REFERENCES

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). American psychiatric association: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fifth Edition. Arlington: APA.
  • Ang, J. E., Revell, V., Mann, A., Mäntele, S., Otway, D. T., Johnston, J. D., … Raynaud, F. (2012). Identification of human plasma metabolites exhibiting time-of-day variation using an untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomic approach. Chronobiology International, 29(7), 868–881. doi:10.3109/07420528.2012.699122
  • Bildik, T., Somer, O., Kabukçu Başay, B., Başay, Ö., & Özbaran, B. (2013). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the inventory of statements about self-injury. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi = Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 24(1), 49–57.
  • Bjärehed, J., & Lundh, L. G. (2008). Deliberate self-harm in 14-year-old adolescents: How frequent is it, and how is it associated with psychopathology, relationship variables, and styles of emotional regulation? Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 37(1), 26–37. doi:10.1080/16506070701778951
  • Blasco-Fontecilla, H., Herranz-Herrer, J., Ponte-Lopez, T., Gil-Benito, E., Donoso-Navarro, E., Hernandez-Alvarez, E., … Sánchez-López, A. J. (2020). Serum β-endorphin levels are associated with addiction to suicidal behavior: A pilot study. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 40, 38–51. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.07.010
  • Brunner, R., Parzer, P., Haffner, J., Steen, R., Roos, J., Klett, M., & Resch, F. (2007). Prevalence and psychological correlates of occasional and repetitive deliberate self-harm in adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 161(7), 641–649. doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.7.641
  • Cassels, M., van Harmelen, A. L., Neufeld, S., Goodyer, I., Jones, P. B., & Wilkinson, P. (2018). Poor family functioning mediates the link between childhood adversity and adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(8), 881–887. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12866
  • Claes, L., Vandereycken, W., & Vertommen, H. (2006). Pain experience related to self-injury in eating disorder patients. Eating Behaviors, 7(3), 204–213. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2005.09.003
  • Coid, J., Allolio, B., & Rees, L. H. (1983). Raised plasma metenkephalin in patients who habitually mutilate themselves. The Lancet, 322(8349), 545–546. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(83)90572-X
  • Dent, R. R., Guilleminault, C., Albert, L. H., Posner, B. I., Cox, B. M., & Goldstein, A. (1981). Diurnal rhythm of plasma immunoreactive beta-endorphin and its relationship to sleep stages and plasma rhythms of cortisol and prolactin. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 52(5), 942–947. doi:10.1210/jcem-52-5-942
  • Derogatis, L. R. (1992). The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI): Administration, scoring, and procedures manual II. Baltimore, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research. Clinical Psychometric Research.
  • Dougherty, D. M., Mathias, C. W., Marsh-Richard, D. M., Prevette, K. N., Dawes, M. A., Hatzis, E. S., … Nouvion, S. O. (2009). Impulsivity and clinical symptoms among adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury with or without attempted suicide. Psychiatry Research, 169(1), 22–27. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.06.011
  • Eyüboğlu, D., Güvenir, T., Kavurma, C., & Varol Taş, F. (2018). Family functioning of adolescents with nonsuicidal self-injury. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 21(4), 370–379. doi:10.5505/kpd.2018.77598
  • Eyüboğlu, M., & Eyüboğlu, D. (2018). Psychiatric disorders, sociodemographic features and risk factors in children driving to committing crime (Turkish). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 21(1), 7–14. doi:10.5505/kpd.2018.02997
  • Fields, H. (2004). State-dependent opioid control of pain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5(7), 565–575. doi:10.1038/nrn1431
  • Figuerola, M. L., Vindrola, O., Barontini, M. B., & Leston, J. A. (1990). Increase in plasma methionine-enkephalin levels during the pain attack in episodic cluster headache. Cephalalgia, 10(5), 251–257. doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1990.1005251.x.
  • Fliege, H., Lee, J. R., Grimm, A., & Klapp, B. F. (2009). Risk factors and correlates of deliberate self-harm behavior: A systematic review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 66(6), 477–493. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.10.013
  • Gil-Ad, I., Dickerman, Z., Amdursky, S., & Laron, Z. (1986). Diurnal rhythm of plasma beta endorphin, cortisol and growth hormone in schizophrenics as compared to control subjects. Psychopharmacology, 88(4), 496–499. doi:10.1007/BF00178514
  • Guo, C., Yeh, S., Niu, Y., Li, G., Zheng, J., Li, L., & Chang, C. (2017). Targeting androgen receptor versus targeting androgens to suppress castration resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Letters, 397, 133–143. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2017.03.022
  • Hargus, E., Hawton, K., & Rodham, K. (2009). Distinguishing between subgroups of adolescents who self-harm. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 39(5), 518–537. doi:10.1521/suli.2009.39.5.518
  • Howlett, T. A., Tomlin, S., Ngahfoong, L., Rees, L. H., Bullen, B. A., Skrinar, G. S., & McArthur, J. W. (1984). Release of beta endorphin and met-enkephalin during exercise in normal women: Response to training. British Medical Journal, 288(6435), 1950–1952. doi:10.1136/bmj.288.6435.1950
  • Jacobson, C. M., & Gould, M. (2007). The epidemiology and phenomenology of non-suicidal self-injurious behavior among adolescents: A critical review of the literature. Archives of Suicide Research, 11(2), 129–147. doi:10.1080/13811110701247602
  • Jacobson, C. M., Muehlenkamp, J. J., Miller, A. L., & Turner, J. B. (2008). Psychiatric impairment among adolescents engaging in different types of deliberate self-harm. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37(2), 363–375. doi:10.1080/15374410801955771
  • Jarvi, S., Jackson, B., Swenson, L., & Crawford, H. (2013). The impact of social contagion on non-suicidal self-injury: A review of the literature. Archives of Suicide Research, 17(1), 1–19. doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.748404
  • Joiner, T. (2005). Why people die by suicide. Why people die by suicide. Cambridge, MA, US: Harvard University Press.
  • Kabukcu Basay, B. (2011). Non-suicidal self injurious behavior among high school students: {Its} functions, emotion regulation and separation individuation ({Unpublished} {Thesis} of {Medical} {Speciality}). Ege University, Izmir, Turkey. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=zqI_ZOq-b18GC2rT9c2JGhDBXt4fi5RHjs0znQgCLAeBGgTHTDeLcMz8aZw-4v8V.
  • Kabukcu Basay, B., Basay, O., Bildik, T., Ozbaran, B., Kandulu Olcay, R., Ozturk, O., … Aydin, C. (2016). The nature, functions and related risk factors of non-suicidal self-injury among Turkish high school students. Noro Psikiyatri Arsivi, 2016, 553. doi:10.5152/npa.2016.12553
  • Klonsky, E. D. (2007). The functions of deliberate self-injury: A review of the evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(2), 226–239. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002
  • Klonsky, E. D., & Glenn, C. R. (2009). Assessing the functions of non-suicidal self-injury: Psychometric properties of the Inventory of Statements about Self-injury (ISAS). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31(3), 215–219. doi:10.1007/s10862-008-9107-z
  • Küçük, A., & Çetinkaya, S. (2019). Relationship between non suicidal self-injury and suicide: The role of diagnosis, borderline personality disorder and temperament and character profile. Cukurova Medical Journal, 44(2), 360–368.
  • Laye-Gindhu, A., & Schonert-Reichl, K. A. (2005). Nonsuicidal self-harm among community adolescents: Understanding the “whats” and “whys” of self-harm. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(5), 447–457. doi:10.1007/s10964-005-7262-z
  • McMahon, E. M., Reulbach, U., Keeley, H., Perry, I. J., & Arensman, E. (2010). Bullying victimisation, self harm and associated factors in Irish adolescent boys. Social Science & Medicine, 71(7), 1300–1307. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.06.034
  • Mosnaim, A. D., Puente, J., Wolf, M. E., Callaghan, O. H., Busch, R., & Diamond, S. (1988). Studies of the in vitro human plasma degradation of methionine-enkephalin. General Pharmacology, 19(5), 1. doi:10.1016/0306-3623(88)90137-1
  • Nock, M. K., Joiner, T. E., Gordon, K. H., Lloyd-Richardson, E., & Prinstein, M. J. (2006). Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: Diagnostic correlates and relation to suicide attempts. Psychiatry Research, 144(1), 65–72. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.05.010
  • Nummenmaa, L., & Tuominen, L. (2018). Opioid system and human emotions. British Journal of Pharmacology, 175(14), 2737–2749. doi:10.1111/bph.13812
  • Ozalp, A., Barroso, B., Meijer, J., & van den Beld, C. (2018). Determination of methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin by LC-MS in human plasma: Study of pre-analytical stability. Analytical Biochemistry, 559, 24–29. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2018.07.001
  • Reyes, B. A. S., Glaser, J. D., Magtoto, R., & Van Bockstaele, E. J. (2006). Pro-opiomelanocortin colocalizes with corticotropin- releasing factor in axon terminals of the noradrenergic nucleus locus coeruleus. European Journal of Neuroscience, 23(8), 2067–2077. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04744.x
  • Rossow, I., Ystgaard, M., Hawton, K., Madge, N., van Heeringen, K., de Wilde, E. J., … Morey, C. (2007). Cross-national comparisons of the association between alcohol consumption and deliberate self-harm in adolescents. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 37(6), 605–615. doi:10.1521/suli.2007.37.6.605
  • Rubenstein, J. L., Halton, A., Kasten, L., Rubin, C., & Stechler, G. (1998). Suicidal behavior in adolescents: Stress and protection in different family contexts. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68(2), 274–284. doi:10.1037/h0080336
  • Sahin, N. H., & Durak, A. (1994). Kisa semptom envanteri: Türk gençleri için uyarlanmasi (Brief Symptom Inventory: Adaptation for the Turkish youth). Turk Psikoloji Dergisi, 9(31), 44–56.
  • Sandman, C. A., & Hetrick, W. P. (1995). Opiate mechanisms in self‐injury. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 1(2), 130–136. doi:10.1002/mrdd.1410010209
  • Savaşır, I., & Şahin, N. H. (1997). Assessment of cognitive behavioral therapy: Frequently used scales. Ankara: Turkish Psychological Association Pres.
  • Schroeder, S. R., Oster‐Granite, M. L., Berkson, G., Bodfish, J. W., Breese, G. R., Cataldo, M. F., … Wong, D. F. (2001). Self-injurious behavior: Gene-brain-behavior relationships. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 7(1), 3–12. # doi:10.1002/1098-2779(200102)7:1<3::AID-MRDD1002>3.0.CO;2-
  • Sher, L., & Stanley, B. H. (2008). The role of endogenous opioids in the pathophysiology of self-injurious and suicidal behavior. Archives of Suicide Research, 12(4), 299–308. doi:10.1080/13811110802324748
  • Somer, O., Bildik, T., Kabukçu-Başay, B., Güngör, D., Başay, Ö., & Farmer, R. F. (2015). Prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury and distinct groups of self-injurers in a community sample of adolescents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(7), 1163–1171. doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1060-z
  • Stanley, B., Sher, L., Wilson, S., Ekman, R., Huang, Y., Yu. , & Mann, J. J. (2010). Non-suicidal self-injurious behavior, endogenous opioids and monoamine neurotransmitters. Journal of Affective Disorders, 124(1–2), 134–140. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.10.028
  • Stanley, B., & Siever, L. J. (2010). The interpersonal dimension of borderline personality disorder: Toward a neuropeptide model. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(1), 24–39. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09050744
  • Swannell, S. V., Martin, G. E., Page, A., Hasking, P., & St John, N. J. (2014). Prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury in nonclinical samples: Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44(3), 273–303. doi:10.1111/sltb.12070
  • Tiefenbacher, S., Davenport, M. D., Novak, M. A., Pouliot, A. L., & Meyer, J. S. (2003). Fenfluramine challenge, self-injurious behavior, and aggression in rhesus monkeys. Physiology & Behavior, 80(2–3), 327–331. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2003.08.001
  • Toprak, S., Cetin, I., Guven, T., Can, G., & Demircan, C. (2011). Self-harm, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among college students. Psychiatry Research, 187(1–2), 140–144. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.09.009
  • Urban, M. O., & Gebhart, G. F. (1999). Central mechanisms in pain. The Medical Clinics of North America, 83(3), 585–596. doi:10.1016/S0025-7125(05)70125-5
  • van der Venne, P., Balint, A., Drews, E., Parzer, P., Resch, F., Koenig, J., & Kaess, M. (2021). Pain sensitivity and plasma beta-endorphin in adolescent non-suicidal self-injury. Journal of Affective Disorders, 278, 199–208. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.036
  • Vescovi, P. P., Coiro, V., Volpi, R., Giannini, A., & Passeri, M. (1992). Rapid communication: Plasma β-endorphin, but not met-enkephalin levels are abnormal in chronic alcoholics. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 27(5), 471–475.
  • Whitlock, J., Muehlenkamp, J., Eckenrode, J., Purington, A., Baral Abrams, G., Barreira, P., & Kress, V. (2013). Nonsuicidal self-injury as a gateway to suicide in young adults. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(4), 486–492. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.010
  • Zoroglu, S. S., Tuzun, U., Sar, V., Tutkun, H., Savacs, H. A., Ozturk, M., … Kora, M. E. (2003). Suicide attempt and self-mutilation among Turkish high school students in relation with abuse, neglect and dissociation. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 57(1), 119–126. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2003.01088.x
  • Zubieta, J. K., Dannals, R. F., & Frost, J. J. (1999). Gender and age influences on human brain mu-opioid receptor binding measured by PET. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(6), 842–848. doi:10.1176/ajp.156.6.842

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.