Correlates of Suicidal Ideation and Behaviors Among Former Military Personnel Not Enrolled in the Veterans Health Administration

REFERENCES

• Ahmedani, B. K., Simon, G. E., Stewart, C., Beck, A., Waitzfelder, B. E., Rossom, R., … Solberg, L. I. (2014). Health care contacts in the year before suicide death. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 29(6), 870–877. doi:10.1007/s11606-014-2767-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center. (2012). Deaths by suicide while on active duty, active and reserve components, US Armed Forces, 1998-2011. MSMR, 19(6), 7.
   Google Scholar
• Barker, G., Olukoya, A., & Aggleton, P. (2005). Young people, social support and help-seeking. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 17(4), 315–335. doi:10.1515/IJAMH.2005.17.4.315
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bastien, C. H., Vallières, A., & Morin, C. M. (2001). Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Medicine, 2(4), 297–307. doi:10.1016/S1389-9457(00)00065-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boal, A. L., Vaughan, C. A., Sims, C. S., & Miles, J. N. (2017). Measurement invariance across administration mode: Examining the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist. Psychological Assessment, 29(1), 76. doi:10.1037/pas0000301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borges, G., Walters, E. E., & Kessler, R. C. (2000). Associations of substance use, abuse, and dependence with subsequent suicidal behavior. American Journal of Epidemiology, 151(8), 781–789. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodey, B. B., Rosen, C. S., Brodey, I. S., Sheetz, B. M., Steinfeld, R. R., & Gastfriend, D. R. (2004). Validation of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) for internet and automated telephone self-report administration. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 26(4), 253–259. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2004.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan, C. J., Cukrowicz, K. C., West, C. L., & Morrow, C. E. (2010). Combat experience and the acquired capability for suicide. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(10), 1044–1056. doi:10.1002/jclp.20703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan, C. J., Morrow, C. E., Anestis, M. D., & Joiner, T. E. (2010). A preliminary test of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior in a military sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(3), 347–350. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunney, W., Kleinman, A., Pellmar, T., & Goldsmith, S. (2002). Reducing suicide: A national imperative. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cavanagh, J. T., Carson, A. J., Sharpe, M., & Lawrie, S. M. (2003). Psychological autopsy studies of suicide: A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 33(3), 395–405. doi:10.1017/S0033291702006943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index/html
   Google Scholar
• Chu, C., Klein, K. M., Buchman‐Schmitt, J. M., Hom, M. A., Hagan, C. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2015). Routinized assessment of suicide risk in clinical practice: An empirically informed update. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(12), 1186–1200. doi:10.1002/jclp.22210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleeland, C. (1989). Measurement of pain by subjective report. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy, 12, 391–403.
   Google Scholar
• Cleeland, C., & Ryan, K. (1994). Pain assessment: Global use of the brief pain inventory. Annals, Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 23(2), 129–138.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Catanzaro, D. (1995). Reproductive status, family interactions, and suicidal ideation: Surveys of the general public and high-risk groups. Ethology and Sociobiology, 16(5), 385–394. doi:10.1016/0162-3095(95)00055-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Veterans Affairs. (2016). Suicide Among Veterans and Other Americans 2001–2014 Report. Retrieved from Data.gov: http://www.mentalhealth.va.gov/docs/2016suicidedatareport.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Department of Veterans Affairs. (2017a). VA Utilization Profile FY 2016. Retrieved from https://www.va.gov/vetdata/docs/QuickFacts/VA_Utilization_Profile.PDF
   Google Scholar
• Department of Veterans Affairs. (2017b). Profile of Veterans: 2015. Retrieved from https://www.va.gov/vetdata/docs/SpecialReports/Profile_of_Veterans_2015.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Department of Veterans Affairs. (2018). Veteran Suicide Data Report, 2005-2016. Retrieved from https://www.mentalhealth.va.gov/docs/data-sheets/2015/OMHSP_National_Suicide_Data_Report_2005-2015_06-14-18_508.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Farzanfar, R., Hereen, T., Fava, J., Davis, J., Vachon, L., & Friedman, R. (2014). Psychometric properties of an automated telephone-based PHQ-9. Telemedicine and e-Health, 20(2), 115–121. doi:10.1089/tmj.2013.0158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedman, E., Ljótsson, B., Blom, K., El Alaoui, S., Kraepelien, M., Rück, C., … Kaldo, V. (2013). Telephone versus internet administration of self-report measures of social anxiety, depressive symptoms, and insomnia: Psychometric evaluation of a method to reduce the impact of missing data. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(10), e229. doi:10.2196/jmir.2818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoge, C. W., & Castro, C. A. (2012). Preventing suicides in US service members and veterans: Concerns after a decade of war. JAMA, 308(7), 671–672. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.9955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwitz, A. G., Smith, D. L., Held, P., & Zalta, A. K. (2019). Characteristics of veteran and civilian suicide decedents: A sex-stratified analysis. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 56(5), e163–e168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilgen, M. A., Bohnert, A. S., Ignacio, R. V., McCarthy, J. F., Valenstein, M. M., Kim, H. M., & Blow, F. C. (2010). Psychiatric diagnoses and risk of suicide in veterans. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(11), 1152–1158. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joiner, T. (2007). Why people die by suicide. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Joiner, T. E., Conwell, Y., Fitzpatrick, K. K., Witte, T. K., Schmidt, N. B., Berlim, M. T., … Rudd, M. D. (2005). Four studies on how past and current suicidality relate even when” everything but the kitchen sink” is covaried. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(2), 291. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.2.291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, S., Bann, C. M., Dodd, S. L., Schein, J., Mendoza, T. R., & Cleeland, C. S. (2004). Validity of the brief pain inventory for use in documenting the outcomes of patients with noncancer pain. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 20(5), 309–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp, J., & Bossarte, R. (2013). Suicide data report: 2012: Department of Veterans Affairs, Mental Health Services, Suicide Prevention Program Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Kposowa, A. (2000). Marital status and suicide in the National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 54(4), 254–261. doi:10.1136/jech.54.4.254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, M. T., & Fowler, D. R. (1997). Suicide risk factors among veterans: Risk management in the changing culture of the Department of Veterans Affairs. The Journal of Mental Health Administration, 24(3), 350–358. doi:10.1007/BF02832668
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LeardMann, C. A., Powell, T. M., Smith, T. C., Bell, M. R., Smith, B., Boyko, E. J., … Hoge, C. W. (2013). Risk factors associated with suicide in current and former US military personnel. JAMA, 310(5), 496–506. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.65164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemaire, C. M., & Graham, D. P. (2011). Factors associated with suicidal ideation in OEF/OIF veterans. Journal of Affective Disorders, 130(1–2), 231–238. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luoma, J. B., Martin, C. E., & Pearson, J. L. (2002). Contact with mental health and primary care providers before suicide: A review of the evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(6), 909–916. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.6.909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann, J. J., Apter, A., Bertolote, J., Beautrais, A., Currier, D., Haas, A., … Hendin, H. (2005). Suicide prevention strategies: A systematic review. JAMA, 294(16), 2064–2074. doi:10.1001/jama.294.16.2064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy, J. F., Blow, F. C., Ignacio, R. V., Ilgen, M. A., Austin, K. L., & Valenstein, M. (2012). Suicide among patients in the Veterans Affairs health system: Rural–urban differences in rates, risks, and methods. American Journal of Public Health, 102(S1), S111–S117. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300463
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McLellan, A. T., Luborsky, L., Cacciola, J., Griffith, J., Evans, F., Barr, H. L., & Oʼbrien, C. P. (1985). New data from the addiction severity index reliability and validity in three centers. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 173(7), 412–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan, A. T., Luborsky, L., Woody, G. E., & O’Brien, C. P. (1980). An improved diagnostic evaluation instrument for substance abuse patients: The Addiction Severity Index. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 168(1), 26–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan, D., Gilbody, S., Beresford, E., & Neilly, L. (2007). Can we predict suicide and non-fatal self-harm with the Beck Hopelessness Scale? A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 37(6), 769–778. doi:10.1017/S0033291706009664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteith, L. L., Menefee, D. S., Pettit, J. W., Leopoulos, W. L., & Vincent, J. P. (2013). Examining the interpersonal–psychological theory of suicide in an inpatient veteran sample. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 43(4), 418–428. doi:10.1111/sltb.12027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mundt, J. C., Greist, J. H., Gelenberg, A. J., Katzelnick, D. J., Jefferson, J. W., & Modell, J. G. (2010). Feasibility and validation of a computer-automated Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale using interactive voice response technology. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44(16), 1224–1228. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.04.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering & Medicine. (2018). Department of Veterans Affairs Mental Health Services: Need, Usage, and Access and Barriers to Care. In Evaluation of the department of veterans affairs mental health services. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
   Google Scholar
• Nock, M. K., Borges, G., Bromet, E. J., Cha, C. B., Kessler, R. C., & Lee, S. (2008). Suicide and suicidal behavior. Epidemiologic Reviews, 30(1), 133–154. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxn002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nock, M. K., Dempsey, C. L., Aliaga, P. A., Brent, D. A., Heeringa, S. G., Kessler, R. C., … Benedek, D. (2017). Psychological autopsy study comparing suicide decedents, suicide ideators, and propensity score matched controls: Results from the study to assess risk and resilience in service members (Army STARRS). Psychological Medicine, 47(15), 2663–2674. doi:10.1017/S0033291717001179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nock, M. K., Stein, M. B., Heeringa, S. G., Ursano, R. J., Colpe, L. J., Fullerton, C. S., … Kessler, R. C. (2014). Prevalence and correlates of suicidal behavior among soldiers: Results from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS). JAMA Psychiatry, 71(5), 514–522. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, J. A., & Hempstead, K. (2017). Differences in US Suicide Rates by Educational Attainment, 2000–2014. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(4), e123–e130. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.04.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, M. R., Yang, G., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Ji, H., & Zhou, M. (2002). Risk factors for suicide in China: A national case-control psychological autopsy study. The Lancet, 360(9347), 1728–1736. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11681-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietrzak, R. H., Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., Rivers, A. J., Johnson, D. C., & Southwick, S. M. (2010). Risk and protective factors associated with suicidal ideation in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Journal of Affective Disorders, 123(1–3), 102–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner, K., Brent, D., Lucas, C., Gould, M., Stanley, B., Brown, G., … Oquendo, M. (2008). Columbia-suicide severity rating scale (C-SSRS). New York, NY: Columbia University Medical Center.
   Google Scholar
• Seal, K. H., Metzler, T. J., Gima, K. S., Bertenthal, D., Maguen, S., & Marmar, C. R. (2009). Trends and risk factors for mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans using Department of Veterans Affairs health care, 2002–2008. American Journal of Public Health, 99(9), 1651–1658. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.150284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seal, K. H., Shi, Y., Cohen, G., Cohen, B. E., Maguen, S., Krebs, E. E., & Neylan, T. C. (2012). Association of mental health disorders with prescription opioids and high-risk opioid use in US veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan. JAMA, 307(9), 940–947. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trout, D. L. (1980). The role of social isolation in suicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 10(1), 10–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Orden, K. A., Cukrowicz, K. C., Witte, T. K., & Joiner, T. E. (2012). Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness: Construct validity and psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 24(1), 197. doi:10.1037/a0025358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D. S., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1993). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the annual convention of the international society for traumatic stress studies, San Antonio, TX.
   Google Scholar
• Weisner, C., McLellan, A. T., & Hunkeler, E. M. (2000). Addiction Severity Index data from general membership and treatment samples of HMO members: One case of norming the ASI. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 19(2), 103–109. doi:10.1016/S0740-5472(99)00103-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkins, K. C., Lang, A. J., & Norman, S. B. (2011). Synthesis of the psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL) military, civilian, and specific versions. Depression and Anxiety, 28(7), 596–606. doi:10.1002/da.20837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woznica, J. G., & Shapiro, J. R. (1990). An analysis of adolescent suicide attempts: The expendable child. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 15(6), 789–796. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/15.6.789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar