Suicide Risk in Individuals With and Without Mental Disorders Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Analysis of Three Nationwide Cross-Sectional Surveys in Czechia

REFERENCES

• Cabello, M., Miret, M., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., Caballero, F. F., Chatterji, S., Tobiasz-Adamczyk, B., … Borges, G. (2020). Cross-national prevalence and factors associated with suicide ideation and attempts in older and young-and-middle age people. Aging & Mental Health, 24(9), 1533–1542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calati, R., Ferrari, C., Brittner, M., Oasi, O., Olié, E., Carvalho, A. F., & Courtet, P. (2019). Suicidal thoughts and behaviors and social isolation: A narrative review of the literature. Journal of Affective Disorders, 245, 653–667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czeisler, M. É., Lane, R. I., Petrosky, E., Wiley, J. F., Christensen, A., Njai, R., … Rajaratnam, S. M. W. (2020). Mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation during the Covid-19 pandemic - United States, June 24-30, 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(32), 1049–1057. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6932a1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CZSO. (2021a, August 06). Databases and registries of the Czech Statistical Office. Retrieved from https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/databaze-registry.
   Google Scholar
• CZSO. (2021b, August 08). Population change - year 2020. Retrieved from https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/ari/population-change-year-2020.
   Google Scholar
• Economou, M., Angelopoulos, E., Peppou, L. E., Souliotis, K., & Stefanis, C. (2016). Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in Greece during the economic crisis: An update. World Psychiatry, 15(1), 83–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbogen, E. B., Lanier, M., Blakey, S. M., Wagner, H. R., & Tsai, J. (2021). Suicidal ideation and thoughts of self‐harm during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The role of COVID‐19‐related stress, social isolation, and financial strain. Depression and Anxiety, 38(7), 739–748. doi:10.1002/da.23162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fancourt, D., Steptoe, A., & Bu, F. (2021). Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: A longitudinal observational study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(2), 141–149. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30482-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Formánek, T., Kagström, A., Cermakova, P., Csémy, L., Mladá, K., & Winkler, P. (2019). Prevalence of mental disorders and associated disability: Results from the cross-sectional CZEch mental health Study (CZEMS). European Psychiatry, 60, 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galea, S., Merchant, R. M., & Lurie, N. (2020). The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing: The need for prevention and early intervention. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(6), 817–818. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iob, E., Steptoe, A., & Fancourt, D. (2020). Abuse, self-harm and suicidal ideation in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 217(4), 543–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knudsen, A. K. S., Stene-Larsen, K., Gustavson, K., Hotopf, M., Kessler, R. C., Krokstad, S., … Reneflot, A. (2021). Prevalence of mental disorders, suicidal ideation and suicides in the general population before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway: A population-based repeated cross-sectional analysis. The Lancet Regional Health. Europe, 4, 100071. doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100071
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leske, S., Kõlves, K., Crompton, D., Arensman, E., & De Leo, D. (2021). Real-time suicide mortality data from police reports in Queensland, Australia, during the COVID-19 pandemic: An interrupted time-series analysis. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 8(1), 58–63. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30435-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miret, M., Caballero, F. F., Huerta-Ramírez, R., Moneta, M. V., Olaya, B., Chatterji, S., … Ayuso-Mateos, J. L. (2014). Factors associated with suicidal ideation and attempts in Spain for different age groups. Prevalence before and after the onset of the economic crisis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 163, 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortier, P., Vilagut, G., Ferrer, M., Alayo, I., Bruffaerts, R., Cristóbal-Narváez, P., … Olaya, B. (2021). Thirty-day suicidal thoughts and behaviours in the Spanish adult general population during the first wave of the Spain COVID-19 pandemic. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 30, E19. doi:10.1017/S2045796021000093.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MZCR. (2021). COVID-19 in Czech Republic: Open datasets and download sets. Retrieved from https://onemocneni-aktualne.mzcr.cz/api/v2/covid-19.
   Google Scholar
• Niederkrotenthaler, T., Laido, Z., Kirchner, S., Braun, M., Metzler, H., Waldhör, T., … Till, B. (2022). Mental health over nine months during the SARS-CoV2 pandemic: Representative cross-sectional survey in twelve waves between April and December 2020 in Austria. Journal of Affective Disorders, 296, 49–58. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NSRF. (2021). National Self-Harm Registry Ireland. National Suicide Research Foundation. https://www.nsrf.ie/contact/about-us/structure-2/.
   Google Scholar
• O'Connor, R. C., Wetherall, K., Cleare, S., McClelland, H., Melson, A. J., Niedzwiedz, C. L., … Scowcroft, E. (2020). Mental health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: Longitudinal analyses of adults in the UK COVID-19 Mental Health & Wellbeing study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 218(6), 326–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadopoulou, A., Efstathiou, V., Yotsidi, V., Pomini, V., Michopoulos, I., Markopoulou, E., … Tournikioti, K. (2021). Suicidal ideation during COVID-19 lockdown in Greece: Prevalence in the community, risk and protective factors. Psychiatry Research, 297, 113713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirkis, J., John, A., Shin, S., DelPozo-Banos, M., Arya, V., Analuisa-Aguilar, P., … Baran, A. (2021). Suicide trends in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic: An interrupted time-series analysis of preliminary data from 21 countries. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 8(7), 579–588. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00091-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakamoto, H., Ishikane, M., Ghaznavi, C., & Ueda, P. (2021). Assessment of suicide in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic vs previous years. JAMA Network Open, 4(2), e2037378–e2037378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santomauro, D. F., Mantilla Herrera, A. M., Shadid, J., Zheng, P., Ashbaugh, C., Pigott, D. M., … Ferrari, A. J. (2021). Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet, 398(10312), 1700–1712. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02143-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schisterman, E. F., Cole, S. R., & Platt, R. W. (2009). Overadjustment bias and unnecessary adjustment in epidemiologic studies. Epidemiology, 20(4), 488–495. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181a819a1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., … Dunbar, G. C. (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(20), 22–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stravynski, A., & Boyer, R. (2001). Loneliness in relation to suicide ideation and parasuicide: A population-wide study. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 31(1), 32–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudak, H., Maxim, K., & Carpenter, M. (2008). Suicide and stigma: A review of the literature and personal reflections. Academic Psychiatry, 32(2), 136–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, T., & Okamoto, S. (2021). Increase in suicide following an initial decline during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. Nature Human Behaviour, 5(2), 229–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN. (2020). Policy brief: COVID-19 and the need for action on mental health. Retrieved from https://unsdg.un.org/resources/policy-brief-covid-19-and-need-action-mental-health.
   Google Scholar
• Vahratian, A., Blumberg, S. J., Terlizzi, E. P., & Schiller, J. S. (2021). Symptoms of anxiety or depressive disorder and use of mental health care among adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, August 2020-February 2021. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(13), 490–494. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7013e2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilhjálmsson, R., Sveinbjarnardottir, E., & Kristjansdottir, G. (1998). Factors associated with suicide ideation in adults. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 33(3), 97–103. doi:10.1007/s001270050028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiliams, T., Davis, J., Figueira, C., & Vizard, T. (2021). Coronavirus and depression in adults, Great Britain: January to March 2021. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/articles/coronavirusanddepressioninadultsgreatbritain/januarytomarch2021.
   Google Scholar
• Winkler, P., Formánek, T., Mladá, K., & Cermakova, P. (2018). The CZEch Mental health Study (CZEMS): Study rationale, design, and methods. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 27(3), e1728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler, P., Formánek, T., Mlada, K., Kagstrom, A., Mohrova, Z., Mohr, P., & Csemy, L. (2020). Increase in prevalence of current mental disorders in the context of COVID-19: Analysis of repeated nationwide cross-sectional surveys. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 29, E173. doi:10.1017/S2045796020000888.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Winkler, P., Mohrova, Z., Mlada, K., Kuklova, M., Kagstrom, A., Mohr, P., & Formanek, T. (2021). Prevalence of current mental disorders before and during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic: An analysis of repeated nationwide cross-sectional surveys. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 139, 167–171. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zortea, T. C., Brenna, C. T., Joyce, M., McClelland, H., Tippett, M., Tran, M. M., … Heise, M. J. (2021). The impact of infectious disease-related public health emergencies on suicide, suicidal behavior, and suicidal thoughts. Crisis, 42(6), 474–487. doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000753
   PubMedGoogle Scholar