The Relationship between Contrast Sensitivity, Gait, and Reading Speed in Parkinson's Disease

REFERENCES

• Adamovich , S. V. , Berkinblit , M. B. , Hening , W. , Sage , J. and Poizner , H. 2001 . The interaction of visual and proprioceptive inputs in pointing to actual and remembered targets in Parkinson's disease . Neuroscience , 104 : 1027 – 1041 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akutsu , H. , Legge , G. E. , Ross , J. A. and Schuebel , K. 1991 . Psychophysics of Reading. X. Effects of age-related changes in vision . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 46 : 325 – 331 .
   Google Scholar
• Almeida , Q. J. , Frank , J. S. , Roy , E. A. , Jenkins , M. E. , Spaulding , S. Patla , A. E. 2005 . An evaluation of sensorimotor integration during locomotion toward a target in Parkinson's disease . Neuroscience , 134 : 283 – 293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amick , M. M. , Cronin-Golomb , A. and Gilmore , G. C. 2003 . Visual processing of rapidly presented stimuli is normalized in Parkinson's disease when proximal stimulus strength is enhanced . Vision Research , 43 : 2827 – 2835 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angwin , A. J. , Chenery , H. J. , Copland , D. A. , Murdoch , B. E. and Silburn , P. A. 2006 . Self-paced reading and sentence comprehension in Parkinson's disease . Journal of Neurolinguistics , 19 : 239 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnott , W. L. , Chenery , J. J. , Murdoch , B. E. and Silburn , P. A. 2001 . Semantic priming in Parkinson's disease: Evidence for delayed spreading activation . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 23 : 502 – 519 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azulay , J. P. , Mesure , S. , Amblard , B. , Blin , O. , Sangla , I. and Pouget , J. 1999 . Visual control of locomotion in Parkinson's disease . Brain , 122 : 111 – 120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azulay , J. P. , Mesure , S. , Amblard , B. and Pouget , J. 2002 . Increased visual dependence in Parkinson's disease . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 95 : 1106 – 1114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowers , T. L. and Pantle , M. L. 1998 . Shipley Institute for Living Scale and the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test as screening instruments for intelligence . Assessment , 5 : 187 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodis-Wollner , I. 1990 . Visual deficits related to dopamine deficiency in experimental animals and Parkinson's disease patients . Trends in the Neurological Sciences , 13 : 296 – 302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodis-Wollner , I. 2003 . Neuropsychological and perceptual deficits in Parkinson's disease . Parkinsonism and Related Disorders , 9 ( Suppl. 2 ) : S83 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , J. I. , Fishco , V. V. and Hanna , G. 1993 . Nelson-Denny Reading Test – Manual for Scoring and Interpretation, Forms G and H , Itasca, IL : Riverside Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Bulens , C. , Meerwaldt , J. D. , Van der Wildt , G. J. and Van Deursen , J. B. P. 1987 . Effect of levodopa treatment on contrast sensitivity in Parkinson's disease . Annals of Neurology , 22 : 365 – 369 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulens , C. , Meerwaldt , J. D. and Van der Wildt , G. J. 1988 . Effect of stimulus orientation on contrast sensitivity in Parkinson's disease . Neurology , 38 : 76 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamberlin , M. E. , Fulwider , B. D. , Sanders , S. L. and Medeiros , J. M. 2005 . Does fear of falling influence spatial and temporal gait parameters in elderly persons beyond changes associated with normal aging? . The Journal of Gerontology Series , 60 : 1163 – 1167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidsdottir , S. , Cronin-Golomb , A. and Lee , A. 2005 . Visual and spatial symptoms in Parkinson's disease . Vision Research , 45 : 1285 – 1296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duff , K. , Mold , J. W. and Roberts , M. 2008 . Walking speed and global cognition: Results from the OKLAHOMA study . Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition , 15 : 31 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott , D. B. , Sanderson , K. and Conkey , A. 1990 . The reliability of the Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity chart . British Journal of Physiological Optics , 10 : 21 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Harnois , C. and Di Paola , T. 1990 . Decreased dopamine in the retinas of patients with Parkinson's disease . Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science , 31 : 2473 – 2475 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holopigian , K. , Clewner , L. , Seiple , W. and Kupersmith , M. J. 1994 . The effects of dopamine blockade on the human flash electroretinogram . Documenta Othalmologica , 86 : 1 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Impara , J. C. and Plake , B. S. , eds. 1998 . The thirteenth mental measurements yearbook , Lincoln, NE : Buros Institute of Mental Measurements .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , J. V. and Horak , F. B. 2006 . Abnormal proprioceptive-motor integration contributes to hypometric postural responses of subjects with Parkinson's disease . Neuroscience , 141 : 999 – 1009 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang , Y. and Norman , K. E. 2006 . The effect of visual and auditory cues on gait initiation in people with Parkinson's disease . Clinical Rehabilitation , 20 ( 1 ) : 36 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobst , E. E. , Melnick , M. M. , Byl , N. N. , Dowling , G. A. and Aminoff , M. J. 1997 . A comparison of sensory perception between patients with Parkinson's disease and matched controls . Archives of Neurology , 54 : 450 – 454 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones , R. D. , Donaldson , I. M. and Timmings , P. L. 1992 . Impairment of high contrast visual acuity in Parkinson's Disease . Movement Disorders , 7 : 232 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesler , A. and Korczyn , A. D. 2006 . Visual disturbances in Parkinson's disease . Practical Neurology , 6 : 28 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Langheinrich , T. , Tebartz van Elst , L. , Lagrèze , W. A. , Bach , M. , Lücking , C. H. and Greenlee , M. W. 2000 . Visual contrast response functions in Parkinson's disease: Evidence from electroretinograms, visually evoked potentials, and psychophysics . Clinical Neurophysciology , 111 : 66 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legge , G. H. , Rubin , G. and Luebker , A. 1987 . Psychophysics of reading: V. The role of contrast in normal vision . Vision Research , 27 : 1165 – 1177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , G. N. , Byblow , W. D. and Walt , S. E. 2000 . Stride length regulation in Parkinson's disease: The use of extrinsic, visual cues . Brain , 123 : 2077 – 2090 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maschke , M. , Gomez , C. M. , Tuite , P. J. and Konczak , J. 2003 . Dysfunction of the basal ganglia, but not the cerebellum, impairs kinaesthesia . Brain , 126 : 2312 – 2322 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mestre , D. R. , Blin , O. , van den Brand , C. L. , Azulay , J. P. and Serratrice , G. 1996 . Effects of L-DOPA on spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity in Parkinson's disease . Advances in Neurology , 69 : 503 – 511 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morris , M. E. , Iansek , R. , Matyas , T. A. and Summers , J. J. 1996 . Stride length regulation in Parkinson's disease: Normalization strategies and underlying mechanisms . Brain , 119 : 551 – 568 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Näsänen , R. , Ojanpää , H. and Kojo , I. 2001 . Effect of stimulus contrast on performance and eye movements in visual search . Vision Research , 41 : 1817 – 1824 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen-Legros , J. 1988 . Functional neuroarchitecture of the retina: Hypothesis on the dysfunction of retinal dopaminergic circuitry in Parkinson's disease . Surgical and Radiological Anatomy , 10 : 137 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelli , D. G. , Robson , J. G. and Wilkins , A. J. 1988 . The design of a new letter chart for measuring contrast sensitivity . Clinical Vision Sciences , 2 : 187 – 199 .
   Google Scholar
• Pieri , V. , Diederich , N. J. , Raman , R. and Goetz , C. G. 2000 . Decreased color discrimination and contrast sensitivity in Parkinson's disease . Journal of the Neurological Sciences , 172 : 7 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Praamstra , P. , Stegeman , D. F. , Cools , R. and Horstink , M. W. I. M. 1998 . Reliance on external cues for movement initiation in Parkinson's disease: Evidence for movement-related potentials . Brain , 121 : 167 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prokop , T. , Schubert , M. and Berger , W. 1997 . Visual influence on human locomotion: Modulation of changes in optic flow . Experimental Brain Research , 114 : 63 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regan , D. and Maxner , C. 1987 . Orientation-selective visual loss in patients with Parkinson's disease . Brain , 110 : 415 – 432 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodnitzky , R. L. 1998 . Visual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease . Clinical Neuroscience , 5 : 102 – 106 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schubert , M. , Prokop , T. , Brocke , F. and Berger , W. 2005 . Visual kinesthesia and locomotion in Parkinson's disease . Movement Disorders , 20 : 141 – 150 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shipley , W. A. 1940 . A self-administering scale for measuring intellectual impairment and deterioration . Journal of Psychology , 9 : 371 – 377 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva , M. F. , Faria , P. , Regateiro , F. S. , Forjza , V. , Januario , C. , Freire , A. and Castelo-Branco , M. 2005 . Independent patterns of damage within magno-, parvo- and koniocellular pathways in Parkinson's disease . Brain , 28 ( Pt 10 ) : 2260 – 2271 .
   Google Scholar
• Suteerawattananon , M. , Morris , G. S. , Etnyre , B. R. , Jankovic , J. and Protas , E. J. 2004 . Effects of visual and auditory cues on gait in individuals with Parkinson's disease . Journal of Neurological Science , 219 : 63 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uc , E. Y. , Rizzo , M. , Anderson , S. W. , Qian , S. , Rodnitzky , R. L. and Dawson , J. D. 2005 . Visual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease without dementia . Neurology , 65 : 1907 – 1913 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verghese , J. , Wang , C. , Lipton , R. B. , Holtzer , R. and Xue , X. 2007 . Quantitative gait dysfunction and risk of cognitive decline and dementia . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 78 : 929 – 935 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winogrodzka , A. , Wagenaar , R. C. , Booij , J. and Wolters , E. C. 2005 . Rigidity and bradykinesia reduce interlimb coordination in Parkinsonian gait . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitaton , 86 : 183 – 189 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar