Age-related Changes in Memory and Fluid Reasoning in a Sample of Healthy Old People

REFERENCES

• Backman , L. and MacDonald , S. W. S. 2006 . Death and cognition – Synthesis and outlook . European Psychologist , 11 ( 3 ) : 224 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltes , P. and Nesselroade , J. 1979 . “ History and rationale of longitudinal research ” . In Longitudinal research in the study of behavior and development , Edited by: Nesselroade , J. and Baltes , P. San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Blair , C. K. , Folsom , A. R. , Knopman , D. S. , Bray , M. S. , Mosley , T. H. and Boerwinkle , E. 2005 . APOE genotype and cognitive decline in a middle-aged cohort . Neurology , 64 ( 2 ) : 268 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmelli , D. , DeCarli , C. , Swan , G. E. , Kelly-Hayes , M. , Wolf , P. A. Reed , T. 2000 . The joint effect of apolipoprotein E epsilon4 and MRI findings on lower-extremity function and decline in cognitive function . Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences , 55 ( 2 ) : M103 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll , J. B. 1993 . Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor analytic studies , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carstairs , V. and Morris , R. 1991 . Deprivation and health in Scotland , Aberdeen, , UK : Aberdeen University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Collins , L. M. , Schafer , J. L. and Kam , C. M. 2001 . A comparison of inclusive and restrictive strategies in modern missing data procedures . Psychological Methods , 6 ( 4 ) : 330 – 351 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deary , I. J. , Starr , J. M. and MacLennan , W. J. 1999 . Is age kinder to the initially more able?: Differential ageing of a verbal ability in the Healthy Old People in Edinburgh study . Intelligence , 26 : 357 – 375 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias , M. F. , Beiser , A. , Wolf , P. A. , Au , R. , White , R. F. and D'Agostino , R. B. 2000 . The preclinical phase of alzheimer disease: A 22-year prospective study of the Framingham Cohort . Archives of Neurology , 57 ( 6 ) : 808 – 813 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassing , L. B. , Grant , M. D. , Hofer , S. M. , Pedersen , N. L. , Nilsson , S. E. Berg , S. 2004a . Type 2 diabetes mellitus contributes to cognitive decline in old age: A longitudinal population-based study . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 10 ( 4 ) : 599 – 607 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassing , L. B. , Hofer , S. M. , Nilsson , S. E. , Berg , S. , Pedersen , N. L. McClearn , G. 2004b . Comorbid type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension exacerbates cognitive decline: Evidence from a longitudinal study . Age and Ageing , 33 ( 4 ) : 355 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedeker , D. and Gibbons , R. D. 1997 . Application of random-effects pattern-mixture models for missing data in longitudinal studies . Psychological Methods , 2 ( 1 ) : 64 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HMSO . 1990 . Standard occupational classification , London, , UK : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Hofer , S. M. , Christensen , H. , Mackinnon , A. J. , Korten , A. E. , Jorm , A. F. Henderson , A. S. 2002 . Change in cognitive functioning associated with apoE genotype in a community sample of older adults . Psychology and Aging , 17 ( 2 ) : 194 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs , D. M. , Sano , M. , Dooneief , G. , Marder , K. , Bell , K. L. and Stern , Y. 1995 . Neuropsychological detection and characterization of preclinical Alzheimer's disease . Neurology , 45 ( 5 ) : 957 – 962 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuller , L. H. , Arnold , A. M. , Psaty , B. M. , Robbins , J. A. , O'Leary , D. H. Tracy , R. P. 2006 . 10-year follow-up of subclinical cardiovascular disease and risk of coronary heart disease in the Cardiovascular Health Study . Archives of Internal Medicine , 166 ( 1 ) : 71 – 78 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• La Rue , A. and Jarvik , L. F. 1987 . Cognitive function and prediction of dementia in old age . International Journal of Aging and Human Development , 25 ( 2 ) : 79 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGurn , B. , Starr , J. M. , Topfer , J. A. , Pattie , A. , Whiteman , M. C. Lemmon , H. A. 2004 . Pronunciation of irregular words is preserved in dementia, validating premorbid IQ estimation . Neurology , 62 ( 7 ) : 1184 – 1186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabbitt , P. , Lunn , M. and Wong , D. 2006 . Understanding terminal decline in cognition and risk of death – Methodological and theoretical implications of practice and dropout effects . European Psychologist , 11 ( 3 ) : 164 – 171 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raven , J. , Raven , J. C. and Court , J. H. 1993 . Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales , Oxford, , UK : Oxford Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Richards , M. , Shipley , B. , Fuhrer , R. and Wadsworth , M. E. 2004 . Cognitive ability in childhood and cognitive decline in mid-life: Longitudinal birth cohort study . British Medical Journal , 328 : 522 – 526 .
   Google Scholar
• Rubin , E. H. , Storandt , M. , Miller , J. P. , Kinscherf , D. A. , Grant , E. A. Morris , J. C. 1998 . A prospective study of cognitive function and onset of dementia in cognitively healthy elders . Archives of Neurology , 55 ( 3 ) : 395 – 401 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SAS Institute Inc . 2000 . SAS 9.1.3 help and documentation , Cary, NC : SAS Institute Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Schafer , J. L. and Graham , J. W. 2002 . Missing data: Our view of the state of the art . Psychological Methods , 7 ( 2 ) : 147 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaie , K. W. 2005 . What can we learn from longitudinal studies of adult development? . Research in Human Development , 2 ( 3 ) : 133 – 158 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schaie , K. W. and Hofer , S. M. 2001 . “ Longitudinal studies in research on aging ” . In Handbook of the psychology of aging , 5 , Edited by: Birren , J. E. and Schaie , K. W. 55 – 77 . San Diego, CA : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Sliwinski , M. J. , Hofer , S. M. , Hall , C. , Buschke , H. and Lipton , R. B. 2003 . Modeling memory decline in older adults: The importance of preclinical dementia, attrition, and chronological age . Psychology and Aging , 18 ( 4 ) : 658 – 671 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soderlund , H. , Nilsson , L. G. , Berger , K. , Breteler , M. M. , Dufouil , C. Fuhrer , R. 2006 . Cerebral changes on MRI and cognitive function: The CASCADE study . Neurobiology of Aging , 27 ( 1 ) : 16 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soloman , D. H. 1999 . “ The role of aging processes in age-dependent diseases ” . In Handbook of theories of aging , Edited by: Bengtson , V. L. and Schaie , K. W. 133 – 152 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Spiro , A. and Brady , C. B. 2008 . “ Integrating health into cognitive aging research and theory: Quo vadis? ” . In Handbook on cognitive aging: Interdisciplinary perspectives , Edited by: Hofer , S. M. and Alwin , D. F. 260 – 283 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Starr , J. M. , Whalley , L. J. , Inch , S. and Shering , P. A. 1992 . The quantification of the relative effects of age and NART-predicted IQ on cognitive function in healthy old people . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 7 : 153 – 157 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starr , J. M. , Deary , I. J. and Macintyre , S. 2003 . Associations with successful ageing in the ‘Healthy Old People in Edinburgh’ cohort: Being well, fit and healthy . Aging Clinical and Experimental Research , 15 ( 4 ) : 336 – 342 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strachan , M. W. , Frier , B. M. and Deary , I. J. 2003 . Type 2 diabetes and cognitive impairment . Diabetic Medicine , 20 ( 1 ) : 1 – 2 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , B. M. , Starr , J. M. and Whalley , L. J. 1997 . Death certification in treated cases of presenile Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in Scotland . Age and Ageing , 26 ( 5 ) : 401 – 406 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dijk , D. , Keizer , A. M. A. , Diephuis , J. C. , Durand , C. , Vos , L. J. and Hijman , R. 2000 . Neurocognitive dysfunction after coronary artery bypass surgery: A systematic review . Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery , 120 ( 4 ) : 632 – 639 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermeer , S. E. , Koudstaal , P. J. , Oudkerk , M. , Hofman , A. and Breteler , M. M. 2002 . Prevalence and risk factors of silent brain infarcts in the population-based Rotterdam Scan Study . Stroke , 33 ( 1 ) : 21 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1987 . Manual for the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised , New York : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar