Reaction Time Inconsistency in a Spatial Stroop Task: Age-Related Differences Through Childhood and Adulthood

REFERENCES

• Anstey , K. J. 1999 . Sensorimotor variables and forced expiratory volume as correlates of speed, accuracy, and variability in reaction time performance in late adulthood . Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition , 6 : 84 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialystok , E. , Craik , F. I. M. , Klein , R. and Viswanathan , M. 2004 . Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: Evidence from the Simon task . Psychology and Aging , 19 : 290 – 303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiske , D. W. and Rice , L. 1955 . Intra-individual response variability . Psychological Bulletin , 52 : 217 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fozard , J. L. , Vercruyssen , M. , Reynolds , S. L. , Hancock , P. A. and Quilter , R. E. 1994 . Age differences and changes in reaction time: The Baltimore longitudinal study of aging . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 49 : P179 – P189 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerardi-Caulton , G. 2000 . Sensitivity to spatial conflict and the development of self-regulation in children 24–36 months of age . Developmental Science , 3 : 397 – 404 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultsch , D. F. and MacDonald , S. W. S. 2004 . “ Intraindividual variability in performance as a theoretical window onto cognitive aging ” . In New frontiers in cognitive aging , Edited by: Dixon , R. A. , Bäckman , L. and Nilsson , L-G. 65 – 88 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hultsch , D. F. , MacDonald , S. W. S. and Dixon , R. A. 2002 . Variability in reaction time performance of younger and older adults . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 57b : 101 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Hultsch , D. F. , MacDonald , S. W. S. , Hunter , M. A. , Levy-Bencheton , J. and Strauss , E. 2000 . Intraindividual variability in cognitive performance in older adults: Comparison of adults with mild dementia, adults with arthritis, and healthy adults . Neuropsychology , 14 : 588 – 598 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivnik , R. J. , Malec , J. F. and Smith , G. E. 1996 . Neuropsychological tests’ norms above age 55: COWAT, BNT, MAE Token, WRAT-R Reading, AMNART, STROOP, TMT, and JLO . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 10 : 262 – 278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , S.-C. and Lindenberger , U. 1999 . “ Cross-level unification: A computational exploration of the link between deterioration of neurotransmitter systems and dedifferentiation of cognitive abilities in old age ” . In Cognitive neuroscience of memory , Edited by: Nilsson , L.-G. and Markowitsch , H.J. 103 – 146 . Toronto : Hogrefe & Huber .
   Google Scholar
• Lu , C. and Proctor , R. W. 1995 . The influence of irrelevant location information on performance: A review of the Simon and spatial Stroop effects . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 2 : 174 – 207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod , C. M. 1991 . Half a century of research on the stroop effect: An integrative review . Psychological Bulletin , 109 : 163 – 203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesselroade , J. R. 1991a . “ The warp and the woof of the developmental fabric ” . In Visions of aesthetics, the environment, and development: The legacy of Joachim F. Wohlwill , Edited by: Downs , R. , Liben , L. and Palermo , D. S. 213 – 240 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Nesselroade , J. R. 1991b . “ Interindividual differences in intraindividual change ” . In Best methods for the analysis of change , Edited by: Collins , L. M. and Horn , J. L. 92 – 105 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Nigg , J. T. 2000 . On inhibition/disinhibition in developmental psychology: Views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working taxonomy . Psychological Bulletin , 126 : 220 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rueda , M. R. , Fan , J. , McCandliss , B. D. , Halparin , J. D. , Gruber , D. B. , Pappert Lercari , L. and Posner , M. I. 2004 . Development of attentional networks in childhood . Neuropsychologia , 42 : 1029 – 1040 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. 1993 . Attentional blocks are not responsible for age-related slowing . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 48 : 263 – 270 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. , Toth , J. P. , Hancock , H. E. and Woodward , J. L. 1997 . Controlled and automatic forms of memory and attention: Process purity and the uniqueness of age-related influences . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 52B : 216 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Shammi , P. , Bosman , E. and Stuss , D. T. 1998 . Aging and variability in performance . Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition , 5 : 1 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss , E. , Macdonald , S. W. S. , Hunter , M. , Moll , A. and Hultsch , D. F. 2002 . Intraindividual variability in cognitive performance in three groups of older adults: Cross-domain links to physical status and self-perceived affect and beliefs . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 8 : 893 – 906 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Lubbe , R. H. J. and Verleger , R. 2002 . Aging and the Simon task . Psychophysiology , 39 : 100 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhaeghen , P. and De Meersman , L. 1998 . Aging and the Stroop effect: A meta-analysis . Psychology and Aging , 13 : 120 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West , R. 2001 . The transient nature of executive control processes in younger and older adults . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 13 : 91 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West , R. , Murphy , K. J. , Armilio , M. L. , Craik , F. I. M. and Stuss , D. 2002 . Lapses of intention and performance variability reveal age-related increases in fluctuations of executive control . Brain and Cognition , 49 : 402 – 419 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , B. R. , Hultsch , D. F. , Strauss , E. H. , Hunter , M. A. and Tannock , R. 2005 . Inconsistency in reaction time across the lifespan . Neuropsychology , 19 : 88 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar