1,409
Views
51
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
SPECIAL SECTION ON NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES Guest Editor: Douglas L. Chute

Deep Brain Stimulation and the Role of the Neuropsychologist

, , , , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 162-189 | Accepted 18 Sep 2006, Published online: 16 Feb 2007

REFERENCES

  • Albanese , A. , Barnes , M. P. , Bhatia , K. P. , Fernandez-Alvarez , E. , Filippini , G. , et al. . ( 2006 ). A systematic review of the diagnosis and treatment of primary (idiopathic) dystonia and dystonia plus syndrome: Report of an EFNS/MDS-ES Task Force . European Journal of Neurology , 13 ( 5 ), 433 – 444 .
  • Alegret , M. , Junque , C. , Valldeoriola , F. , Vendrell , P. , Pilleri , M. , et al. . ( 2001 ). Effects of bilateral subthalamic stimulation on cognitive function in Parkinson disease . Archives of Neurology , 58 ( 8 ), 1223 – 1227 .
  • Alexander , G. E. , Crutcher , M. D. , & DeLong , M. R. ( 1990 ). Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: Parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, “prefrontal” and “limbic” functions . Progress in Brain Research , 85 , 119 – 146 .
  • Alexander , G. E. , DeLong , M. R. , & Strick , P. L. ( 1986 ). Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex . Annual Review of Neuroscience , 9 , 357 – 381 .
  • Anderson , V. C. , Burchiel , K. J. , Hogarth , P. , Favre , J. , & Hammerstad , J. P. ( 2005 ). Pallidal vs subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease . Archives of Neurology , 62 ( 4 ), 554 – 560 .
  • Ardouin , C. , Pillon , B. , Peiffer , E. , Bejjani , P. , Limousin , P. , et al. . ( 1999 ). Bilateral subthalamic or pallidal stimulation for Parkinson's disease affects neither memory nor executive functions: A consecutive series of 62 patients . Annals of Neurology , 46 ( 2 ), 217 – 223 .
  • Bejjani , B. P. , Dormont , D. , Pidoux , B. , Yelnik , J. , Damier , P. , et al. . ( 2000 ). Bilateral subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson's disease by using three-dimensional stereotactic magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological guidance . Journal of Neurosurgery , 92 ( 4 ), 615 – 625 .
  • Benabid , A. L. , Koudsie , A. , Benazzouz , A. , Vercueil , L. , Fraix , V. , et al. . ( 2001 ). Deep brain stimulation of the corpus luysi (subthalamic nucleus) and other targets in Parkinson's disease. Extension to new indications such as dystonia and epilepsy . Journal of Neurology , 248 ( Suppl 3 ), III37 – 47 .
  • Benabid , A. L. , Pollak , P. , Gross , C. , Hoffmann , D. , Benazzouz , A. , et al.. (1994). Acute and long term effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Stereotactic Functional Neurosurgery , 62(1–4), 76–84.
  • Benito-Leon , J. , Louis , E. D. , & Bermejo-Pareja , F. ( 2006 ). Neurological Disorders in Central Spain Study Group. Population-based case-control study of cognitive functioning in essential tremor . Neurology , 66 ( 1 ), 69 – 74 .
  • Berney , A. , Vingerhoets , F. , Perrin , A. , Guex , P. , Villemure , J.-G. , et al. . ( 2002 ). Effect on mood of subthalamic DBS for Parkinson's disease A consecutive series of 24 patients . Neurology , 59 , 1427 – 1429 .
  • Brooks , B. L. , Weaver , L. E. , & Scialfa , C. T. ( 2006 ). Does impaired executive functioning differentially impact memory measures in older adults with suspected dementia? The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 20 ( 2 ), 230 – 242 .
  • Burchiel , K. J. , Anderson , V. C. , Favre , J. , & Hammerstad , J. P. ( 1999 ). Comparison of pallidal and subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for advanced Parkinson's disease: Results of a randomized blinded pilot study . Neurosurgery , 45 ( 6 ), 1375 – 1382 .
  • Charles , P. D. , Padaliya , B. B. , Newman , W. J. , Gill , C. E. , Covington , C. D. , et al. . ( 2004 ). Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus reduces antiparkinsonian medication costs . Parkinsonism and Related Disorders , 10 ( 8 ), 495 – 479 .
  • Contarino , M. F. , Daniele , A. , Sibilia , A. H. , Romito , L. M. A. , Bentivoglio , A. R. , et al. . (in press) . Cognitive outcome five years after bilateral chronic stimulation of subthalamic nucleus in patients with Parkinson's disease . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry . First published Online May 11, 2006, Retrieved from http://jnnp.bmjjournals.com/onlinefirst.dtl .
  • Cosyns , P. , Gabriels , L. , & Nuttin , B. ( 2003 ). Deep brain stimulation in treatment refractory obsessive compulsive disorder . Verhandelingen – Koninklijke Acadamie voor Geneeskunde van België , 65 ( 6 ), 385 – 399 ; discussion 399–400 .
  • Counelis , G. J. , Simuni , T. , Forman , M. S. , Jaggi , J. L. , Trojanowski , J. Q. , & Baltuch , G. H. ( 2003 ). Bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for advanced PD: Correlation of intraoperative MER and postoperative MRI with neuropathological findings . Movement Disorders , 18 ( 9 ), 1062 – 1065 .
  • Czernecki , V. , Pillon , B. , Houeto , J. L. , Welter , M. L. , Mesnage , V. , et al. . ( 2005 ). Does bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus induce apathy in Parkinson's disease? Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 76 ( 6 ), 775 – 779 .
  • DeLong , M. R. , Alexander , G. E. , Mitchell , S. J. , & Richardson , R. T. ( 1986 ). The contribution of basal ganglia to limb control . Progress in Brain Research , 64 , 161 – 174 .
  • Doshi , P. K. , Chhaya , N. A. , & Bhatt , M. H. ( 2002 ). Depression leading to attempted suicide following bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation for Parkinson's disease . Movement Disorders , 17 , 1084 – 1085 .
  • Drapier , D. , Drapier , S. , Sauleau , P. , Haegelen , C. , Raoul , S. , et al. . ( 2006 ). Does subthalamic nucleus stimulation induce apathy in Parkinson disease? Journal of Neurology , 253 , 1083 – 1091 .
  • Dujardin , K. , Defebvre , L. , Krystkowiak , P. , Blond , S. , & Destee , A. ( 2001 ). Influence of chronic bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on cognitive function in Parkinson's disease . Journal of Neurology , 248 ( 7 ), 603 – 611 .
  • Dujardin , K. , Krystkowiak , P. , Defebvre , L. , Blond , S. , & Destee , A. ( 2000 ). A case of severe dysexecutive syndrome consecutive to chronic bilateral pallidal stimulation . Neuropsychologia , 38 ( 9 ), 1305 – 1315 .
  • Eidelberg , D. ( 2003 ). Brain networks and clinical penetrance: Lessons from hyperkinetic movement disorders . Current Opinions in Neurology , 16 ( 4 ), 471 – 474 .
  • Fields , J. A. , & Troster , A. I. (2000). Cognitive outcomes after deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: A review of initial studies and recommendations for future research. Brain and Cognition , 42(2), 268–293.
  • Fields , J. A. , Troster , A. I. , Wilkinson , S. B. , Pahwa , R. , & Koller , W. C. ( 1999 ). Cognitive outcome following staged bilateral pallidal stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease . Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery , 101 ( 3 ), 182 – 188 .
  • Foote , K. D. , & Okun , M. S. ( 2005 ). Ventralis intermedius plus ventralis oralis anterior and posterior deep brain stimulation for posttraumatic Holmes tremor: Two leads may be better than one: Technical note . Neurosurgery , 56 ( 2 Suppl ), E445 .
  • Foote , K. D. , Seignourel , P. , Fernandez , H. H. , Romrell , J. , Whidden , E. , et al. . ( 2006 ). Dual electrode thalamic deep brain stimulation for the treatment of posttraumatic and multiple sclerosis tremor . Neurosurgery , 58 ( 4 Suppl 2 ), 280 – 285 .
  • Fraix , V. , Houeto , J. L. , Lagrance , C. , Le Pen , C. , Krystkowiak , P. , et al. . [SPARK Study group] . ( 2006 ). Clinical and economic results of bilateral sunthalamic nuclues stimulation in Parkinson's disease . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 77 ( 4 ), 443 – 449 .
  • Funkiewiez , A. , Ardouin , C. , Krack , P. , Fraix , V. , Van Blercom , N. , et al. . ( 2004 ). Acute psychotropic effects of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation and levodopa in Parkinson's disease . Movement Disorders , 18 ( 5 ), 524 – 530 .
  • Gasparini , M. , Bonifati , V. , Fabrizio , E. , Fabbrini , G. , Brusa , L. , et al. . ( 2001 ). Frontal lobe dysfunction in essential tremor: A preliminary study . Journal of Neurology , 248 , 399 – 402 .
  • Ghika , J. , Ghika-Schmid , F. , Fankhauser , H. , Assal , G. , Vingerhoets , F. , et al. . ( 1999 ) Bilateral contemporaneous posteroventral pallidotomy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Neuropsychological and neurological side effects. Report of four cases and review of the literature Journal of Neurosurgery , 91 ( 2 ), 313 – 321 .
  • Ghilardi , M. F. , Carbon , M. , Silvestri , G. , Dhawan , V. , Tagliati , M. , et al. . ( 2003 ). Impaired sequence learning in carriers of the DYT1 dystonia mutation . Annals of Neurology , 54 ( 1 ), 102 – 109 .
  • Gironell , A. , Kulisevsky , J. , Rami , L. , Fortuny , N. , García-Sánchez , C. , & Pascual-Sedano , B. ( 2003 ). Effects of pallidotomy and bilateral subthalamic stimulation on cognitive function in Parkinson disease. A controlled comparative study . Journal of Neurology , 250 , 917 – 923 .
  • Grafton , S. T. , Turner , R. S. , Desmurget , M. , Bakay , R. , Delong , M. , et al. . ( 2006 ). Normalizing motor-related brain activity: Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson disease . Neurology , 66 ( 8 ), 1192 – 1199 .
  • Greenberg , B. , & Rezai , A. R. ( 2003 ). Mechanisms and current state of deep brain stimulation in neuropsychiatry . CNS Spectrum , 8 ( 7 ), 522 – 526 .
  • Higuchi , Y. & Iacono , R. P. ( 2003 ). Surgical complications in patients with Parkinson's disease after posteroventral pallidotomy . Neurosurgery , 52 ( 3 ), 558 – 571 ; discussion 568–571 .
  • Houeto , J. L. , Damier , P. , Bejjani , P. B. , Staedler , C. , Bonnet , A. M. , et al. . ( 2000 ). Subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson disease: A multidisciplinary approach . Archives of Neurology , 57 ( 4 ), 461 – 465 .
  • Hristova , A. , Lyons , K. , Troster , A. , Pahwa , R. , Wilkinson , S. , & Koller , W. ( 2000 ). Effect and time course of deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus and subthalamus on motor features of Parkinson disease . Clinical Neuropharmacology , 23 ( 4 ), 208 – 211 .
  • Kirsch-Darrow , L. , Fernandez , H. , Marsiske , M. , Okun , M. S. , & Bowers , D. ( 2006 ). Dissociating apathy and depression in Parkinson's disease . Neurology , 67 , 33 – 38 .
  • Kleiner-Fisman , G. , Fisman , D. N. , Zamir , O. , Dostrovsky , J. O. , Sime , E. , et al. . ( 2004 ). Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease after successful pallidotomy: Clinical and electrophysiological observations . Movement Disorders , 19 ( 10 ), 1209 – 1214 .
  • Koller , W. C. , Lyons , K. E. , Wilkinson , S. B. , & Pahwa , R. (1999). Efficacy of unilateral deep brain stimulation of the VIM nucleus of the thalamus for essential head tremor. Movement Disorders , 14(5), 847–850.
  • Koller , W. C. , Pahwa , P. R. , Lyons , K. E. , & Wilkinson , S. B. ( 2000 ). Deep brain stimulation of the Vim nucleus of the thalamus in essential tremor . Neurology , 55 ( 12 Suppl 6 ), S29 – 33 .
  • Krack , P. , Batir , A. , Van Blercom , N. , Chabardes , S. , Fraix , V. , et al. . ( 2003 ). Five year follow-up of bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson's disease . New England Journal of Medicine , 349 ( 20 ), 1925 – 1934 .
  • Krack , P. , Kumar , R. , Ardouin , C. , Dowsey , P. L. , McVicker , J. M. , et al. . ( 2001 ). Mirthful laughter induced by subthalamic nucleus stimulation . Movement Disorders , 16 ( 5 ), 867 – 875 .
  • Krack , P. , & Vercueil , L. ( 2001 ). Review of the functional surgical treatment of dystonia . European Journal of Neurology , 8 ( 5 ), 389 – 399 .
  • Kumar , R. , Krack , P. , & Pollak , P. ( 1999 ). Transient acute depression induced by high-frequency deep brain stimulation . New England Journal of Medicine , 341 , 1003 – 1004 .
  • Kumar , R. , Lozanzo , A. , Kim , Y. J. , Hutchison , W. D. , Sime , E. , et al. . ( 1998 ). Double-blind evaluation of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in advanced Parkinson's disease . Neurology , 51 ( 3 ), 850 – 855 .
  • Levin , B. E. , & Katzen , H. L. ( 2005 ). Early cognitive changes and nondementing behavioral abnormalities in Parkinson's disease . Advances in Neurology , 98 , 84 – 94 .
  • Limousin , P. , Krack , P. , Pollak , P. , Benazzouz , A. , Ardouin , C. , et al. . ( 1998 ). Electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson's disease . New England Journal of Medicine , 339 ( 16 ), 1105 – 1111 .
  • Lombardi , W. J. , Woolston , D. J. , Roberts , J. W. , & Gross , R. E. ( 2001 ). Cognitive deficits in patients with essential tremor . Neurology , 57 ( 5 ), 785 – 790 .
  • Louis , E. D. ( 2005 ). Essential Tremor . Lancet Neurology , 4 ( 2 ), 100 – 110 .
  • Lozano , A. M. ( 2001 ). Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease . Parkinsonism and Related Disorders , 7 ( 3 ), 199 – 203 .
  • Lozano , A. M. , Dostrovsky , J. , Chen , R. , & Ashby , P. ( 2002 ). Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: Disrupting the disruption . Lancet Neurology , 1 ( 4 ), 225 – 231 .
  • Lucas , J. A. , Rippeth , J. D. , Uitti , R. J. , Shuster , E. A. , & Wharen , R. E. ( 2000 ). Neuropsychological functioning in a patient with essential tremor with and without bilateral VIM stimulation . Brain and Cognition , 42 ( 2 ), 253 – 267 .
  • Marin , R. S. ( 1991 ). Apathy: A neuropsychiatric syndrome . Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience , 3 ( 3 ), 243 – 254 .
  • McIntyre , C. C. , Grill , W. M. , Sherman , D. L. , & Thakor , N. V. ( 2004 ). Cellular effects of deep brain stimulation: Model-based analysis of activation and inhibition . Journal of Neurophysiology , 91 ( 4 ), 1457 – 1469 .
  • Meissner , W. , Schreiter , D. , Volkmann , J. , Trottenberg , T. , Schneider , G. , et al. . ( 2005 ). Deep brain stimulation in late stage Parkinson's disease: A retrospective cost analysis in Germany . Journal of Neurology , 252 ( 2 ), 218 – 223 .
  • Moro , E. , Scerrati , M. , Romito , L. M. , Roselli , R. , Tonali , P. , & Albanese , A. ( 1999 ). Chronic subthalamic nucleus stimulation reduces medication requirements in Parkinson's disease . Neurology , 53 ( 1 ), 85 – 90 .
  • Morrison , C. E. , Borod , J. C. , Brin , M. F. , Raskin , S. A. , Germano , I. M. , et al. . ( 2000 ). A program for neuropsychological investigation of deep brain stimulation in a movement disorder patients: Development, feasibility, and preliminary data . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology , 13 ( 3 ), 204 – 219 .
  • Morrison , C. E. , Borod , J. C. , Perrine , K. , Peric , A. , Brin , M. F. , et al.. (2004). Neuropsychological functioning following bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Archives of Clinical Psychology , 19(2), 165–181.
  • Nuttin , B. , Cosyns , P. , Demeulemeester , H. , Gybels , J. , & Meyerson , B. ( 1999 ). Electrical stimulation in anterior limbs of internal capsules in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder . Lancet , 354 ( 9189 ), 1526 .
  • Okun , M. S. , Fernandez , H. H. , Pedraza , O. , Misra , M. , Lyons , K. E. , et al. . ( 2004 ). Development and initial validation of a screening tool for Parkinson disease surgical candidates . Neurology , 63 ( 1 ), 161 – 163 .
  • Okun , M. S. , Green , J. , Saben , R. , Gross , R. , Foote , K. D. , & Vitek , J. L. ( 2003 ). Mood changes with deep brain stimulation of STN and GPi: Results of a pilot study . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 74 ( 11 ), 1584 – 1586 .
  • Okun , M. S. , & Vitek , J. L. ( 2004 ). Lesion therapy for Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders: Update and controversies . Movement Disorders , 19 ( 4 ), 375 – 389 .
  • Ondo , W. G. , Silay , Y. , Almaguer , M. , & Jankovic , J. ( 2006 ). Subthalamic deep brain stimulation in patients with a previous pallidotomy . Movement Disorders , 21 , 1252 – 1254 .
  • Pahwa , R. , Wilkinson , S. B. , Overman , J. , & Lyons , K. E. ( 2005 ). Preoperative clinical predictors of response to blateral subthalamic stimulation in patients with Parkinson disease . Stereotactic Functional Neurosurgery , 83 ( 2–3 ), 80 – 83 .
  • Parkin , S. G. , Gregory , R. P. , Scott , R. , Bain , P. , Silburn , P. , et al. . ( 2002 ). Unilateral and bilateral pallidotomy for idiopathic Parkinson's disease: A case series of 115 patients . Movement Disorders , 17 ( 4 ), 682 – 692 .
  • Perozzo , P. , Rizonne , M. , Bergamasco , B. , Castelli , L. , Lanotte , M. , et al. . ( 2001 ). Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease: Comparison of pre- and postoperative neuropsychological evaluation . Journal of Neurological Sciences , 192 ( 1–2 ), 9 – 15 .
  • Pillon , B. ( 2002 ). Neuropsychological assessment for management of patients with deep brain stimulation . Movement Disorders , 17 ( Suppl 3 ), S116 – 122 .
  • Pillon , B. , Ardouin , C. , Damier , P. , Krack , P. , Houeto , J. L. , et al. . ( 2000 ). Neuropsychological changes between “off” and “on” STN or GPi stimulation in Parkinson's disease . Neurology , 55 ( 3 ), 411 – 418 .
  • Rodriguez , R. L. , Miller , K. , Bowers , D. , Crucian , G. , Witt , D. , et al. . ( 2005 ). Mood and cognitive changes with deep brain stimulation. What we know and where we should go . Minerva Medica , 96 ( 3 ), 125 – 144 .
  • Romito , L. M. , Raja , M. , Daniele , A. , Contarino , M. F. , Bentivoglio , A. R. , et al. . ( 2002 ). Transient mania with hypersexuality after surgery for high frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease . Movement Disorders , 17 , 1371 – 1374 .
  • Saint-Cyr , J. A. , & Trepanier , L. L. ( 2000 ). Neuropsychologic assessment of patients for movement disorder surgery . Movement Disorders , 15 ( 5 ), 771 – 783 .
  • Saint-Cyr , J. A. , Trepanier , L. L. , Kumar , R. , Lozano , A. M. , & Lang , A. E. ( 2000 ). Neuropsychological consequences of chronic bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease . Brain , 123 ( Pt 10 ), 2091 – 2108 .
  • Sawrie , S. M. , Chelune , G. J. , Naugle , R. I. , & Luders , H. O. ( 1996 ). Empirical methods for assessing meaningful neuropsychological change following epilepsy surgery . Journal of International Neuropsychological Society , 2 ( 6 ), 556 – 564 .
  • Schupbach , W. M. , Chastan , N. , Welter , M. L. , Houeto , J. L. , Mesnage , V. , et al. . ( 2005 ). Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease: A 5 year follow up . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 76 , 1640 – 1644 .
  • Scott , R. B. , Gregory , R. , Wilson , J. , Banks , S. , Turner , A. , et al. . ( 2003 ). Executive cognitive deficits in primary dystonia . Movement Disorders , 18 ( 5 ), 539 – 550 .
  • Spottke , E. A. , Volkmann , J. , Lorenz , D. , Krack , P. , Smala , A. M. , et al.. (2002). Evaluation of healthcare utilization and health care status of patients with Parkinson's disease treated with deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus. Journal of Neurology , 249(6), 759–766.
  • Temel , Y. , Kessels , A. , Tan , S. , Topdag , A. , Boon , P. , & Visser-Vanderwalle , V. ( 2006 ). Behavioural changes after bilateral subthalamic stimulation in advanced Parkinson disease: A systematic review . Parkinsonism and Related Disorders , 12 ( 5 ), 265 – 272 .
  • Temel , Y. , & Visser-Vandewalle , V. ( 2004 ). Surgery in Tourette syndrome . Movement Disorders , 19 ( 1 ), 3 – 14 .
  • Tempkin , N. , Heaton , R. , Grant , I. , & Dikman , S. ( 1999 ). Detecting significant change in neuropsychological performance: A comparison of four models . Journal of International Neuropsychology Society , 5 , 357 – 369 .
  • Thobois , S. , Mertens , P. , Guenot , M. , Hermier , M. , Mollion , H. , et al. . ( 2002 ). Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson's disease: Clinical evaluation of 18 patients . Journal of Neurology , 249 ( 5 ), 529 – 534 .
  • Tomaszewski , K. J. , & Holloway , R. G. ( 2001 ). Deep brain stimulation in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: A cost effectiveness analysis . Neurology , 57 ( 4 ), 663 – 671 .
  • Tremont , G. , Halpert , S. , Javorsky , D. , & Stern , R. ( 2000 ). Differential impact of executive dysfunction on verbal list learning and story recall . Clinical Neuropsychologist , 14 ( 3 ), 295 – 302 .
  • Trepanier , L. L. , Kumar , R. , Lozano , A. M. , Lang , A. E. , & Saint-Cyr , J. A. ( 2000 ). Neuropsychological outcome of GPi pallidotomy and GPi or STN deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease . Brain and Cognition , 42 ( 3 ), 324 – 347 .
  • Troster , A. I. , Fields , J. A. , Pahwa , R. , Wilkinson , S. B. , Strait-Troster , K. A. , et al. . ( 1999 ). Neuropsychological and quality of life outcome after thalamic stimulation for essential tremor . Neurology , 53 ( 8 ), 1774 – 1780 .
  • Troster , A. I. , Fields , J. A. , Wilkinson , S. , Pahwa , R. , Koller , W. C. , & Lyons , K. E. ( 2003 ). Effect of motor improvement on quality of life following subthalamic stimulation is mediated by changes in depressive symptomatology . Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery , 80 ( 1–4 ), 43 – 47 .
  • Troster , A. I. , Fields , J. A. , Wilkinson , S. B. , Pahwa , R. , Miyawaki , E. , Lyons , K. E. , & Koller , W. ( 1997 ). Unilateral pallidal stimulation for Parkinson's disease: Neurobehavioral functioning before and 3 months after electrode implantation . Neurology , 49 ( 4 ), 1078 – 1083 .
  • Troster , A. I. , Woods , S. P. , Fields , J. A. , Lyons , K. E. , Pahwa , R. , et al. . ( 2002 ). Neuropsychological deficits in essential tremor: An expression of cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathophysiology? European Journal of Neurology , 9 ( 2 ), 143 – 151 .
  • Vingerhoets , G. , van der Linden , C. , Lannoo , E. , Vandewalle , V. , Caemaert , J. , et al. . ( 1999 ). Cognitive outcome after unilateral pallidal stimulation in Parkinson's disease . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 66 ( 3 ), 297 – 304 .
  • Vitek , J. L. ( 2002a ). Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation: Excitation or inhibition . Movement Disorders , 17 ( Suppl 3 ), S69 – 72 .
  • Vitek , J. L. , Bakay , R. A. , & DeLong , M. R. ( 1997 ). Microelectrode-guided pallidotomy for medically intractable Parkinson's disease . Advances in Neurology , 74 , 183 – 198 .
  • Vitek , J. L. , Bakay , R. A. , Hashimoto , T. , Kaneoke , Y. , Mewes , K. , et al. . ( 1998 ). Microelectrode-guided pallidotomy: Technical approach and its application in medically intractable Parkinson's disease . Journal of Neurosurgery , 88 ( 6 ), 1027 – 1043 .
  • Volkmann , J. , Allert , N. , Voges , J. , Weiss , P. H. , Freund , H. J. , & Sturm , V. ( 2001 ). Safety and efficacy of pallidal or subthalamic nucleus stimulation in advanced PD . Neurology , 56 ( 4 ), 548 – 551 .
  • Walter , B. L. , & Vitek , J. L. (2004). Surgical treatment for Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurology , 3(12), 719–728.
  • Woods , S. P. , Fields , J. A. , Lyons , K. E. , Pahwa , R. , & Troster , A. I. ( 2003 ). Pulse width is associated with cognitive decline after thalamic stimulation for essential tremor . Parkinsonism and Related Disorders , 9 ( 5 ), 295 – 300 .
  • Woods , S. P. , Fields , J. A. , & Troster , A. I. ( 2002 ). Neuropsychological sequelae of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: A critical review . Neuropsychological Review , 12 ( 2 ), 111 – 126 .
  • Woods , S. P. , Rippeth , J. D. , Conover , E. , Carey , C. L. , Parsons , T. D. , & Troster , A. I. ( 2006 ). Statistical power of studies examining the cognitive effects of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease . Clinical Neuropsychologist , 20 ( 1 ), 27 – 38 .
  • Woods , S. P. , & Troster , A. I. ( 2003 ). Prodromal frontal/executive dysfunction predicts incident dementia in Parkinson's disease . Journal of International Neuropsychological Society , 9 ( 1 ), 17 – 24 .
  • Zesiewicz , T. A. , Elble , R. , Louis , E. D. , Hauser , R. A. , Sullivan , K. L. , et al. . ( 2005 ). Practice parameter: Therapies for essential tremor: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology . Neurology , 64 ( 12 ), 2008 – 2020 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.