Suicide Ideation and Deliberate Self-Harm among Ex-Prisoners of War

REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Andover, M. S. & Gibb, B. E. (2010). Nonsuicidal self-injury, attempted suicide, and suicidal intent among psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatry Research, 178, 101–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apter, A., Bleich, A., King, R. A., Kron, S., Fluch, A., Kotler, M. & Cohen, D. J. (1993). Death without warning? A clinical post-mortem study of suicide in 43 Israeli adolescent males. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 138–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Başoğlu, M. (2009). A multivariate contextual analysis of torture and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatments: Implications for an evidence‐based definition of torture. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 79, 135–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F. (1990). Suicide as escape from self. Psychological Review, 97, 90–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Brown, G. K., Steer, R. A., Dahlsgaard, K. K. & Grisham, J. R. (1999). Suicide ideation at its worst point: A predictor of eventual suicide in psychiatric outpatients. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 29, 1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Kovacs, M. & Weissman, A. (1979). Assessment of suicidal intention: The scale for suicide ideation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 343–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, J. B. & Nye, E. C. (2007). Specific symptoms predict suicidal ideation in Vietnam combat veterans with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Military Medicine, 172(11), 1144–1147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boehmer, T. K. C., Flanders, D., McGeehin, M. A., Boyle, C & Barrett, D. H. (2004). Post service mortality in Vietnam veterans: 30-year follow-up. Archives of Internal Medicine, 164, 1908–1916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boxer, P. (2010). Variations in risk and treatment factors among adolescents engaging in different types of deliberate self-harm in an inpatient sample. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 39, 470–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brausch, A. M. & Gutierrez, P. M. (2010). Differences in non-suicidal self-injury and suicide attempts in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 233–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, A. M. & Malone, K. (2013). Attempted suicide v. non-suicidal self-injury: Behavior, syndrome or diagnosis? The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202, 324–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control, & Prevention (CDC). (1987). Revision of the centers for disease control (CDC) surveillance case definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 36, 3S–15S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chartrand, H., Sareen, J., Toews, M. & Bolton, J. M. (2012). Suicide attempts versus nonsuicidal self‐injury among individuals with anxiety disorders in a nationally representative sample. Depression and anxiety, 29, 172–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claes, L., Houben, A., Vandereycken, W., Bijttebier, P. & Muehlenkamp, J. (2010). Brief report: The association between non-suicidal self-injury, self-concept and acquaintance with self-injurious peers in a sample of adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 775–778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derogatis, L. R. (1977). SCL-90. Administration, scoring, and procedures manual-I for the (revised) version and other instruments of the psychopathology rating scale series. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University.
   Google Scholar
• Derogatis, L. R., Rickels, K. & Rock, A. F. (1976). The SCL-90 and the MMPI: A step in the validation of a new self-report scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 128, 280–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai, M. M., Rosenheck, R. A. & Desai, R. A. (2008). Time trends and predictors of suicide among mental health outpatients in the department of veterans affairs. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 35, 115–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai, R. A., Dausey, D. J. & Rosenheck, R. A. (2005). Mental health service delivery and suicide risk: the role of individual patient and facility factors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 311–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elhai, J. D., Ford, J. D., Ruggiero, K. J. & Christopher Frueh, B. (2009). Diagnostic alterations for post-traumatic stress disorder: Examining data from the national comorbidity survey replication and national survey of adolescents. Psychological Medicine, 39, 1957–1966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engdahl, B., Dikel, T. N., Eberly, R. & Blank, A. (1997). Posttraumatic stress disorder in a community group of former prisoners of war: a normative response to severe trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1576–1581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontana, A. & Rosenheck, R. (1995). Attempted suicide among Vietnam veterans: A model of etiology in a community sample. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 102–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin, C. L. & Zimmerman, M. (2001). Posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder: Investigating the role of overlapping symptoms in diagnostic comorbidity. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189, 548–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamez, W., Watson, D. & Doebbeling, B. N. (2007). Abnormal personality and the mood and anxiety disorders: Implications for structural models of anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 526–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginzburg, K., Ein-Dor, T. & Solomon, Z. (2010). Comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression: A 20-year longitudinal study of war veterans. Journal of Affective Disorders, 123, 249–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golub, A. & Johnson, B. (1994). The shifting of importance of alcohol and marijuana as gateway substances among serious drug abusers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 55, 607–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerra, V. S., Calhoun, P. S. & Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, & Clinical Center Workgroup. (2011). Examining the relation between posttraumatic stress disorder and suicidal ideation in an OEF/OIF veteran sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 12–18. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamza, C. A., Stewart, S. L. & Willoughby, T. (2012). Examining the link between nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior: A review of the literature and an integrated model. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 482–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haney, E. M., O'Neil, M. E., Carson, S., Low, A., Peterson, K., Denneson, L. M. & Kansagora, D. (2012). Suicide risk factors and risk assessment tools: A systematic review. VA-ESP Project #05–225.
   Google Scholar
• Hellmuth, J. C., Stappenbeck, C. A., Hoerster, K. D. & Jakupcak, M. (2012). Modeling PTSD symptom clusters, alcohol misuse, anger, and depression as they relate to aggression and suicidality in returning U.S. veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25, 527–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, J. L. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 377–391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, S. C., Orsborn, M., Checkoway, H., Biggs, M. L., McFall, M. & Takaro, T. K. (2008). Later life disability status following incarceration as a prisoner of war. Military Medicine, 173, 613–618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakupcak, M., Cook, J., Imel, Z., Fontana, A., Rosenheck, R. & McFall, M. (2009). Posttraumatic stress disorder as a risk factor for suicidal ideation in Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 303–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, J., Gooding, P. & Tarrier, N. (2008). Suicide risk in schizophrenia: Explanatory models and clinical implications, the schematic appraisal model of suicide (SAMS). Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 81, 55–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joiner, T. (2009). Why people die by suicide. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kang, H. K. & Bullman, T. A. (2008). Risk of suicide among U.S. veterans after returning from the Iraq or Afghanistan war zones. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 300, 652–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashdan, T. B., Elhai, J. D. & Christopher Frueh, B. (2007). Anhedonia, emotional numbing, and symptom over-reporting in male veterans with PTSD. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 725–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keehn, R. J. (1980). Follow-up studies of world war II and Korean conflict prisoners. III. mortality to January 1, 1976. American Journal of Epidemiology, 111, 194–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp, J. & Bossarte, R. (2013). Suicide data report: 2012. Department of Veterans Affairs, Mental Health Services, Suicide Prevention Program.
   Google Scholar
• Klonsky, E. D., May, A. M. & Glenn, C. R. (2013). The relationship between nonsuicidal self-injury and attempted suicide: Converging evidence from four samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 231–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klonsky, E. D. & Olino, T. M. (2008). Identifying clinically distinct subgroups of self-injurers among young adults: A latent class analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 22–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs, M. & Garrison, B. (1985). Hopelessness and eventual suicide: A 10-year prospective study of patients hospitalized with suicidal ideation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1, 559–563.
   Google Scholar
• Kramer, T. L., Lindy, J. D., Green, B. L., Grace, M. C. & Leonard, A. C. (1994). The comorbidity of Post‐traumatic stress disorder and suicidality in Vietnam veterans. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 24, 58–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamis, D. A. & Lester, D. (2012). Risk factors for suicidal ideation among African American and European American college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36, 337–349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemaire, C. M. & Graham, D. P. (2011). Factors associated with suicidal ideation in OEF/OIF veterans. Journal of Affective Disorders, 130, 231–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi, Y., Horesh, N., Fischel, T., Treves, I., Or, E. & Apter, A. (2008). Mental pain and its communication in medically serious suicide attempts: An. Journal of Affective Disorders, 111, 244–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lifton, R. J. (1967). Death in life: Survivors of Hiroshima. New-York, NY: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Lifton, R. J. (1983). The broken connection. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Low, G., Jones, D., Macleod, A., Power, M. & Duggan, C. (2000). Childhood trauma, dissociation, and self-harming behavior. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 73, 269–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguen, S., Metzler, T. J., Bosch, J., Marmar, C. R., Knight, S. J. & Neylan, T. C. (2012). Killing in combat may be independently associated with suicidal ideation. Depression and Anxiety, 29, 918–923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollica, R. F., Wyshak, G. & Lavelle, J. (1987). The psychosocial impact of war trauma and torture on Southeast Asian refugees. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 144, 1567–1572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muehlenkamp, J. J. & Gutierrez, P. M. (2007). Risk for suicide attempts among adolescents who engage in non-suicidal self-injury. Archives of Suicide Research, 11, 69–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nazarian, D., Kimerling, R. & Frayne, S. M. (2012). Posttraumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, and medical comorbidity among returning U.S. veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25, 220–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nock, M. K. (2008). Actions speak louder than words: An elaborated theoretical model of the social functions of self-injury and other harmful behaviors. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 12, 159–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nock, M. K. (2010). Self-injury. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 339–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nock, M. K., Borges, G., Bromet, E. J., Cha, C. B., Kessler, R. C. & Lee, S. (2008). Suicide and suicidal behavior. Epidemiologic Reviews, 30(1), 133–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nye, E. C. & Bell, J. B. (2007). Specific symptoms predict suicidal ideation in Vietnam combat veterans with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Military Medicine, 172, 1144–1147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohry, A., Solomon, Z., Neria, Y., Waysman, M., Bar-On, Z. & Levy, A. (1994). The aftermath of captivity: A 18-year follow-up of Israeli ex-POWs. Behavioral Medicine, 20, 27–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orbach, I. (2003). Mental pain and suicide. The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 40, 191–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orbach, I. (2006). The body–mind of the suicidal person. In T. E. Ellis (Ed.), Cognition and suicide: Theory, research, and therapy (pp. 194–213). Washington, DC: APA Books.
   Google Scholar
• Pelcovitz, D., Van der Kolk, B., Roth, S., Mandel, F., Kaplan, S. & Resick, P. (1997). Development of a criteria set and a structured interview for disorders of extreme stress (SIDES). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10(1), 3–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietrzak, R. H., Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., Rivers, A. J., Johnson, D. C. & Southwick, S. M. (2010). Risk and protective factors associated with suicidal ideation in veterans of operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Journal of Affective Disorders, 123, 102–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebellon, C. J. & Grundy, K. V. (2006). Can social psychological delinquency theory explain the link between marijuana and other illicit drug use? A longitudinal analysis of the gateway hypothesis. Journal of Drug Issues, 36, 515–539.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rintamaki, L. S., Weaver, F. M., Elbaum, P. L., Klama, E. N. & Miskevics, S. A. (2009). Persistence of traumatic memories in World War II prisoners of war. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57, 2257–2262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shneidman, E. (1985). Definition of suicide. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
   Google Scholar
• Shneidman, E. S. (1993). Suicide as psychache: A clinical approach to self-destructive behavior Jason Aronson.
   Google Scholar
• Shneidman, E. S. (1996). The suicidal mind. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Silverman, M. M., Berman, A. L., Sanddal, N. D., O'Carroll, P. W. & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (2007). Rebuilding the tower of babel: A revised nomenclature for the study of suicide and suicidal behaviors part 2: Suicide‐Related ideations, communications, and behaviors. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 37, 264–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, Z. (1988). Convergent validity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis: self-report and clinical assessment. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 25, 46–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, Z., Benbenishty, R., Neria, Y., Abramowitz, M., Ginzburg, K. & Ohry, A. (1993). Assessment of PTSD: Validation of the revised PTSD Inventory. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 30, 110–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, Z. & Dekel, R. (2005). Posttraumatic stress disorder among Israeli ex-prisoners of war 18 and 30 years after release. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 1031–1037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, Z. & Dekel, R. (2007). Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among Israeli ex-POWs. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 303–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, Z., Horesh, D., Ein-Dor, T. & Ohry, A. (2012). Predictors of PTSD trajectories following captivity: A 35-year longitudinal study. Psychiatry Research, 199, 188–194. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutker, P. B., Allain, A. N. & Winstead, D. K. (1993). Psychopathology and psychiatric diagnoses of World War II Pacific theater prisoner of war survivors and combat veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 240–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, P. J., Gooding, P., Wood, A. M. & Tarrier, N. (2011). The role of defeat and entrapment in depression, anxiety, and suicide. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 391–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, P. J., Wood, A. M., Gooding, P. & Tarrier, N. (2010). Appraisals and suicidality: The mediating role of defeat and entrapment. Archives of Suicide Research, 14, 236–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timerman, J. (2002). Prisoner Without a Name, Cell Without a Number. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A. & Joiner, T. E., Jr (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological Review, 117, 575–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walser, R., Tran, C. T. & Cook, J. (2012). Posttraumatic stress symptoms and life functioning in older female ex-prisoners of war. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4, 466–468.
   Google Scholar
• Whitlock, J. & Knox, K. L. (2007). The relationship between self-injurious behavior and suicide in a young adult population. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 161, 634–640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, P., Kelvin, R., Roberts, C., Dubicka, B. & Goodyear, I. (2011). Clinical and psychosocial predictors of suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury in the adolescent depression antidepressants and psychotherapy trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 495–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, J. M. G. (1997). Cry of pain: Understanding suicide and self-harm. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, J. M. G., Crane, C., Barnhofer, T. & Duggan, D. S. (2005). In K. Hawton (Ed.), Prevention and treatment of suicidal behavior: From science to practice (pp. 71–89). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, J. M. G. & Pollock, L. R. (2001). Psychological aspects of the suicidal process. In K. van Heeringen (Ed.), Understanding Suicidal Behaviour (pp. 76–93). Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Zerach, G., Greene, T., Ginzburg, K. & Solomon, Z. (2013). The relations between Posttraumatic stress disorder and persistent dissociation among ex-prisoners of war: A longitudinal study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. Advance online publication. doi:10.1037/a0031599
   Google Scholar
• Zerach, G. & Solomon, Z. (2014). The relations between posttraumatic symptoms and disorder of extreme stress (not otherwise specified) symptoms following War captivity. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 50(3), 148–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zivin, K., Kim, M., McCarrthy, J. F., Austin, K. L., Hoggatt, K. J., Walters, H. & Valenstein, M. (2007). Suicide mortality among individuals receiving treatment for depression in the veterans affairs health system: Associations with patient and treatment setting characteristics. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 2193–2198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar