores in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 29(14), 1809–1815. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strick, P. L., Dum, R. P., & Fiez, J. A. (2009). Cerebellum and Nonmotor Function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 32(1), 413–434. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125606
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Szymkowicz, S. M., Dotson, V. M., Jones, J. D., Okun, M. S., & Bowers, D. (2018). Symptom Dimensions of Depression and Apathy and their Relationship with Cognition in Parkinson’s Disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS, 24(3), 269–282. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617717001011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thawani, S. P., Schupf, N., & Louis, E. D. (2009). Essential tremor is associated with dementia. Neurology, 73(8), 621–625. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181b389f1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tombaugh, T. N., Kozak, J., & Rees, L. (1999). Normative Data Stratified by Age and Education for Two Measures of Verbal Fluency: FAS and Animal Naming. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14(2), 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/14.2.167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tröster, A. I., Woods, S. P., Fields, J. A., Lyons, K. E., Pahwa, R., Higginson, C. I., & Koller, W. C. (2002). Neuropsychological deficits in essential tremor: An expression of cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathophysiology? European Journal of Neurology, 9(2), 143–151. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-1331.2002.00341.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Mierlo, T. J., Chung, C., Foncke, E. M., Berendse, H. W., & van den Heuvel, O. A. (2015). Depressive symptoms in Parkinson’s disease are related to decreased hippocampus and amygdala volume. Movement Disorders, 30(2), 245–252. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varanese, S., Perfetti, B., Ghilardi, M. F., Rocco, A. D., & Aleman, A. (2011). Apathy, but Not Depression, Reflects Inefficient Cognitive Strategies in Parkinson’s Disease. PLOS ONE, 6(3), e17846. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (1997). The Wechsler Memory Scale—Third Edition. The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Weintraub, D., Moberg, P. J., Culbertson, W. C., Duda, J. E., & Stern, M. B. (2004). Evidence for Impaired Encoding and Retrieval Memory Profiles in Parkinson Disease. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 17(4), 195–200.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zgaljardic, D. J., Borod, J. C., Foldi, N. S., & Mattis, P. (2003). A Review of the Cognitive and Behavioral Sequelae of Parkinson’s Disease: Relationship to Frontostriatal Circuitry. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 16(4), 193–210. https://doi.org/10.1097/00146965-200312000-00001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zgaljardic, D. J., Borod, J. C., Foldi, N. S., Mattis, P. J., Gordon, M. F., Feigin, A., & Eidelberg, D. (2006). An Examination of Executive Dysfunction Associated with Frontostriatal Circuitry in Parkinson’s Disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28(7), 1127–1144. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390500246910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zgaljardic, D. J., Borod, J. C., Foldi, N. S., Rocco, M., Mattis, P. J., Gordon, M. F., Feigin, A. S., & Eidelberg, D. (2007). Relationship Between Self-reported Apathy and Executive Dysfunction in Nondemented Patients With Parkinson Disease. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology : Official Journal of the Society for Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology, 20(3), 184–192. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNN.0b013e318145a6f6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar