Non-Suicidal Self-Injury, Sexuality Concerns, and Emotion Regulation among Sexually Diverse Adolescents: A Multiple Mediation Analysis

REFERENCES

• Andrews, T., Martin, G., Hasking, P., & Page, A. (2014). Predictors of onset for non-suicidal self-injury within a school-based sample of adolescents. Prevention Science, 15(6), 850–859. doi:10.1007/s11121-013-0412-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin, S. B., Conron, K. J., Patel, A., & Freedner, N. (2007). Making sense of sexual orientation measures: Findings from a cognitive processing study with adolescents on health survey questions. Journal of LBGT Health Research, 3(1), 55–65. doi:10.1300/J463v03n01_07
   Google Scholar
• Balsam, K. F., Beauchaine, T. P., Mickey, R. M., & Rothblum, E. D. (2005). Mental health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and heterosexual siblings: Effects of gender, sexual orientation, and family. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(3), 471–476. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.3.471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batejan, K. L., Jarvi, S. M., & Swenson, L. P. (2015). Sexual orientation and non-suicidal self-injury: A meta-analytic review. Archives of Suicide Research, 19(2), 131–150. doi:10.1080/13811118.2014.957450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beale, F. (1970). Double jeopardy: To be Black and female. In T. Cade (Ed.), The Black woman: An anthology (pp. 90–100). New York, NY: Signet.
   Google Scholar
• Bostwick, W. B., Meyer, I., Aranda, F., Russell, S., Hughes, T., Birkett, M., & Mustanski, B. (2014). Mental health and suicidality among racially/ethnically diverse sexual minority youths. American Journal of Public Health, 104(6), 1129–1136. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bresin, K., & Schoenleber, M. (2015). Gender differences in the prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 38, 55–64. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, V. R. (1981). Minority stress and lesbian women. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Cahill, S., & Makadon, H. (2014). Sexual orientation and gender identity data collection in clinical settings and in electronic health records: A key to ending LGBT health disparities. LGBT Health, 1(1), 34–41. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2013.0001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakraborty, A., McManus, S., Brugha, T. S., Bebbington, P., & King, M. (2011). Mental health of the non-heterosexual population of England. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 198(2), 143–148. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.082271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K. L., & Brown, M. Z. (2006). Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(3), 371–394. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’augelli, A. R., Hershberger, S. L., & Pilkington, N. W. (1998). Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth and their families: Disclosure of sexual orientation and its consequences. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68(3), 361–371. doi:10.1037/h0080345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deliberto, T. L., & Nock, M. K. (2008). An exploratory study of correlates, onset, and offset of non-suicidal self-injury. Archives of Suicide Research, 12(3), 219–231. doi:10.1080/13811110802101096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th ed.). London, UK: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, G., Bulbulia, J., Greaves, L. M., Wilson, M. S., & Sibley, C. G. (2017). “Female (for the most part)”: A cost/benefit analysis of inclusive gender identity measures in quantitative research. Manuscript under review.
   Google Scholar
• Gandhi, A., Luyckx, K., Maitra, S., & Claes, L. (2015). Non-suicidal self-injury and identity distress in Flemish adolescents: Exploring gender differences and mediational pathways. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 215–220. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garisch, J. A., & Wilson, M. S. (2010). Vulnerabilities to deliberate self harm among adolescents: The role of alexithymia and victimization. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49(2), 151–162. doi:10.1348/014466509x441709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garisch, J. A., & Wilson, M. S. (2015). Prevalence, correlates, and prospective predictors of non-suicidal self-injury among New Zealand adolescents: Cross-sectional and longitudinal survey data. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 9(1), 1–11. doi:10.1186/s13034-015-0055-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratz, K. L. (2001). Measurement of deliberate self-harm: Preliminary data on the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23(4), 253–263. doi:10.1023/A:1012779403943
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. doi:10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greaves, L., Barlow, F., Lee, C., Matika, C. M., Wang, W., Lindsay, C., … Sibley, C. (2016). The diversity and prevalence of sexual orientation self-labels in a New Zealand national sample. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, 1325–1336. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0857-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasking, P., Momeni, R., Swannell, S., & Chia, S. (2008). The nature and extent of non-suicidal self-injury in a non-clinical sample of young adults. Archives of Suicide Research, 12(3), 208–218. doi:10.1080/13811110802100957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, C. J., & Mahalik, J. R. (2009). Minority stress, masculinity, and social norms predicting gay men’s health risk behaviors. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(1), 132–141. doi:10.1037/a0014440
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzenbuehler, M. L., McLaughlin, K. A., & Nolen Hoeksema, S. (2008). Emotion regulation and internalizing symptoms in a longitudinal study of sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(12), 1270–1278. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01924.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2009). How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework. Psychological Bulletin, 135(5), 707–730. doi:10.1037/a0016441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling [White paper]. Retrieved from http://afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hilt, L. M., Nock, M. K., Lloyd-Richardson, E. E., & Prinstein, M. J. (2008). Longitudinal study of nonsuicidal self-injury among young adolescents: Rates, correlates, and preliminary test of an interpersonal model. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 28(3), 455–469. doi:10.1177/0272431608316604
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House, A. S., Van Horn, E., Coppeans, C., & Stepleman, L. M. (2011). Interpersonal trauma and discriminatory events as predictors of suicidal and nonsuicidal self-injury in gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender persons. Traumatology, 17(2), 75–85. doi:10.1177/1534765610395621
   Google Scholar
• International Society for the Study of Self-Injury. (2016). Fast facts. Retrieved from http://itriples.org/redesadmin15/fast-facts/
   Google Scholar
• Israel, T., & Mohr, J. J. (2004). Attitudes toward bisexual women and men: Current research, future directions. Journal of Bisexuality, 4(1–2), 117–134. doi:10.1300/j159v04n01_09
   Google Scholar
• Kimmel, S. B., & Mahalik, J. R. (2005). Body image concerns of gay men: The roles of minority stress and conformity to masculine norms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(6), 1185–1190. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.6.1185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., Martin, C. E., & Sloan, S. (1948) Sexual behavior in the human male. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co.
   Google Scholar
• Klonsky, E. D. (2011). Non-suicidal self-injury in United States adults: Prevalence, sociodemographics, topography and functions. Psychological Medicine, 41(9), 1981–1986. doi:10.1017/S0033291710002497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klonsky, E. D., & Glenn, C. R. (2009). Assessing the functions of non-suicidal self-injury: Psychometric properties of the Inventory of Statements About Self-injury (ISAS). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31(3), 215–219. doi:10.1007/s10862-008-9107-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klonsky, E. D., & Olino, T. M. (2008). Identifying clinically distinct subgroups of self-injurers among young adults: A latent class analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 22–27. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehavot, K., & Simoni, J. M. (2011). The impact of minority stress on mental health and substance use among sexual minority women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(2), 159–170. doi:10.1037/a0022839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, R. T., & Mustanski, B. (2012). Suicidal ideation and self-harm in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42(3), 221–228. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.10.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd-Richardson, E. E., Perrine, N., Dierker, L., & Kelley, M. L. (2007). Characteristics and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in a community sample of adolescents. Psychological Medicine, 37(8), 1183–1192. doi:10.1017/S003329170700027X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucassen, M. F., Merry, S. N., Robinson, E. M., Denny, S., Clark, T., Ameratunga, S., … Rossen, F. V. (2011). Sexual attraction, depression, self-harm, suicidality and help-seeking behaviour in New Zealand secondary school students. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45 (5), 376–383. doi:10.3109/00048674.2011.559635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundh, L. G., Karim, J., & Quilisch, E. V. A. (2007). Deliberate self‐harm in 15‐year‐old adolescents: A pilot study with a modified version of the deliberate self‐harm inventory. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 48(1), 33–41. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2006.00567.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDermott, S. T., Gullone, E., Allen, J. S., King, N. J., & Tonge, B. (2010). The emotion regulation index for children and adolescents (ERICA): A psychometric investigation. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32(3), 301–314. doi:10.1007/s10862-009-9154-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, E., Claes, L., Bouman, W. P., Witcomb, G. L., & Arcelus, J. (2016). Non-suicidal self-injury and suicidality in trans people: A systematic review of the literature. International Review of Psychiatry, 28(1), 58–69. doi:10.3109/09540261.2015.1073143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, J., & Dean, L. (1987). Summary of measures: Mental health effects of AIDS on at-risk homosexual men. Unpublished manuscript, Division of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY: School of Public Health.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews, A. K., Hughes, T. L., Johnson, T., Razzano, L. A., & Cassidy, R. (2002). Prediction of depressive distress in a community sample of women: The role of sexual orientation. American Journal of Public Health, 92(7), 1131–1139. doi:10.2105/AJPH.92.7.1131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education. (2016). Roll by age & ethnicity 2007–2016 [Excel file]. Retrieved from https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/statistics/schooling/student-numbers/6028
   Google Scholar
• Muehlenkamp, J. J., Claes, L., Havertape, L., & Plener, P. L. (2012). International prevalence of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 6(10), 1–9. doi:10.1186/1753-2000-6-10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muehlenkamp, J. J., & Gutierrez, P. M. (2007). Risk for suicide attempts among adolescents who engage in non-suicidal self-injury. Archives of Suicide Research, 11(1), 69–82. doi:10.1080/13811110600992902
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muehlenkamp, J. J., Hilt, L. M., Ehlinger, P. P., & McMillan, T. (2015). Nonsuicidal self-injury in sexual minority college students: A test of theoretical integration. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 9(1), 1–8. doi:10.1186/s13034-015-0050-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nickels, S. J. (2013). The role of the social environment in non-suicidal self-injury among LGBTQ youth: A mixed methods study (Doctoral dissertation, University of Denver). Retrieved from DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations (Paper 992).
   Google Scholar
• Nickels, S. J., Walls, N. E., Laser, J. A., & Wisneski, H. (2012). Differences in motivations of cutting behavior among sexual minority youth. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 29(1), 41–59. doi:10.1007/s10560-011-0245-x
   Google Scholar
• Nock, M. K., Joiner, T. E., Gordon, K. H., Lloyd-Richardson, E., & Prinstein, M. J. (2006). Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: Diagnostic correlates and relation to suicide attempts. Psychiatry Research, 144(1), 65–72. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochs, R. (1996). Biphobia: It goes more than two ways. In B. A. Firestein (Ed.), Bisexuality: The psychology and politics of an invisible minority (pp. 217–239). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Oswalt, S. B., & Wyatt, T. J. (2011). Sexual orientation and differences in mental health, stress, and academic performance in a national sample of US college students. Journal of Homosexuality, 58(9), 1255–1280. doi:10.1080/00918369.2011.605738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisner, S. L., Biello, K., Perry, N. S., Gamarel, K. E., & Mimiaga, M. J. (2014). A compensatory model of risk and resilience applied to adolescent sexual orientation disparities in nonsuicidal self-injury and suicide attempts. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(5), 545–556. doi:10.1037/ort0000008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, M. W., & Rosser, B. R. (1996). Measurement and correlates of internalized homophobia: A factor analytic study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 52(1), 15–21. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199601)52:1<15::AID-JCLP2>3.0.CO;2-V
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saltzburg, S. (2007). Narrative therapy pathways for re-authoring with parents of adolescents coming-out as lesbian, gay, and bisexual. Contemporary Family Therapy, 29(1–2), 57–69. doi:10.1007/s10591-007-9035-1
   Google Scholar
• Skegg, K., Nada-Raja, S., Dickson, N., Paul, C., & Williams, S. (2003). Sexual orientation and self-harm in men and women. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(3), 541–546. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.3.541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sornberger, M. J., Smith, N. G., Toste, J. R., & Heath, N. L. (2013). Nonsuicidal self‐injury, coping strategies, and sexual orientation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(6), 571–583. doi:10.1002/jclp.21947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swannell, S. V., Martin, G. E., Page, A., Hasking, P., & St John, N. J. (2014). Prevalence of nonsuicidal self‐injury in nonclinical samples: Systematic review, meta‐analysis and meta‐regression. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44(3), 273–303. doi:10.1111/sltb.12070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swenson, L. P., Spirito, A., Dyl, J., Kittler, J., & Hunt, J. I. (2008). Psychiatric correlates of nonsuicidal cutting behaviors in an adolescent inpatient sample. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 39(4), 427–438. doi:10.1007/s10578-008-0100-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szymanski, D. M. (2006). Does internalized heterosexism moderate the link between heterosexist events and lesbians’ psychological distress? Sex Roles, 54(3), 227–234. doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9340-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsypes, A., Lane, R., Paul, E., & Whitlock, J. (2015). Non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in heterosexual and sexual minority young adults. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 65, 32–43. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.09.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welzer-Lang, D. (2008). Speaking out loud about bisexuality: Biphobia in the gay and lesbian community. Journal of Bisexuality, 8(1–2), 81–95. doi:10.1080/15299710802142259
   Google Scholar
• Whitlock, J., Eckenrode, J., & Silverman, D. (2006). Self-injurious behaviors in a college population. Pediatrics, 117(6), 1939–1948. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitlock, J., Muehlenkamp, J., Purington, A., Eckenrode, J., Barreira, P., Baral Abrams, G., … Knox, K. (2011). Nonsuicidal self-injury in a college population: General trends and sex differences. Journal of American College Health, 59(8), 691–698. doi:10.1080/07448481.2010.529626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox, H. C., Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., Vincent, K. B., Pinchevsky, G. M., & O’Grady, K. E. (2012). Longitudinal predictors of past-year non-suicidal self-injury and motives among college students. Psychological Medicine, 42(4), 717–726. doi:10.1017/S0033291711001814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, T., Connolly, J., Pepler, D., & Craig, W. (2005). Peer victimization, social support, and psychosocial adjustment of sexual minority adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(5), 471–482. doi:10.1007/s10964-005-7264-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, E. R., & Perry, B. L. (2006). Sexual identity distress, social support, and the health of gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth. Journal of Homosexuality, 51(1), 81–109. doi:10.1300/J082v51n01_05
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zetterqvist, M., Lundh, L. G., Dahlström, Ö., & Svedin, C. G. (2013). Prevalence and function of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in a community sample of adolescents, using suggested DSM-5 criteria for a potential NSSI disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(5), 759–773. doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9712-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar