Publication Cover
Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition
A Journal on Normal and Dysfunctional Development
Volume 16, 2009 - Issue 2
253
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Role of Long-Term Memory in Digit–Symbol Test Performance in Young and Older Adults

&
Pages 219-240 | Received 15 Nov 2007, Accepted 15 Oct 2008, Published online: 27 Feb 2009

REFERENCES

  • Burik , T. E. 1950 . Relative roles of the learning and motor factors involved in the Digit–Symbol test . The Journal of Psychology , 30 : 33 – 42 .
  • Crawford , J. R. 1992 . “ Current and premorbid intelligence measures in neuropsychological assessment ” . In A handbook of neuropsychological assessment , Edited by: Crawford , J. R. , Parker , D. M. and McKinlay , W. W. Hove, , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. .
  • Crowe , S. F. , Benedict , T. , Enrico , J. , Mancuso , N. , Matthews , C. and Wallace , J. 1999 . Cognitive determinants of performance on the Digit–Symbol-coding test and the Symbol Search test of the WAIS-III, and the Symbol–Digit Modalities test: An analysis in a healthy sample . Australian Psychologist , 34 : 204 – 210 .
  • Erber , T. 1986 . Age-related effects of spatial contiguity and interference on coding performance . Journal of Gerontology , 41 : 641 – 644 .
  • Erber , J. T. , Botwinick , J. and Storandt , M. 1981 . The impact of memory on age differences in digit symbol performance . Journal of Gerontology , 36 : 586 – 590 .
  • Gilmore , G. C. , Royer , F. L. , Gruhn , J. J. and Esson , M. J. 2004 . Symbol-digit substitution and individual differences in visual search ability . Intelligence , 32 : 47 – 64 .
  • Glosser , G. , Butters , N. and Kaplan , E. 1977 . Visuoperceptual processes in brain damaged patients on the digit symbol substitution test . International Journal of Neuroscience , 7 : 59 – 66 .
  • Hoyer , W. J. , Stawski , R. S. , Wasylyshyn , C. and Verhaeghen , P. 2004 . Adult age and Digit–Symbol Substitution performance: A meta-analysis . Psychology and Aging , 19 : 211 – 214 .
  • Joncas , J. and Standing , L. 1998 . How much do accurate instructions raise scores on a timed test? . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 86 : 1257 – 1258 .
  • Joy , S. , Fein , D. , Kaplan , E. and Freedman , M. 2000 . Speed and memory in WAIS-R-NI Digit–Symbol performance among healthy older adults . Journal of the International Neuropsychology Society , 6 : 770 – 780 .
  • Joy , S. , Fein , D. and Kaplan , E. 2003 . Decoding digit symbol. Speed, memory and visual scanning . Assessment , 10 : 56 – 65 .
  • Joy , S. , Kaplan , E. and Fein , D. 2004 . Speed and memory in the WAIS-III Digit–Symbol-Coding subtest across the adult lifespan . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 19 : 759 – 767 .
  • Kaufman , A. 1966 . An oral digit symbol test . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 22 : 180 – 183 .
  • Kaufman , A. 1968a . The substitution test: A survey of studies on organic mental impairment and the role of learning and motor factors in test performance . Cortex , 4 : 47 – 63 .
  • Kaufman , A. 1968b . Age and performance in oral and written versions of the substitution test . Interdisplinary Topics in Gerontology , 1 : 120 – 128 .
  • Koestline , W. C. and Dent , O. B. 1969 . Verbal mediation in the WAIS Digit–Symbol subtest . Psychological Reports , 25 : 377 – 378 .
  • Kreiner , D. S. and Ryan , J. J. 2001 . Memory and motor skill components of the WAIS-III Digit–Symbol-Coding subtest . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 15 : 109 – 113 .
  • Laux , L. F. and Lane , D. M. 1985 . Information processing components of substitution test performance . Intelligence , 9 : 111 – 136 .
  • Lezak , M. 1995 . Neuropsychological assessment , 3rd , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • MacDonald , S. W. S. , Hultsch , D. F. , Strauss , E. and Dixon , R. A. 2003 . Age-related slowing of digit symbol substitution revisited: What do longitudinal age changes reflect? . Journals of Gerontology Series B – Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 58 : 187 – 194 .
  • Morgan , S. F. and Wheelock , J. 1995 . Comparability of WAIS-R Digit–Symbol and the Symbol–Digit Modalities test . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 80 : 631 – 634 .
  • Nelson , H. E. and Wilson , J. E. 1991 . National Adult Reading Test (NART) test manual , 2nd , Windsor, , UK : NFER-Nelson .
  • Paulo , A. M. and Ryan , J. J. 1994 . WAIS-R Digit–Symbol patterns for persons 75 years and older . Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment , 12 : 67 – 75 .
  • Piccinin , A. M. and Rabbitt , P. M. A. 1999 . Contribution of cognitive abilities to performance and improvement on a substitution coding task . Psychology and Aging , 14 : 539 – 551 .
  • Rose , D. and Pevalin , D. J. 2003 . A researcher's guide to the national statistics socio-economic classification , London : Sage .
  • Salthouse , T. A. 1978 . The role of memory in the age decline in digit-symbol substitution performance . Journal of Gerontology , 33 : 232 – 238 .
  • Salthouse , T. A. 1992 . What do adult age differences in the digit symbol substitution test reflect? . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 47 : 121 – 128 .
  • Smith , A. 1973 . Symbol–Digit modalities test manual , Los Angeles : Western Psychological Services .
  • Stephens , R. 2006 . Age-related decline in Digit-Symbol performance: Eye-movement and video analysis . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 21 : 101 – 107 .
  • Stephens , R. and Sreenivasan , B. 2002 . Analysis of substitution test performance using eye movement and video data . Applied Neuropsychology , 9 : 179 – 182 .
  • van Hoof , J. J. M. , Jogems-Kosterman , B. J. M. , Sabbe , B. G. C. , Zitman , F. G. and Hulstijn , W. 1999 . Differentiation of cognitive and motor slowing in the Digit–Symbol Test (DST): Differences between depression and schizophrenia . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 33 : 99 – 103 .
  • Wechsler , D. 1981 . Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – revised manual , New York : The Psychological Corporation .
  • Wechsler , D. 1997 . WAIS-III Administration and Scoring manual , San Antonio, TX : Psychological Corporation .
  • Welford , A. T. 1958 . Ageing and human skill , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Whipple , G. M. 1915 . Manual of mental and physical tests , 2nd , Baltimore, MD : Warwick and York, Inc .
  • Wielgos , C. M. and Cunningham , W. R. 1999 . Age-related slowing on the digit symbol task: Longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses . Experimental Aging Research , 25 : 109 – 120 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.